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Suzuki K, Shinkai H, Yoshioka G, Matsumoto T, Tanaka J, Hayashi N, Kitazawa H, Uenishi H. NOD2 Genotypes Affect the Symptoms and Mortality in the Porcine Circovirus 2-Spreading Pig Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091424. [PMID: 34573406 PMCID: PMC8469532 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that detects components of peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls. NOD2 regulates bowel microorganisms, provides resistance against infections such as diarrhea, and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans and mice. We previously demonstrated that a specific porcine NOD2 polymorphism (NOD2-2197A > C) augments the recognition of peptidoglycan components. In this study, the relationships between porcine NOD2-2197A/C genotypes affecting molecular functions and symptoms in a porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b)-spreading Duroc pig population were investigated. The NOD2 allele (NOD2-2197A) with reduced recognition of the peptidoglycan components augmented the mortality of pigs at the growing stage in the PCV2b-spreading population. Comparison of NOD2 allele frequencies in the piglets before and after invasion of PCV2b indicated that the ratio of NOD2-2197A decreased in the population after the PCV2b epidemic. This data indicated that functional differences caused by NOD2-2197 polymorphisms have a marked impact on pig health and livestock productivity. We suggest that NOD2-2197CC is a PCV2 disease resistant polymorphism, which is useful for selective breeding by reducing mortality and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Suzuki
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Gou Yoshioka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Toshimi Matsumoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Noboru Hayashi
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
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Closantel toxicity causing blindness and death in hoggs. Vet Rec 2020; 186:634-7. [PMID: 32587042 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gourley KM, Calderon HI, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Goodband RD. Sow and piglet traits associated with piglet survival at birth and to weaning. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa187. [PMID: 32506128 PMCID: PMC7311083 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between sow and piglet characteristics that are associated with stillborn rate and preweaning mortality is beneficial as litter size continues to increase. Two experiments were previously conducted to evaluate prefarrowing nutrition regimens on sow and litter characteristics. These two datasets (experiments 1 and 2) were then used to identify sow and piglet characteristics associated with stillborn rate and piglet survival to weaning. A total of 1,201 sows that gave birth to 19,168 pigs comprised the dataset. The following characteristics were used in multivariate logistic regression analysis for traits associated with stillborn rate or survival to weaning: parity, litter weight, mean piglet birth weight, sow backfat, and BW at day 113 of gestation, gestation length, farrowing duration, litter size, piglet birth order, farrowing assistance, pig to teat ratio, colostrum intake, and colostrum yield. Sows within each experiment (herd) were categorized into quartiles for each of the independent variables to quantify the relationship to stillborn rate or survival to weaning. Increased stillborn rate was associated (P < 0.01) with heavier litter weights, lighter piglet birth weights, and larger litters in both experiments. In experiment 1, increased stillborn rate was associated (P < 0.01) with longer farrowing duration. Increased stillborn rate was associated with sows with less backfat depth at day 113, older parity, or increased farrowing assistance in experiment 2. In both experiments, pigs born later in the birth order had an increased (P < 0.01) risk of being stillborn. In both experiments, heavier piglet birth weight, greater colostrum intake, and lower total born were associated (P < 0.01) with increased survival to weaning. In experiment 2, pigs born in the first 75% of the litter, or in a litter with lower pig to teat ratio were associated (P < 0.01) with increased survival to weaning. Although the stillborn rate was similar between experiments (6.5% vs. 6.6%), differences in the traits associated with stillborn rate between studies indicate that some associated traits may be herd dependent. However, improving piglet birth weight, placing an emphasis on assisting pigs born later in the birth order and increasing colostrum intake will increase piglet survival from birth to weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah M Gourley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Hilda I Calderon
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
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Sasaki Y, Furutani A, Furuichi T, Hayakawa Y, Ishizeki S, Kano R, Koike F, Miyashita M, Mizukami Y, Watanabe Y, Otake S. Development of a biosecurity assessment tool and the assessment of biosecurity levels by this tool on Japanese commercial swine farms. Prev Vet Med 2019; 175:104848. [PMID: 31786401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that infectious diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) decrease herd productivity and lead to economic loss. It is believed that biosecurity practices are effective for the prevention and control of such infectious diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not an association between biosecurity level and herd productivity, as well as disease status exists on Japanese commercial swine farms. The present study was conducted on 141 farms. Biosecurity in each farm was assessed by a biosecurity assessment tool named BioAsseT. BioAsseT has a full score of 100 and consists of three sections (external biosecurity, internal biosecurity and diagnostic monitoring). Production data for number of pigs weaned per sow per year (PWSY) and post-weaning mortality per year (PWM) were collected for data analysis. Regarding PRRS status, the farms were categorized into two groups: unknown or unstable and stable or negative. In addition, these farms were categorized based on their PED status, either positive or negative. The total BioAsseT score was associated with herd productivity: as total score increased by 1, PWSY increased by 0.104 pigs and PWM decreased by 0.051 % (P < 0.05). Herd productivity was associated with the score of external and internal biosecurity (P < 0.05), but did not correlate with the score of diagnostic monitoring. Regarding PRRS status, farms with an unknown or unstable status had lower total score than those with stable or negative status (P < 0.05). Similarly, PED positive farms had a lower total score compared to PED negative farms (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the association between high biosecurity levels and increased herd productivity as well as a decreased risk for novel introductions of infectious diseases such as PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Aina Furutani
- Course of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Rika Kano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Zurbrigg K, van Dreumel T, Rothschild MF, Alves D, Friendship R, O'Sullivan TL. Rapid Communication: Postmortem lesions and heart weights of in-transit-loss market pigs in Ontario. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5532-5536. [PMID: 29293772 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In-transit losses (ITL) of market-weight pigs are defined as pigs that die or pigs that become nonambulatory during loading and shipping from the farm to the abattoir. The low proportion of ITL in market pigs implies that individual pig factors may influence ITL, in addition to commonly considered environmental or transport factors. Postmortem examinations of in-transit-loss pigs ( = 85) from 1 Ontario, Canada, abattoir indicated the cause of death to be acute heart failure as a result of cardiac lesions that developed prior to transport. The presence of preexisting cardiac lesions may explain why no or only a few pigs die in a trailer even when the entire load is exposed to extreme temperatures and other common transport risk factors.
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Hopkins D, Poljak Z, Farzan A, Friendship R. Factors contributing to mortality during a Streptoccocus suis outbreak in nursery pigs. Can Vet J 2018; 59:623-630. [PMID: 29910476 PMCID: PMC5949957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between sow- and litter-level factors with mortality in a swine nursery barn experiencing a severe Streptococcus suis disease outbreak. All-cause mortality data from a 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd was analyzed using a Cox's regression model. The data were recorded over 6 months and included 24 cohorts, 297 sows, 295 litters, and 2779 piglets with an average of 14.4% post-weaning mortality. If the sows had 2 litters within the study period and pigs from their first litter experienced mortality, then pigs from their subsequent litter had a decreased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.34, P < 0.05]. Pigs were more likely to experience mortality if at least 1 additional littermate experienced mortality (HR = 9.22, P = 0.001). Under conditions of this study, the results suggest mechanisms related to sow immunity and within-litter spread that could have contributed to the risk of mortality during the S. suis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hopkins
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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Barasona JA, Acevedo P, Diez-Delgado I, Queiros J, Carrasco-García R, Gortazar C, Vicente J. Tuberculosis-Associated Death among Adult Wild Boars, Spain, 2009-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2178-2180. [PMID: 27869587 PMCID: PMC5189151 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated adult Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) survival and death in 2 tuberculosis-endemic populations with different harvest pressure in Spain. Overall, tuberculosis accounted for 30% of total deaths. Increased survival in protected areas has direct implications for wild boar management and tuberculosis control.
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Calderón Díaz JA, Boyle LA, Diana A, Leonard FC, Moriarty JP, McElroy MC, McGettrick S, Kelliher D, García Manzanilla E. Early life indicators predict mortality, illness, reduced welfare and carcass characteristics in finisher pigs. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:94-102. [PMID: 28992933 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate associations between early life indicators, lactation management factors and subsequent mortality, health, welfare and carcass traits of offspring. A total of 1016 pigs from a batch born during one week were used. During lactation, number of liveborn piglets, stillborn and mummies, sow parity, number of times cross-fostered, weaning age, birth and weaning body weight (BW) were collected. Mortality was recorded throughout the offspring production cycle. Prior to slaughter, pigs were scored for lameness (1=non-lame to 3=severely lame). At slaughter, tail lesions were scored (0=no lesion to 4=severe lesion) and cold carcass weight (CCW), lean meat%, presence of pericarditis and heart condemnations were recorded. Additionally, lungs were scored for pleurisy (0=no lesions to 4=severely extended lesions) and enzootic pneumonia (EP) like lesions. There was an increased risk of lameness prior to slaughter for pigs born to first parity sows (P<0.05) compared with pigs born to older sows. Sow parity was a source of variation for cold carcass weight (P<0.05) and lean meat% (P<0.05). Pigs born in litters with more liveborn pigs were at greater risk of death and to be lame prior to slaughter (P<0.05). Pigs that were cross-fostered once were 11.69 times, and those that were cross-fostered ≥2 times were 7.28, times more likely to die compared with pigs that were not cross-fostered (P<0.05). Further, pigs that were cross-fostered once were at greater risk of pericarditis and heart condemnations compared with pigs that were not cross-fostered (P<0.05). Pigs with a birth BW of <0.95kg were at higher mortality risk throughout the production cycle. There was an increased risk of lameness, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations (P<0.05) for pigs with lower weaning weights. Additionally, heavier pigs at weaning also had higher carcass weights (P<0.05). There was an increased risk of lameness for pigs weaned at a younger age (P<0.05). Males were 2.27 times less likely to receive a score of zero for tail biting compared with female pigs. Results from this study highlight the complex relationship between management, performance and disease in pigs. They confirm that special attention should be given to lighter weight pigs and pigs born to first parity sows and that cross-fostering should be minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Alessia Diana
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John Patrick Moriarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Máire Catríona McElroy
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Shane McGettrick
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Denis Kelliher
- Kelliher Veterinary Ltd., Cliff Road, Castlegregory, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Lopes Antunes AC, Ersbøll AK, Bihrmann K, Toft N. Mortality in Danish Swine herds: Spatio-temporal clusters and risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2017; 145:41-48. [PMID: 28903874 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore spatio-temporal mortality patterns in Danish swine herds from December 2013 to October 2015, and to discuss the use of mortality data for syndromic surveillance in Denmark. Although it has previously been assessed within the context of syndromic surveillance, the value of mortality data generated on a regular and mandatory basis from all swine herds remains unexplored in terms of swine surveillance in Denmark. A total of 5010 farms were included in the analysis, corresponding to 1896 weaner herds, 1490 sow herds and 3839 finisher herds. The spatio-temporal analysis included data description for spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal cluster analysis for three age groups: weaners (up to 30kg), sows and finishers. Logistic regression models were used to assess the potential factors associated with finisher and weaner herds being included within multiple-herd clusters. The spatio-temporal distribution of mortality changed over time, and suggested a general increase in mortality for the months of January and July for the three age groups. A large number of single-herd clusters (i.e. clusters with only one herd), and fewer multiple-herd clusters (i.e. clusters with at least two herds) were found. The herd size affected whether weaner herds were within multiple-herd clusters, and factors such farm type, SPF status and presence of atrophic rhinitis had an impact on finisher herds being inside vs. outside multiple-herd clusters in the univariable analysis. However, due to a strong correlation between variables, only farm type remained in the multivariable analysis for the finisher herds. The higher mortality observed for the months of January and July could be linked to infrequent updates of the data used to calculate mortality. The presence of single-herd clusters might indicate welfare and disease issues, while multiple-herd clusters could suggest the presence of infectious diseases within the cluster area. The impact of farm type is linked to the fact that larger farms specialize in only one age group, with high biosecurity and more specialized personnel, and subsequently a lower mortality. Mortality data have a potential use in disease surveillance. However, detected clusters might not be due to disease, but the result of changes such as herd management practices. Further analysis to explore other spatio-temporal monitoring methods is needed before mortality data can be incorporated into a Danish disease monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Lopes Antunes
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | - Kristine Bihrmann
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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McCluskey BJ, Haley C, Rovira A, Main R, Zhang Y, Barder S. Retrospective testing and case series study of porcine delta coronavirus in U.S. swine herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 123:185-191. [PMID: 26603048 PMCID: PMC7114078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first reported in the United States (US) in February 2014. This was the second novel swine enteric coronavirus detected in the US since May 2013. In this study, we conducted retrospective testing of samples submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories where qualifying biological samples were derived from previously submitted diagnostic case submissions from US commercial swine farms with a clinical history of enteric disease or from cases that had been previously tested for transmissible gastroenteritis virus, PEDV, or rotavirus. Overall, 2286 banked samples were tested from 27 States. Samples were collected in 3 separate years and in 17 different months. Test results revealed 4 positive samples, 3 collected in August 2013 and 1 collected in October 2013. In addition, a case series including 42 operations in 10 States was conducted through administration of a survey. Survey data collected included information on characteristics of swine operations that had experienced PDCoV clinical signs. Special emphasis was placed on obtaining descriptive estimates of biosecurity practices and disease status over time of each operation. Clinical signs of PDCoV were reported to be similar to those of PEDV. The average number of animals on each operation exhibiting clinical signs (morbidity) and the average number of case fatalities was greatest for suckling and weaned pigs. Average operation-level weaned pig morbidity was greatest in the first week of the outbreak while average operation-level suckling pig case fatality was greatest in the second week of the outbreak. The survey included questions regarding biosecurity practices for visitors and operation employees; trucks, equipment and drivers; and feed sources. These questions attempted to identify a likely pathway of introduction of PDCoV onto the operations surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States.
| | - Charles Haley
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States
| | - Albert Rovira
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Sunny Barder
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
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Fasina FO, Bwala DG, Madoroba E. Investigation of multidrug-resistant fatal colisepticaemia in weanling pigs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2015; 82:986. [PMID: 26842367 PMCID: PMC6238774 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is usually a benign commensal of the gut microflora. However, when E. coli acquires virulence genes it can multiply rapidly and cause disease through colonisation of the intestinal mucosa. Escherichia coli can become a significant pathogen in young pigs. We report an investigation of fatal colisepticaemia in weanling pigs from emerging farms where piglets and weaners were diarrhoeic and the mortality rate ranged between 15% and 70% in each litter. Faecal and tissue samples were processed for histopathology, bacteriology and molecular biology (multiplex and monoplex polymerase chain reaction) and we recovered enteroaggregative multidrug-resistant E. coli producing EAST-1 enterotoxin. An association between poor housing conditions and the observed cases was established and future management programmes were recommended to reduce the impact of such pathogens. Enteroaggregative E. coli is becoming a major problem in the pig industry. It therefore becomes necessary to establish the full impact of E. coli on the South African pig industry and to determine the geographic extent of the problem.
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Brockmeier SL, Register KB, Kuehn JS, Nicholson TL, Loving CL, Bayles DO, Shore SM, Phillips GJ. Virulence and draft genome sequence overview of multiple strains of the swine pathogen Haemophilus parasuis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103787. [PMID: 25137096 PMCID: PMC4138102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the cause of Glässer's disease in swine, which is characterized by systemic infection resulting in polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. Investigation of this animal disease is complicated by the enormous differences in the severity of disease caused by H. parasuis strains, ranging from lethal systemic disease to subclinical carriage. To identify differences in genotype that could account for virulence phenotypes, we established the virulence of, and performed whole genome sequence analysis on, 11 H. parasuis strains. Virulence was assessed by evaluating morbidity and mortality following intranasal challenge of Caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs. Genomic DNA from strains Nagasaki (serotype 5), 12939 (serotype 1), SW140 (serotype 2), 29755 (serotype 5), MN-H (serotype 13), 84-15995 (serotype 15), SW114 (serotype 3), H465 (serotype 11), D74 (serotype 9), and 174 (serotype 7) was used to generate Illumina paired-end libraries for genomic sequencing and de novo assembly. H. parasuis strains Nagasaki, 12939, SH0165 (serotype 5), SW140, 29755, and MN-H exhibited a high level of virulence. Despite minor differences in expression of disease among these groups, all pigs challenged with these strains developed clinical signs consistent with Glässer's disease between 1–7 days post-challenge. H. parasuis strains 84-15995 and SW114 were moderately virulent, in that approximately half of the pigs infected with each developed Glässer's disease. H. parasuis strains H465, D74, and 174 were minimally virulent or avirulent in the CDCD pig model. Comparative genomic analysis among strains identified several noteworthy differences in coding regions. These coding regions include predicted outer membrane, metabolism, and pilin or adhesin related genes, some of which likely contributed to the differences in virulence and systemic disease observed following challenge. These data will be useful for identifying H. parasuis virulence factors and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Brockmeier
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen B. Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joanna S. Kuehn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Darrell O. Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Shore
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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13
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Cima G. PED virus reinfecting U.S. herds. Virus estimated to have killed 7 million-plus pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:166-167. [PMID: 25115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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14
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Cima G. Fighting a deadly pig disease. Industry, veterinarians trying to contain PED virus, new to the US. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:469-470. [PMID: 24058997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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15
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Schlepers M, Gelauf J, Wertenbroek N, Nielen M. Improvement of technical results following use of Ingelvac CircoFLEX in a Dutch organic breeding and fattening farm: a case report. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2013; 138:26-33. [PMID: 23923656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ubiquitous infection and major cause of production loss for the pig industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination against PCV2 on technical results of pigs on an organic breeding and fattening farm, focussing on growth and mortality of weaned piglets and fattening pigs. The study was based on retrospective data between January 2009 and May 2011. During the study period, three subsequent vaccination strategies were used: 1. Stellamune One, 2. Stellamune One+CircoFLEX, 3. MycoFLEX+CircoFLEX. From these three periods, the corresponding management- and slaughterhouse data were analysed by an ANOVA-test. Due to few data in period 2 and an outbreak of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during periods 2 and 3, these two periods were combined in one period and analysed by a two-sample t-test. Mortality of weaned piglets decreased with 3.6% (0.6 - 6.6%) (P0.023) in comparison to period 1 and average daily weight gain improved by 21 gram (7 - 34 gram) (P0.004) in periods 2 and 3. Mortality of fattening pigs was 2.3% (1.2 - 3.5%) (P0.001) less than in period 1 and corrected energy conversion rate improved 0.27 (0.05 - 0.49) (P0.017). There was no significant effect on slaughterhouse parameters. In conclusion, vaccination against PCV2 improved technical results of weaned and fattening pigs on this farm. The advantage of vaccination with MycoFLEX+CircoFLEX instead of Stellamune One+CircoFLEX is that the two FLEX-vaccines can be mixed and administered as a one shot vaccine, reducing work load and animal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlepers
- Department of Farm Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Fraile L, Sibila M, Nofrarías M, López-Jimenez R, Huerta E, Llorens A, López-Soria S, Pérez D, Segalés J. Effect of sow and piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on piglet mortality, viraemia, antibody titre and production parameters. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:229-34. [PMID: 22858231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the effects of sow and/or piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on viraemia, antibody response and production parameters (average daily weight gain [ADWG] and mortality) of piglets from a PCV2 subclinically infected farm. Four hundred seventy-six piglets born from vaccinated (V) or non-vaccinated (NV) sows were further subdivided in a total of four groups: NV sows-NV pigs (NV-NV, n=134), NV sows-V pigs (NV-V, n=135);V sows-NV pigs (V-NV, n=104) and V sows-V pigs (V-V, n=103). A single vaccination of sows before mating was able to confer significantly higher antibody titres to their piglets at 4 weeks of age and a different PCV2 dynamics infection compared to piglets coming from NV sows. Piglet vaccination (independently of sow treatment) caused an earlier seroconversion and lower percentages of PCV2 infected pigs compared to the NV ones throughout their life. The double PCV2 vaccination strategy was able to reduce PCV2 infection but apparently caused some interference in piglet humoral response development. PCV2 vaccination was able to overcome this interference since the ADWG was improved in both groups of vaccinated piglets, independently of the sow treatment, being the highest ones obtained in the double vaccination group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fraile
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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17
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Klitgaard K, Friis C, Jensen TK, Angen Ø, Boye M. Transcriptional portrait of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during acute disease--potential strategies for survival and persistence in the host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35549. [PMID: 22530048 PMCID: PMC3328466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression profiles of bacteria in their natural hosts can provide novel insight into the host-pathogen interactions and molecular determinants of bacterial infections. In the present study, the transcriptional profile of the porcine lung pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was monitored during the acute phase of infection in its natural host. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacterial expression profiles of A. pleuropneumoniae isolated from lung lesions of 25 infected pigs were compared in samples taken 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post experimental challenge. Within 6 hours, focal, fibrino hemorrhagic lesions could be observed in the pig lungs, indicating that A. pleuropneumoniae had managed to establish itself successfully in the host. We identified 237 differentially regulated genes likely to encode functions required by the bacteria for colonization and survival in the host. This group was dominated by genes involved in various aspects of energy metabolism, especially anaerobic respiration and carbohydrate metabolism. Remodeling of the bacterial envelope and modifications of posttranslational processing of proteins also appeared to be of importance during early infection. The results suggested that A. pleuropneumoniae is using various strategies to increase its fitness, such as applying Na+ pumps as an alternative way of gaining energy. Furthermore, the transcriptional data provided potential clues as to how A. pleuropneumoniae is able to circumvent host immune factors and survive within the hostile environment of host macrophages. This persistence within macrophages may be related to urease activity, mobilization of various stress responses and active evasion of the host defenses by cell surface sialylation. Conclusions/Significance The data presented here highlight the importance of metabolic adjustments to host conditions as virulence factors of infecting microorganisms and help to provide insight into the mechanisms behind the efficient colonization and persistence of A. pleuropneumoniae during acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Klitgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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18
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Counotte GHM, van Hout AJ, Roumen MPHM. [Nitrite poisoning in pigs through wastewater from air washers]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2012; 137:116-117. [PMID: 22393846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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19
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Byra C, Gadbois P, Cox WR, Gottschalk M, Farzan V, Bauer SA, Wilson JB. Decreased mortality of weaned pigs with Streptococcus suis with the use of in-water potassium penicillin G. Can Vet J 2011; 52:272-276. [PMID: 21629419 PMCID: PMC3039896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of potassium penicillin G in drinking water of weaned pigs to reduce mortality and spread of infection caused by Streptococcus suis. A total of 896 18-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to either treatment with potassium penicillin G in-water (Treated), or no treatment (Control). The outcomes analyzed were total mortality, mortality due to S. suis, and overall counts of S. suis colonies. The risk of mortality due to S. suis and total mortality were significantly increased in the Control group compared with Treated pigs (P < 0.05). Bacterial culture of posterior pharyngeal swabs indicated that Control pigs were significantly more likely to have ≥ 1000 colonies of S. suis per plate than were Treated pigs (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that potassium penicillin G administered in drinking water is effective in reducing mortality associated with S. suis infection and reducing tonsillar carriage of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Gadbois
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Pierre Gadbois; e-mail:
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20
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Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-Vázquez F, de Prado AP, Altónaga JR, Cuellas-Ramón C, Ajenjo-Silverio JM, Orden A, Gonzalo-Orden JM. Ventricular arrhythmias and mortality associated with isoflurane and sevoflurane in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2011; 50:73-78. [PMID: 21333167 PMCID: PMC3035407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia of the myocardium can lead to reversible or irreversible injury depending on the severity and duration of the preceding ischemia. Here we compared sevoflurane and isoflurane with particular reference to their hemodynamic effects and ability to modify the effects of acute severe myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on ventricular arrhythmias and mortality in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Female Large White pigs were premedicated with ketamine, midazolam, and atropine. Propofol was given intravenously for the anesthetic induction, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane. Endovascular, fluoroscopy-guided, coronary procedures were performed to occlude the midleft anterior descending artery by using a coronary angioplasty balloon. After 75 min, the balloon catheter system was withdrawn and the presence of adequate reperfusion flow was verified. The pigs were followed for 2 mo, and overall mortality rate was calculated. The isoflurane group showed lower arterial pressure throughout the procedure, with the difference reaching statistical significance after induction of myocardial ischemia. The ventricular fibrillation rate was higher in isoflurane group (81.3%) than the sevoflurane group (51.7%; relative risk, 1.57 [1.03 to 2.4]). Overall survival was lower in the isoflurane group (75%) than the sevoflurane group (96.4%). In conclusion, in this porcine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, sevoflurane was associated with higher hemodynamic stability and fewer ventricular arrhythmias and mortality than was isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Regueiro-Purriños
- Fundación Investigación Sanitaria en León, and Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
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21
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Woodbine KA, Turner MJ, Medley GF, Scott PD, Easton AJ, Slevin J, Brown JC, Francis L, Green LE. A cohort study of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and PCV2 in 178 pigs from birth to 14 weeks on a single farm in England. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:100-6. [PMID: 20801534 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our hypothesis was that pigs that develop post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) are detectable from an early age with signs of weight loss and other clinical and serological abnormalities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the temporally varying and fixed events linked with the clinical incidence of PMWS by comparing affected and unaffected pigs in a cohort of 178 male piglets. Piglets were enrolled at birth and examined each week. Samples of blood were collected at regular intervals. The exposures measured were porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antibody titres in all 178 and PCV2 antigen in a subset of 75 piglets. We also observed piglet health and measured their weight, and a post-mortem examination was performed by an external laboratory on all pigs between 6 and 14 weeks of age that died. From the cohort, 14 (8%) pigs died from PMWS and 4% from other causes. A further 37 pigs between 6 and 14 weeks of age died from PMWS (30) and ileitis and other causes (7). PMWS was only apparent in pigs from 1 to 2 weeks before death when they wasted rapidly. There were no other characteristic clinical signs and no obvious gross clinical lesions post-mortem. There was no strong link with PCV2 antibody throughout life but PCV2 antigen level was higher from 4 to 6 weeks of age in pigs that died from PMWS compared with pigs that died from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Woodbine
- Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd., West Midlands, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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22
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Keessen EC, Leengoed LAMG, Bakker D, van den Brink KMJA, Kuijper EJ, Lipman LJA. [Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in swine thought to have Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in eleven swine operations in the netherlands]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2010; 135:134-137. [PMID: 20225480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Keessen
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, P.O. Box 80175, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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23
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24
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Vanier G, Fittipaldi N, Slater JD, de la Cruz Domínguez-Punaro M, Rycroft AN, Segura M, Maskell DJ, Gottschalk M. New putative virulence factors of Streptococcus suis involved in invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2009; 46:13-20. [PMID: 18984036 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslaine Vanier
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP) and Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
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25
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Cline G, Wilt V, Diaz E, Edler R. Efficacy of immunising pigs against porcine circovirus type 2 at three or six weeks of age. Vet Rec 2008; 163:737-740. [PMID: 19103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) vaccine was tested in pigs vaccinated at three or six weeks of age. A total of 1106 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: vaccinated at three weeks of age, vaccinated at six weeks of age, or not vaccinated. Each pig was weighed at three, 10 and 22 weeks of age, and 48 pigs selected at random from each treatment group were serially blood sampled at three, six, 10, 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age. The mean weight of the vaccinated pigs was 6.1 kg heavier at 22 weeks than the unvaccinated pigs. The combined mortality and cull rates of the unvaccinated pigs during the growing/finishing period was 14.1 per cent compared with 3.6 per cent and 3.1 per cent for the pigs vaccinated at three weeks and six weeks, respectively. The vaccinated pigs also had a significantly higher mean daily weight gain and a smaller load of humoral pcv-2 than the unvaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cline
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, St Joseph, Missouri, USA
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26
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Castro-Nájera JA, Martínez-Burnes J, Mota-Rojas D, Cuevas-Reyes H, López A, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Gallegos-Sagredo R, Alonso-Spilsbury M. Morphological changes in the lungs of meconium-stained piglets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 18:622-7. [PMID: 17121098 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meconium staining of the skin is a common event associated with fetal hypoxia, stillbirths, weak-born piglets, and neonatal mortality. Aspiration of meconium leads to meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between the degree of meconium staining of the skin at birth, meconium aspiration, and pulmonary changes in porcine neonates. A total of 353 farrowing sows and 3,693 born piglets were monitored during parturition and for 15 days after delivery. Umbilical cords were classified as normal or ruptured. Meconium staining in the skin was graded as nonstained, mildly, moderately, and severely stained. Mortality from birth to 15 days of age was 8.4%. The lungs from 60 meconium-stained piglets and 60 lungs from nonstained piglets were collected and microscopically examined for meconium aspiration and inflammation. Rupture of the umbilical cord was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in meconium-stained piglets. Microscopically, 32% and 40% of the lungs had evidence of meconium for the stained and nonstained groups, respectively. The microscopic grade of meconium aspiration and inflammatory cells was not different between nonstained and meconium-stained piglets. Aspiration of meconium induced a granulomatous response in the lungs. It was concluded that the grade of meconium staining is a good indicator of fetal hypoxia, but not a good predictor for meconium aspiration and MAS in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castro-Nájera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria, Tamaulipas, 87000, México
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Deim
- Department of Mammal Pathology and Histopathology, Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, 1149 Tábornok u 2, Hungary
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28
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Brunborg IM, Jonassen CM, Moldal T, Bratberg B, Lium B, Koenen F, Schönheit J. Association of myocarditis with high viral load of porcine circovirus type 2 in several tissues in cases of fetal death and high mortality in piglets. A case study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:368-75. [PMID: 17609345 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During a period of 1.5 months, a newly established pig herd experienced a high number of mummifications and stillbirths, a high neonatal mortality rate, and many piglets with congenital tremors or hind leg ataxia. After clinical and histological investigations, the submitted animals were divided into 4 groups: mummified or stillborn (N = 6), live born with myocarditis (N = 5) (average age 22.8 days), live born without myocarditis (N = 14) (average age 20.0 days), and control animals from a different herd (N = 5) (newborn). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) load among the 4 groups in the liver (P < 0.0001). The presence of PCV2 antigen within the myocardial lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A high load of PCV2 DNA was observed in myocardium, liver, and spleen from mummified or stillborn piglets (>1 x 10(7) copies per 500 ng DNA), lower in piglets with myocarditis (>1 x 10(5) copies per 500 ng DNA), and even further lower in pigs without myocarditis (<1 x 10(5) copies per 500 ng DNA), whereas no PCV2 DNA was detected in the control animals. Myocardium, liver, and spleen were well suited for routine testing of fetuses and young piglets by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Neither porcine parvovirus nor encepaholomyocarditis virus was detected. These results indicate that the PCV2 infection might have been of etiological importance for the fetal deaths and piglet mortality observed in this herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger M Brunborg
- Section for Virology and Serology, National Veterinary Institute, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Knauer M, Karriker LA, Baas TJ, Johnson C, Stalder KJ. Accuracy of sow culling classifications reported by lay personnel on commercial swine farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:433-6. [PMID: 17669047 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of sow culling classifications reported by lay personnel on commercial swine farms. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS A convenience sample of 923 sows from 8 conventional, farrow-to-wean farms that followed standard operating procedures. PROCEDURES Sows were examined at slaughter, and lesions were recorded. Individual production records were reviewed to determine the farm-reported reason for culling the sows, and criteria were developed to assess the accuracy of recorded culling classifications. RESULTS For 209 of the 923 (23%) sows, the farm-reported culling classification was judged to be inaccurate. The culling code was considered to be inaccurate for 62 of 322 (19%) sows reportedly culled because of old age, 48 of 172 (28%) sows reportedly culled because of failure to conceive, 31 of 90 (34%) sows reportedly culled because of poor body condition, and 23 of 73 (32%) sows reportedly culled because of poor farrowing productivity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that for commercial swine farms, farm-reported culling code classifications were frequently inaccurate. This degree of inaccuracy may cause severe limitations for studies that rely on farm-reported assessments of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Knauer
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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30
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Wilson TL, Jeffers J, Rapp-Gabrielson VJ, Martin S, Klein LK, Lowery DE, Fuller TE. A novel signature-tagged mutagenesis system for Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:135-45. [PMID: 17275218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an economically important, zoonotic pathogen causing death and disease in swine. The objectives of this study were to develop a signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) system for S. suis serotype 2 and to identify genes required for in vivo virulence. Identification of such candidate genes may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis and may provide substrate for the discovery of new vaccines. A novel STM approach was designed to allow for a higher throughput assay of mutants using the Luminex xMAP system. Additionally, to speed the identification process, a direct genomic DNA sequencing method was developed that overcomes the problems associated with the presence of repetitive insertion sequences. Approximately 2600 mutants were screened through both mouse and caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig models. The disrupted ORF was identified for each potential attenuated mutant, and mutants with distinct and unique mutated ORFs were analyzed individually for attenuation in mouse and CDCD pig models. A variety of genes were identified, including previously known genes essential to the virulence of other organisms, genes involved in capsule biosynthesis, a regulator of suilysin expression, and several conserved or predicted genes. Of the 22 mutants identified as attenuated in either animal model, eight insertion mutants caused no mortality in both mouse and pig models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Wilson
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001-0199, USA
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31
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D'Allaire S, Moore C, Côté G. A survey on finishing pig mortality associated with porcine circovirus diseases in Quebec. Can Vet J 2007; 48:145-6. [PMID: 17334026 PMCID: PMC1780229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie D'Allaire
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec.
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32
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Xu F, Chen X, Shi A, Yang B, Wang J, Li Y, Guo X, Blackall PJ, Yang H. Characterization and immunogenicity of an apxIA mutant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:230-9. [PMID: 16930871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the aetiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious and often fatal disease. A candidate live vaccine strain, potentially capable of cross-serovar protection, was constructed by deleting the section of the apxIA gene coding for the C-terminal segment of ApxI toxin of the A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 10 reference strain (D13039) and inserting a chloramphenicol resistance gene cassette. The mutant strain (termed D13039A(-)Chl(r)) produced an approximately 48kDa protein corresponding to the N-terminus of the ApxI toxin, and exhibited no haemolytic activity and lower virulence in mice compared with the parental strain. The mutant was evaluated in a vaccination-challenge trial in which pigs were given two intra-nasal doses of the mutant at 14 days intervals and then challenged 14 days after the last vaccination with either A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 (4074) or serovar 2 (S1536) or serovar 10 (D13039) reference strains. The haemolysin neutralisation titres of the pre-challenge sera were significantly higher in the vaccinated pigs than in the unvaccinated pigs. The mortalities, clinical signs and lung lesion scores in the vaccinated pigs were significantly lower than those in the unvaccinated pigs for the serovar 1 challenge. A significantly lower lung lesion score was also observed in the vaccinated pigs, compared with unvaccinated pigs, for serovar 2 challenge. Our work suggests that the mutant strain offers potential as a live attenuated pleuropneumonia vaccine that can provide cross-serovar protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Kamakawa A, Ho TVT, Yamada S. Epidemiological survey of viral diseases of pigs in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 1999 and 2003. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:47-56. [PMID: 16904851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the Mekong delta, backyard pig rearing plays an integral role in recycling nutrients in farming systems and generating valuable cash income. However, development has been hampered by fatal epizootics of piglets and reproductive failure of sows. Diseases are named by symptoms and blindly treated with antibiotics. As antibiotics are often ineffectual, involvement of viral diseases are suspected. To identify the causative agent, we first sero-surveyed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and pseudorabies with 478 sera from non-vaccinated pigs collected from backyard farms, state farms and slaughterhouses in Can Tho province between 1999 and 2002. Antibodies for PRRS were first detected in 2002 in backyard farms and at high prevalence in state farms with increased piglet mortality. A few backyard breeder pigs had antibodies for pseudorabies in 2000 and 2002. With compulsory classical swine fever (CSF) vaccination, we examined the relationship between vaccination and antibodies in 70 serum samples. Seventy-nine percent of vaccinated breeders had CSF antibodies-higher than expected with irregular vaccination. Since circulation of CSF virus was suspected, isolation was attempted at 10 farms with fatal epizootics between 2002 and 2003. The viruses were detected at all farms and clustered within genogroup 2, despite vaccines corresponding to genogroup 1. This study demonstrated virologically/serologically the existence of PRRS, pseudorabies and CSF viruses in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. We also identified CSF as a cause of piglet mortality that disastrously affected backyard farming. Vaccine standardization and proper instructions are needed to simplify diagnosis and complement established simultaneous vaccination of sows with piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Kamakawa
- Animal Production and Grassland Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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Dewey CE, Johnston WT, Gould L, Whiting TL. Postweaning mortality in Manitoba swine. Can J Vet Res 2006; 70:161-7. [PMID: 16850937 PMCID: PMC1477929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A case-control study to investigate the contribution of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) to deaths among piglets of nursery age (19 to 68 d) in Manitoba indicated a significant positive association between PCV-2 infection and an increased mortality rate in nursery pigs. The clinical syndrome PMWS was seldom recognized in case or control herds; however, PCV-2 infection was widespread at the herd level. Other factors more strongly associated with increased piglet mortality rate than herd level PCV-2 infection were Mycoplasma hyopneumonia infection, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and diarrhea caused by Eschericia coli K88. Management factors associated with case herd status included close proximity to other herds, larger number of sows supplying pigs to the nursery, larger range in age and weight going into the nursery, the moving of lightweight pigs into another nursery room at the end of the nursery fill, and not using spray-dried plasma in the 1st nursery ration. These results highlight the host-agent-environment triad leading to high nursery-barn mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate E Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.
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Almond PK, Bilkei G. Effects of oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis on growing-finishing pig's performance in a pig production unit with endemic porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 113:232-5. [PMID: 16856610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) on growing-finishing pig's performance. In a large Hungarian growing-finishing pig production unit, pigs with positive LI status were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated as follows: Group one: growing pigs (n = 4112) were LI vaccinated with an avirulent oral live vaccine (Enterisol Ileitis Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, USA). Group two: growing pigs (n = 4188 pigs) have not received LI vaccination. Culling and mortality rates, reasons for culling or mortality, and average daily weight gain were evaluated. Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) caused culling and mortality rates were lower (0.2 % vs. 14.9 %, P < 0.001), and vaccinated pigs had lower none-PPE caused culling and mortality rates compared with the non-vaccinated ones (1.4 vs. 2.6 %, P > 0.05). While systemic infections and social stress or cannibalism related culling or mortality were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in vaccinated than in non-vaccinated pigs, reasons for culling or mortality due to non-LI caused diseases were non-significantly different between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. Average daily weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in the LI vaccinated group of animals compared with the non-vaccinated ones (780 +/- 45 g vs. 660 +/- 71 g). The present results indicate that that LI vaccination does not only prevent PPE, but might result in more resistance and tolerance against other infectious and management caused losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Almond
- Bilkei Consulting, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- D Friendship
- Bilkei Consulting, Bahnhofstrasse 42, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Friendship CR, Bilkei G. Concurrent swine erysipelas and Clostridium novyi infections associated with sow mortality in outdoor sows in Kenya. Vet J 2006; 173:694-6. [PMID: 16516510 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sudden increase in sow mortality was reported from a large outdoor pig-breeding unit in Kenya. The sows showed pyrexia and diamond shaped to confluent skin lesions ante-mortem. Gross pathological examination of the carcases was performed and organ samples (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, mandible lymph nodes) were sent for further diagnostic investigation. Based upon the clinical, gross- and microscopic-pathological signs, bacteriological findings and toxin testing, concurrent infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Clostridium novyi was diagnosed as the cause of the sow mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Friendship
- Bilkei Consulting, Bahnhofstrasse 42, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Koketsu Y, Takenobu S, Nakamura R. Preweaning Mortality Risks and Recorded Causes of Death Associated with Production Factors in Swine Breeding Herds in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:821-6. [PMID: 16953082 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preweaning mortality risks, recorded death reasons and related factors for preweaning mortality were studied in 105 breeding herds. Preweaning mortality risk at the herd level was calculated as the difference between the number of pigs born alive in farrowed litters and the number of weaned pigs divided by the number of pigs born alive in litters that farrowed and weaned. The mean of annual preweaning mortality risk was 10.7%. In regression analysis, higher mortality risks were associated with higher parity at farrowing, greater numbers of pigs born alive, and longer lactation length. The period from July to September had a higher mortality risk than that from April to June. The means of cause-specific proportional mortality ratios (PMR) in trauma with low viability and scours were 80.4 and 6.2%, respectively. Sows with pig age 0-1 day during lactation had the highest daily PMR. Sows with pig age 0 to 7 days had higher PMR due to trauma and low variability than those with pig age 8 days older. Sows with pig age over 7 days had higher PMR due to scours than those with pig age 0-7 days. Careful management at farrowing and in early lactation on high parity sows with large litters should be considered to prevent piglets from death due to trauma and low viability, and appropriate herd health programs should be implemented for reducing preweaning mortality due to scours during late lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Koketsu
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Park MR, Cho SK, Lee SY, Choi YJ, Park JY, Kwon DN, Son WJ, Paik SS, Kim T, Han YM, Kim JH. A rare and often unrecognized cerebromeningitis and hemodynamic disorder: a major cause of sudden death in somatic cell cloned piglets. Proteomics 2005; 5:1928-39. [PMID: 15832370 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we generated 40 somatic cell cloned (scNT) piglets. Of these, five piglets were stillborn, 22 scNT piglets died suddenly within the first week of life, and 1 piglet died after 40 days. Twelve scNT piglets are still healthy. The birth weights of compromised scNT piglets in comparison with those of normal scNT piglets are significantly reduced (0.80 +/- 0.29 vs 1.27 +/- 0.30 kg, p < 0.05), in spite of longer gestation (114 versus 120 day). Significant findings from histological examinations showed that approximately 25% (7/28) of scNT piglets showed severe congestion of lung and liver or neutrophilic inflammation in brain indicating that unexpected phenotypes can appear as a result of somatic cell cloning. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments revealed changes in the responses of several detoxification-related proteins related to stress and inflammation and found significant alterations in myocardium-specific proteins, indicating hemodynamic disorder. scNT piglets that survived to adulthood did not show any abnormality except skin and hair color depigmentation. The present study suggests that cerebromeningitis and hemodynamic disorder are a major risk factor for sudden early death of scNT piglets. Although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that scNT piglets are susceptible to specific respiratory infections, our data suggests that the early death of scNT clones is due to cardiopulmonary functional abnormalities and cerebromeningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Rung Park
- Major of Dairy Science, Division of Applied Life Science, GyeongSang National University, Jinji, Korea
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Rahman H, Deka PJ, Chakraborty A, Narayan G. Salmonellosis in pigmy hogs (Sus salvanius)--a critically endangered species of mammal. REV SCI TECH OIE 2005; 24:959-64. [PMID: 16642766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is the smallest and the rarest wild suid in the world. This species is on the verge of extinction and the World Conservation Union has rated it among the most endangered of all mammals. This paper reports the investigation into an outbreak of salmonellosis among captive pigmy hogs at the Research and Breeding Centre of the pigmy hog conservation programme, Guwahati, Assam, India. Of 75 pigmy hogs (38 males and 37 females) maintained at the Centre, seven (9.3%) died within five days. The causative organism associated with the outbreak was identified as Salmonella Typhimurium (syn. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium). All the isolates of S. Typhimurium belonged to phage type DT193. The isolates harboured multiple plasmids. Five isolates harboured four (65.0 MDa, 4.2 MDa, 3.0 MDa, 1.3 MDa), while two isolates carried three plasmids (65.0 MDa, 4.2 MDa, 3.0 MDa). All strains showed resistance to amikacin, ampicillin, streptomycin and sulfamerazin; five strains were resistant to oxytetracycline and trimethoprim. All the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and gentamicin. All seven isolates of S. Typhimurium were found to harbour stn, sopB and pefA genes. However, none of them was found to carry sefC and sopE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rahman
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Complex for NEH Region, Umroi Road, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
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Abstract
Given the increase in sow mortality in Danish pig herds over the last 10 years, we have investigated the causes of spontaneous death and killing of sows, especially those due to locomotive disorders. A total of 265 culled sows (93 spontaneously dead sows and 172 killed sows) from 10 different herds were sent for complete necropsy, and grouped according to primary diagnoses. From 35 of these sows, tissue for histological evaluation and samples for bacteriological cultivation were also collected, and secondary diagnoses and body condition were recorded. The main causes for killing were related to the locomotive system (72%), arthritis (24%) and fractures (16%) being the most frequent lesions. The main causes of spontaneous death were related to the gastrointestinal system and spleen (45%) and the reproductive system (24%). Arthrosis was a secondary diagnosis in 88% of the killed sows and in 92.5% of the spontaneously dead sows. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was the main cause of arthritis. The killed sows had significantly lower body condition compared with spontaneously dead sows. The first two parities and the time around farrowing were associated with the highest mortality in both groups. Hopefully, these observations can guide breeding units attempting to monitor, control and reduce sow mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure economic impacts attributable to the mortality rate for suckling pigs in the United States. DESIGN Economic analysis that incorporated data from various sources. SAMPLE POPULATION Suckling pigs on U.S. swine farms. PROCEDURE Economic impacts associated with the mortality rate for suckling pigs during 1995 were estimated from supply-and-demand curves for pork and from an estimate of the elasticity of production for pigs entering the grower-finisher phase of production. RESULTS A decrease in the mortality rate for suckling pigs would have caused an increase in pork production and a decrease in price and total value of production. Assuming no suckling pigs had died during 1995, consumer surplus would have increased by (mean +/- SE) 430 +/- 160 million dollars, whereas producer surplus would have decreased by 180 +/- 140 million dollars. The total gain to the US economy would have been 250 +/- 30 million dollars. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Researchers who attempt to estimate the economic impact of mortality and morbidity rates of livestock should not ignore the influence of demand and the possibility of price adjustments. Consumers would stand to benefit from an increase in pork production associated with a reduction in the mortality rate for suckling pigs, whereas the swine industry would experience an economic loss. Individual producers need to compare the costs of measures intended to reduce the mortality rate for suckling pigs with the anticipated benefits.
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Arango J, Misztal I, Tsuruta S, Culbertson M, Herring W. Study of codes of disposal at different parities of Large White sows using a linear censored model. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2052-7. [PMID: 16100059 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8392052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the genetic relationship between three grouped reasons for sow removal (SR) in consecutive parities, accounting for censoring, 13,838 records from Large White sows were analyzed. Data were from seven pure-line farms having, on average, 5.9% unknown SR. Three traits were subjectively defined, each corresponding to a classification of SR (reproductive [RR], nonreproductive [RN], and others [RO]). Records for each trait could take one of five categories, according to parity at removal (0 to 4 or later). A multivariate linear censored model was implemented. The model to estimate (co)variance components and parameters included the effects of year-season, region, contemporary group, and additive genetic effects. The most common SR was related to reproduction (48.5%). Diseases of different origin and cause, old age/parity, and sow death or loss accounted for about 18, 7, and 4% of total culls, respectively. Estimates of variance components showed heterogeneity of additive genetic and residual variances for the three traits. Estimates of heritability were 0.18, 0.13, and 0.15 for RR, RN, and RO, respectively. Genetic correlations between removal codes were high (> or =0.90). Results suggest sizeable additive genetic variances exist for parity at removal and different codes of removal. Different SR reasons seem to operate similarly or as a closely related genetic trait associated with fitness. In particular, RN and RO seem to be genetically indistinguishable. Data structure, definition, and volume are major limitations in studies of sow survival. A multiple-trait censored model is preferred to evaluate reasons of sow disposal. Grouped removal causes seem to be strongly genetically correlated but with heterogeneous variances, suggesting that combining all removal causes and treating the trait as parity at disposal is an alternative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arango
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602-2771, USA.
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Almond PHD, Bilkei G. Clostridium novyi caused outdoor sow mortality in croatia. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2005; 118:296-9. [PMID: 16048039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In a Croatian outdoor pig breeding unit 32 sows (died between days 2 and 14 post partum) were subjected to gross pathological and further laboratory investigations. Necropsy findings revealed tympany and purple discoloration of the skin, the surface of the livers was dark and had honeycomb appearance with gas bubble infiltrations, congested lungs, hemorrhages, serosanguinous exsudates in body cavities and the stomachs were full. Gram-stains of smears revealed large numbers of Gram-positive rods. Anaerobic cultures yielded high numbers of Clostridium (C.) novyi and fluorescent antibody test (FAT) confirmed this diagnosis. Enzyme immunoassay and toxin testing by neutralisation in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed toxin B. Based upon the clinical symptoms, gross-pathological signs, bacteriological findings and toxin testing we concluded that C. novyi caused sow mortality. Suboptimal outdoor environment and high outdoor infectious pressure might have contributed the C. novyi caused losses in this unit.
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Abstract
Natural herbs are being explored as alternatives to antimicrobials. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of strategic addition of oregano to prefarrowing and lactation diets of sows under field conditions. Alternate farrowing groups were given diets containing 1000 ppm oregano (dried leaf and flower of Origanum vulgare, enriched with 500 g/kg of cold-pressed essential oils of O. vulgare) in prefarrowing and lactation diets. Overall, 801 oregano-treated sows, including 601 primiparous and 1200 multiparous (parity 2.99 +/- 0.43, mean +/- S.E.) and 1809 untreated control sows (705 primiparous and 1104 multiparous; parity 3.04 +/- 0.38), were used. Sows fed oregano had lower annual sow mortality rate (4.02 +/- 0.4% versus 6.92 +/- 1.11%, mean +/- S.E.; P = 0.003), lower sow culling rate during lactation (8.01 +/- 1.11% versus 14.02 +/- 1.33%, P = 0.02), increased farrowing rate (77.02 +/- 2.31% versus 69.91 +/- 2.32%, P = 0.01), increased number of liveborn piglets per litter (10.49 +/- 1.5 versus 9.95 +/- 1.22, P < 0.05), and decreased stillbirth rate (0.909 +/- 0.01 versus 0.807 +/- 0.01, P = 0.05). In addition, multiparous sows fed oregano had higher (P = 0.04) daily voluntary feed intake compared to non-treated sows (7.7 +/- 0.32 kg versus 7.0 +/- 0.42 kg, P = 0.04). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of oregano on the gastrointestinal, immune and urogenital system in swine and to determine if it has any adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Allan
- Raubbühlstrasse 4, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Anil SS, Anil L, Deen J. Evaluation of patterns of removal and associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits in swine breeding herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:956-61. [PMID: 15787000 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize patterns of removal and evaluate the associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION Data from a convenience sample of 11 farms pertaining to the removal of 51,795 gilts and sows from January 1991 to December 2002. Mean culling and mortality (death and euthanasia) rates for all inventoried gilts and sows ranged from 23% to 50% and 4.7% to 9.5%, respectively. PROCEDURE An analysis of categories of removal (cull, death, or euthanasia) and reasons for removal of gilts and sows was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows. RESULTS Among sows that were removed, the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that died (both death and euthanasia) was > 3 times the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among lame sows that were removed, the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that died (death and euthanasia) was higher than the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among sows that were removed, the proportion of sows that died (deaths and euthanasia) was higher during lactation than nonlactation. This was also observed among lame sows that were removed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The proportion of death among removed sows, especially lame sows, was higher during lactation than nonlactation. Results indicated that risk of death is not the same for sows throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumarannair S Anil
- Department of Clinical and Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
The present study investigated risk factors for mortality in grow-finishing pigs of 137 pig herds belonging to one integration company during a period of 2.5 years. Mortality data, expressed as the number of dead pigs divided by the number of pigs placed in the fattening unit were investigated retrospectively. The following potential risk factors were evaluated: type of pig herd, season and year of placement in the fattening unit, pig density in the municipality, management practices (density of the pigs in the barn, origin of the pigs), housing conditions and feeding practices. The overall average mortality percentage was 4.70%. Three variables in a multivariable regression model were significantly associated with mortality: season of placement in the fattening unit, origin of the piglets and duration of the fattening period. Pigs placed in October, November and December, were at higher risk than pigs placed in other months. Herds that purchased pigs from a merchant, used pigs from other herds with an excess of piglets for filling their fattening units or herds that purchased pigs from more than five origin herds also suffered higher mortality. The mortality also increased in case of longer duration of the fattening period. This study documented for the first time that in addition to seasonal effects and a longer duration of the fattening period, purchasing feeder pigs from one or a limited number of herds is of crucial importance to achieve low mortality in the grow-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G D Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kiss D, Bilkei G. A new periparturient disease in Eastern Europe, Clostridium difficile causes postparturient sow losses. Theriogenology 2005; 63:17-23. [PMID: 15589270 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postparturient sow losses caused by Clostridium difficile have not been reported in the veterinary literature. Recently in Croatia, in a large outdoor production unit with suboptimal environmental conditions, a sudden increase in postparturient sow mortality was diagnosed. After postpartal application of enrofloxacine to postparturient mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) suffering sows, diarrhea, respiratory distress, and mortality of these sows were recorded. While 13% of MMA suffering and treated sows died, only 0.4% of the non-treated (no MMA suffering) sows died postpartum. Gross pathology revealed mesocolonic edema, hydrothorax, and ascites. Microscopic examination showed scattered foci of suppuration in the colonic lamina propria and accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin on colonic mucosa. Anaerobic cultures of the colon yielded heavy growth of C. difficile. Enzyme immunoassay revealed C. difficile toxins A and B. C. difficile infections of postparturient MMA suffering sows may be associated with environmental stress, the application of antibiotics, or both. C. difficile infections are an impending danger in Eastern Europe and does not only raise animal welfare issues, but seriously inflict the economical well being of outdoor production units.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kiss
- Bilkei Consulting, Raubbühlstrasse 4, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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