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Lee YH, Yeo MH, Yoon SA, Hyun HB, Ham YM, Jung YH, Jang H, Chang KS. Extracts of Citrus Juice Processing Wastes Induce Weight Gain and Decrease Serum Glucose in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:70-77. [PMID: 35465119 PMCID: PMC9007710 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the safety and functionality of using citrus juice processing waste (CJPW) was confirmed. Large quantities of CJPW are generated on Jeju Island and cause environmental problems. CJPW extract (2,000 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 14 days and the rats were analyzed. No general signs of toxicity were observed in SD rats administered CJPW extract. Feed intake did not differ between experimental and control animals. However, male and female rats administered CJPW extract had greater weight gain (102.9±5.53% and 114.15±6.89%, respectively) compared with the control animals. Higher weight gain was found in male and female experimental animals, but the difference was only significant in female animals. Serum analyses indicated that total protein and albumin, indicators of nutritional status, were significantly increased in animals administered CJPW. Further, serum glucose values were lower in male and female rats treated with CJPW (91.6±9.02% and 69.9±4.11%, respectively) compared with the controls; again, the difference was significant only for female animals. From the results of this study, CJPW can be considered as a safe material that does not induce toxicity in experimental animals. Therefore, CJPW is a potential raw material that can be used as a supplement in animal feed to help improve weight gain and achieve serum glucose con-trol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Yeo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea
| | - Seon-A Yoon
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju 63608, Korea
| | - Ho-Bong Hyun
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju 63608, Korea
| | | | | | - Hyun Jang
- Libentech Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea
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2
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Effect of fish paste products, fish balls 'tsumire', intake in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e62. [PMID: 34457244 PMCID: PMC8365533 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish paste product, fish balls ‘tsumire’, is a traditional type of Japanese food made from minced fish as well as imitation crab, kamaboko and hanpen. Although tsumire is known as a high-protein and low-fat food, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its health benefits. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of tsumire intake on organ weight and biomarker levels in Sprague–Dawley rats for 84 d as a preliminary study. Six-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: group I, fed normal diets, and group II, fed normal diets with 5 % dried tsumire. Throughout the administration period, we monitored their body weight and food intake; at the end of this period, we measured their organ weight and analysed their blood biochemistry. No significant differences were observed with respect to body weight, food intake, organ weight and many biochemical parameters between the two groups. It was found that inorganic phosphorus and glucose levels were higher in group II rats than in group I rats. On the other hand, sodium, calcium, amylase and cholinesterase levels were significantly lower in group II than in group I. Interestingly, we found that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase in group II were significantly lower than in group I, and that other liver function parameters of group II tended to be lower than in group I. In conclusion, we consider that the Japanese traditional food, ‘tsumire,’ may be effective as a functional food for human health management worldwide.
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Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AMY, amylase
- APP, Alaska pollack protein
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHO, cholesterol
- CRE, creatinine
- ChE, cholinesterase
- D-BIL, direct bilirubin
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- F-CHO, free cholesterol
- Fish balls
- Fish paste products
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLU, glucose
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- IP, inorganic phosphorus
- LAP, leucine aminopeptidase
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Liver function
- Rats
- T-BIL, total bilirubin
- T-CHO, total cholesterol
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBA, total bile acids
- TP, total proteins
- Tsumire
- γ-GT, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
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Masumura K, Ando T, Ukai A, Fujiwara S, Yokose S, You X, Suzuki T, Hayashi H, Nohmi T, Takagi H, Honma M. New homozygous gpt delta transgenic rat strain improves an efficiency of the in vivo mutagenicity assay. Genes Environ 2021; 43:25. [PMID: 34158118 PMCID: PMC8220708 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene mutation assays in transgenic rodents are useful tools to investigate in vivo mutagenicity in a target tissue. Using a lambda EG10 transgene containing reporter genes, gpt delta transgenic mice and rats have been developed to detect point mutations and deletions. The transgene is integrated in the genome and can be rescued through an in vitro packaging reaction. However, the packaging efficiency is lower in gpt delta rats than in mice, because of the transgene in gpt delta rats being heterozygous and in low copy number. To improve the packaging efficiency, we herein describe a newly developed homozygous gpt delta rat strain. Results The new gpt delta rat has a Wistar Hannover background and has been successfully maintained as homozygous for the transgene. The packaging efficiency in the liver was 4 to 8 times higher than that of existing heterozygous F344 gpt delta rats. The frequency of gpt point mutations significantly increased in the liver and bone marrow of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU)- and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-treated rats. Spi− deletion frequencies significantly increased in the liver and bone marrow of BaP-treated rats but not in ENU-treated rats. Whole genome sequencing analysis identified ≥ 30 copies of lambda EG10 transgenes integrated in rat chromosome 1. Conclusions The new homozygous gpt delta rat strain showed a higher packaging efficiency, and could be useful for in vivo gene mutation assays in rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-021-00195-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Ando
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yokose
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Xinyue You
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 210-9501, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Biologics Business Planning & Operation Dept, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, 2-4-16 Kyobashi Chuo- ku, Tokyo, 104-8002, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Takagi
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Yun HH, Park S, Chung MJ, Son JY, Park JM, Jung SJ, Yim JH, Kang KK, Byeon S, Baek SM, Lee SW, Lee AR, Kim TH, Park JK, Jeong KS. Effects of losartan and l-serine in a mouse liver fibrosis model. Life Sci 2021; 278:119578. [PMID: 33965379 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common liver disease caused by excessive collagen deposition in the liver. Since liver transplantation is the only current treatment for cirrhosis with worsened fibrosis, a new strategy to develop anti-fibrosis drugs with no adverse effects is necessary. In recent studies, amino acids have been applied as a type of therapy in various fields. l-serine plays a major role in antioxidant production via the maintenance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydride production in the mitochondria. l-serine may reduce fibrotic lesions in a mouse model of chronic liver injury. This study used 27 six-week-old C57BL/6 mice and injected them three times a week for eight weeks with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (1.5 mg/kg, 10% v/v CCl4 in olive oil) to create a hepatic fibrosis mouse model. The mice, which weighed approximately 20-30 g, were randomly classified into four groups: 1) the olive oil group, which received intraperitoneal injection of olive oil (1.5 mg/kg, 3 times per week for 8 weeks); 2) the CCl4-only group; 3) the CCl4 + losartan (10 mg/kg, PO, 5 days on, weekend off for 8 weeks) group; and 4) the CCl4 + l-serine (100 g/L, free access for 8 weeks) group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining showed reduced inflammatory cell deposition and collagen deposition in the liver tissue in the l-serine supplemented group. l-serine was found to reduce the spread of hepatic fibrosis and has potential use in clinical settings. Based on these histopathological observations, l-serine is a potential anti-fibrosis drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Yun
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Son
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ku Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongrim Byeon
- Kainos Medicine Institute Inc., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Baek
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Woo Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Yamagiwa Y, Masatsugu M, Tahara H, Yamada K, Haranosono Y, Kurata M, Satoh H. Orbital malignant schwannoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in rats caused by leakage of locally injected nickel subsulfide to the orbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:151-156. [PMID: 33976471 PMCID: PMC8100253 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) is known to induce intraocular neoplasms when injected intravitreally into the eyes of rats. Here, we found two extraocular orbital neoplasms in two different rat strains, presumably due to the leakage of locally injected Ni3S2 to the extraocular orbital tissues. In the F344/DuCrlCrlj rat, an orbital mass arose at 30 weeks after injection, and invaded into the cranium. Histologically, the orbital mass was composed of areas arranged in parallel bundles formed by densely packed elongated or spindle-shaped cells with indistinct cytoplasmic borders, and of areas of hypocellular arrangement consisting of round cells in eosinophilic myxoid-like substances. Metastases were observed in the right submandibular and cervical lymph nodes. The neoplastic cells were immunopositive for S-100 protein and vimentin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the neoplastic cells had cellular processes and pericytoplasmic basal laminae. In the RccHanTM:WIST rat, an orbital mass arose at 36 weeks after injection. Histologically, the mass consisted of rhabdoid-like large round cells with proliferation of small round-to-polygonal cells, and these neoplastic cells infiltrated into the extraocular muscles. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for desmin and vimentin. Transmission electron microscopy detected immature myofibrils with Z-band structures in the cytoplasm of these neoplastic cells. Consequently, the tumors were diagnosed as an orbital malignant schwannoma in an F344/DuCrlCrlj rat and an orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a RccHanTM:WIST rat. The results of this case report suggest that leakage of Ni3S2 to the orbit caused the induction of orbital malignant schwannoma or rhabdomyosarcoma in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-0066, Japan
| | - Miki Masatsugu
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Haruna Tahara
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamada
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-0066, Japan
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mortensen A, Riviere G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Glandorf B, Herman L, Andryszkiewicz M, Arcella D, Gomes A, Kovalkovičová N, Liu Y, Rygaard Nielsen KR, Engel KH, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme xylanase from the genetically modified Aspergillus luchuensis Inui strain RF7398. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05971. [PMID: 32626503 PMCID: PMC7008837 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme xylanase (4‐β‐d‐xylan xylanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.8) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus luchuensis Inui strain RF7398 by AB Enzymes GmbH. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and recombinant DNA. The food enzyme is intended to be used in baking and cereal‐based processes. Based on the maximum use levels, dietary exposure to the food enzyme–Total Organic Solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.008 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,000 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a high margin of exposure of at least 125,000. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched and one match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood of this occurring is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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7
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Hojo M, Sakamoto Y, Maeno A, Tayama K, Tada Y, Yuzawa K, Ando H, Kubo Y, Nagasawa A, Tanaka K, Yano N, Kaihoko F, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki T, Inomata A, Moriyasu T, Miyajima K, Nakae D. A histopathological analysis of spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in aged male RccHan:WIST rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 33:47-55. [PMID: 32051666 PMCID: PMC7008206 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological information about spontaneous lesions in aged Hannover Wistar rats is limited. In this study, we describe spontaneous lesions found in 39 male RccHan:WIST rats used as a control in a carcinogenicity study. Neoplastic lesions were frequently seen in the endocrine system, such as pituitary adenomas in the pars distalis. This strain exhibited a high incidence of thymoma (10.3%), compared to other strains. We encountered an oligodendroglioma, a pituitary adenoma of the pars intermedia, and a prostate adenocarcinoma, which are comparatively rare in rats. While the variety and incidence of non-neoplastic lesions were similar to those in other strains, several interesting lesions occurred with relatively high incidence, including "harderianization" of the extraorbital lacrimal gland, common bile duct ectasia, and hyperplasia of pulmonary endocrine cells in the lung. Furthermore, comparative analyses demonstrated that the severity of chronic progressive nephropathy and murine progressive cardiomyopathy in RccHan:WIST rats was less than that in F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Hojo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ai Maeno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukie Tada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yuzawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akemichi Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Norio Yano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Fujifumi Kaihoko
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuko Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Toshinari Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Takako Moriyasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakura-ga-Oka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakura-ga-Oka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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8
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Pinches MD, Thomas R, Porter R, Camidge L, Briggs K. Curation and analysis of clinical pathology parameters and histopathologic findings from eTOXsys, a large database project (eTOX) for toxicologic studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104396. [PMID: 31128168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Large data sharing projects amongst the pharmaceutical industry have the potential to generate new insights using data on a scale that has not been previously available. A retrospective analysis of the preclinical toxicology data collected as part of the eTOX project was conducted with the aim to provide background rates and treatment-related value analysis on both clinical pathology and histopathology datasets. Incorporated into this analysis was an extensive data consolidation task to standardise all data. Reference intervals for common clinical pathology parameters in rat and dog were generated, alongside background histopathology incidence rates in the liver, heart and kidney. Systematically applied decision thresholds allowed consistent relabelling of data points considered anomalous, and maximum fold change estimates. Relabelling of anomalous data points was conducted for the histopathology data using a Bayesian model to identify dose-dependent increases in pathologies. The results of this study allow: newly generated data to be analysed using the same methodology, rates and distributions to be used when building predictive dose-response models, and the possibility to correlate clinical pathology findings with concurrent histopathology findings. In the first half of this paper we discuss data curation, in the second half we report on the analytical methods and results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pinches
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Robert Thomas
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Rosemary Porter
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Lucinda Camidge
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Katharine Briggs
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK.
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9
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Carrillo JC, Adenuga MD, Momin F, McKee RH. The sub-chronic toxicity of a naphthenic hydrocarbon solvent in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:323-332. [PMID: 29630908 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cycloalkanes/naphthenes are constituents of complex hydrocarbon solvents, and hence an understanding of their toxicological profile is critical to establish safe limits for occupational exposures to these solvents. Although naphthenes are structurally related to and share a common metabolic fate with the straight and branched chain analogues, some toxicokinetic differences have been noted. The acute central nervous system response to volatile naphthenes in rodents has been shown to be slightly different compared to other alkane analogues. To determine whether these differences may extend to systemic effects with less volatile naphthenes, rats were exposed to 1500, 3000 or 6000 mg/m3 of a C9-C11 aliphatic solvent containing 70% naphthenes, for 90 days. Effects were limited to adaptive liver enlargement in both sexes and kidney toxicity in the male rat. For comparative purposes, the results from this study were compared to published reports of a complex hydrocarbon solvent with a higher proportion of volatile C5/C6 naphthenes and a mono-constituent naphthene (decahydronaphthalene). The results indicate that the systemic effects of naphthenes are similar to the straight and branched chain analogues and that the effects that are most relevant for human health evaluations of alkanes are acute central nervous system effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Health, Shell International B.V., P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - M David Adenuga
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 Route 22 E., Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Fayaz Momin
- Shell Health, Shell Oil Company, 150 N. Dairy Ashford Road, Woodcreek E276E, Houston, TX 77079, USA
| | - Richard H McKee
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 Route 22 E., Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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10
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Makrecka-Kuka M, Sevostjanovs E, Vilks K, Volska K, Antone U, Kuka J, Makarova E, Pugovics O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Plasma acylcarnitine concentrations reflect the acylcarnitine profile in cardiac tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17528. [PMID: 29235526 PMCID: PMC5727517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma concentrations of acylcarnitines (ACs) are suggested as a marker of metabolism disorders. The aim of the present study was to clarify which tissues are responsible for changes in the AC pool in plasma. The concentrations of medium- and long-chain ACs were changing during the fed-fast cycle in rat heart, muscles and liver. After 60 min running exercise, AC content was increased in fasted mice muscles, but not in plasma or heart. After glucose bolus administration in fasted rats, the AC concentrations in plasma decreased after 30 min but then began to increase, while in the muscles and liver, the contents of medium- and long-chain ACs were unchanged or even increased. Only the heart showed a decrease in medium- and long-chain AC contents that was similar to that observed in plasma. In isolated rat heart, but not isolated-contracting mice muscles, the significant efflux of medium- and long-chain ACs was observed. The efflux was reduced by 40% after the addition of glucose and insulin to the perfusion solution. Overall, these results indicate that during fed-fast cycle shifting the heart determines the medium- and long-chain AC profile in plasma, due to a rapid response to the availability of circulating energy substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Unigunde Antone
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Osvalds Pugovics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
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11
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Kim MJ, Lee MJ, Lee YH, Park SH, Kim D, Park CB, Kang JS, Kang JK. Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus in Rats. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:15-23. [PMID: 28133509 PMCID: PMC5266371 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.1.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax divaricatus (Siebold & Zucc.) Seem. var. albeofructus (ADA), a traditional medical herb, has been used to treat arthritis and muscular injury, to strengthen muscle and bone, and to get vital energy. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited. ADA was administered by oral gavage to groups of rats at doses of 0 (control), 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 mg/kg five times per week for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, necropsy, histopathological finding, vaginal cytology, and sperm morphology were compared between control and ADA-treated groups. Salivation was intermittently observed in both sexes receiving 2,500 and 3,000 mg/kg directly after dosing. Absolute liver weights increased in females receiving 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 mg/kg ADA (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively) and so did the relative liver weights (P < 0.001). Salivation and increased liver weight were ADA-related changes but not considered to be adverse effects. Salivation was intermittent and transient, and the liver weight increase was minor and not accompanied by other changes such as hepatic morphological or functional alterations. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level was determined to be at least 3,000 mg/kg in both sexes of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Cheongju,
Korea
| | - Mi Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Cheongju,
Korea
| | - Duyeol Kim
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Cheongju,
Korea
| | - Cheol Beom Park
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Cheongju,
Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan,
Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
Korea
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12
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Colman K. Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:94-106. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been long established that not only the species but also the strain and supplier of rodents used in preclinical safety studies can have a significant impact on the outcome of studies due to variability in their genetic background and thus spontaneous pathologic findings. In addition, local husbandry, housing, and other environmental conditions may have effects on the development and expression of comorbidities, particularly in longer-term or chronic studies. More recently, similar effects related to the source, including genetic and environmental variability, have been recognized in cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). The increased use of cynomolgus macaques from various sources of captive-bred animals (including nonnative, U.S./European Union-based breeding facilities or colonies) can affect study design and study results and outcome. It is important to acknowledge and understand the impact of this variability on the results and interpretation of research studies. This review includes recent examples where variability of preclinical animal models (rats and monkeys) affected the postmortem observations highlighting its relevance to study design or interpretation in safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Gotardo AT, Dipe VV, Hueza IM, Górniak SL. Maternal feed restriction during pregnancy in Wistar rats: Evaluation of offspring using classical and immunoteratology protocols. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:603-615. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116660750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have revealed that impairment of the pregnant body weight reduces the fetal body weight and causes minor changes in skeletal development. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of maternal feed restriction during pregnancy in offspring immune system development. Pregnant Wistar rats were distributed into 5 groups: 1 control in which dams received food ad libitum and 4 experimental groups in which dams were fed restricted amounts of rodent ration (16, 12, 9, or 6 g/rat/day) from the 6th to 17th gestation day. Teratogenicity was assessed using classical teratological evaluation and developmental immunotoxicology protocols. Maternal body weight gain, fetus weight, and placenta weight were reduced for feed-restricted females from the groups fed 12, 9, and 6 g/rat/day ( p < 0.05). No pup mortality was observed immediately after cesarean sections among the groups, and no visceral or skeletal malformations were detected. An immunoteratological study revealed an increase in the relative weight of the thymus and an increase in the phorbol myristate-acetate solution-induced hydrogen peroxide release by inflammatory cells in 21-day-old pups. Alterations in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response and the humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells were observed in pups from feed-restricted mothers. Feed restriction in Wistar rats during organogenesis did not promote structural malformations but resulted in offspring with lower birth weights and promoted significant changes in the immune responses of the rat pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- AT Gotardo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - VV Dipe
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - IM Hueza
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (ICAQF-UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - SL Górniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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14
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Onodera H, Sasaki S, Otake S, Tomohiro M, Shibuya K, Nomura M. General considerations in ocular toxicity risk assessment from the toxicologists' viewpoints. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 40:295-307. [PMID: 25972191 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Humans commonly obtain approximately 80% of external information from vision. Since loss of vision markedly decreases quality of life, risk assessments for visual toxicity of new drugs are extremely important. However, the ICH S4 guideline for nonclinical toxicity study of new drugs only indicates a brief instruction for ophthalmologic examinations, and submitted data for drug approval according only to this guideline are not always considered sufficient in light of ocular toxicity risk assessments. The eye is an assembly of many specialized sub-organs which have specific functions, and its integral maintenance of homeostasis plays an important role of visual function. When only a part of integrity of functions is lost, overall function of the eye might be commonly disturbed. Therefore, understanding of anatomy and physiology of these sub-organs may help know mechanisms of observed ocular changes. In ophthalmologic examinations in nonclinical toxicity studies, it is vital to understand the principles and features of each examination. Comparisons of findings between pre and post drug treatment as well as considerations of species differences, strain differences, age differences, and location/degree of abnormalities are essential. In addition, many kinds of spontaneous ocular findings are well known in experimental animals. To differentiate treatment-related changes from spontaneous findings, mastering basic skills for ophthalmologic examinations and taking advantage of collection of background data are necessary. For ocular toxicity risk assessments, while an evaluation of "sight-threatening" effects is most critical matter, "quality of vision" related findings also should be considered. To extrapolate animal data to human, clinical significances of ocular toxicity findings should be evaluated based on considerations for "species differences", "safety margins", "reversibility", and "risk-benefit balance". In addition, a detailed recording of features of lesions is also important for an appropriate judgment of clinical significance of ocular findings. For preparation of histopathological specimens, careful sampling of organs and suitable selection of fixatives are important. To accurately orient ocular lesions in the specimen for histopathological examinations, securing close communications prior to necropsy among ophthalmologists, gross necropsy pathologists and histopathology technicians should be effective and helpful. It is impossible to detect all ocular changes in histopathological examinations; that is, there is a limitation in histopathological examinations. Therefore, for ocular toxicity risk assessments, comprehensive evaluation with pathological findings as well as other results of various examinations in toxicity studies should be considered. In conclusion, for ocular toxicity risk assessments, integrated judgments from all examination data in nonclinical toxicity studies are required. To achieve appropriate risk assessments which can be extrapolated to human, close communications and sharing of data regarding the eye are most important among toxicologists, clinical sign investigators, histopathology technicians and pathologists.
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15
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Kuper CF, Vogels J, Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Rühl-Fehlert C, Vohr HW, Krul C. Integrated analysis of toxicity data of two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties to improve the understanding of side effects-A toxicopathologist׳s view. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:343-55. [PMID: 25824899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Data in a toxicity test are evaluated generally per parameter. Information on the response per animal in addition to per parameter can improve the evaluation of the results. The results from the six studies in rats, described in the paper by Kemmerling, J., Fehlert, E., Rühl-Fehlert, C., Kuper, C.F., Stropp, G., Vogels, J., Krul, C., Vohr, H.-W., 2015. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties (In this issue), have been subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component discriminant analysis (PC-DA). The two pharmaceuticals azathioprine (AZA) and cyclosporine A (CSA) and the two environmental pollutants hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) all modulate the immune system, albeit that their mode of immunomodulation is quite diverse. PCA illustrated the similarities between the two independent studies with AZA (AZA1 and AZA2) and CSA (CSA1 and CSA2). The PC-DA on data of the AZA2 study did not increase substantially the information on dose levels. In general, the no-effect levels were lower upon single parameter analysis than indicated by the distances between the dose groups in the PCA. This was mostly due to the expert judgment in the single parameter evaluation, which took into account outstanding pathology in only one or two animals. The PCA plots did not reveal sex-related differences in sensitivity, but the key pathology for males and females differed. The observed variability in some of the control groups was largely a peripheral blood effect. Most importantly, PCA analysis identified several animals outside the 95% confidence limit indicating high-responders; also low-to-non-responders were identified. The key pathology enhanced the understanding of the response of the animals to the four model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Mueller Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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16
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Lee JS, Kim YH, Kim DB, Shin GH, Lee JH, Cho JH, Lee BY, Lee OH. Acute and subchronic (28 days) oral toxicity studies of Codonopsis lanceolata extract in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:491-7. [PMID: 25724632 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant that has been used as a food and in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, and inflammation in East Asia including Korea, Japan, and China. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited. Therefore, we performed a safety evaluation of aqueous C. lanceolata root extract (CLE) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Assessment of acute toxicity revealed that CLE did not influence mortality, clinical appearance, body weight gain, or necropsy findings at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. In the subchronic oral toxicity, data revealed that several significant alteration in food consumption, water consumption, protein excretion, WBCs levels, TGs, BUN levels, and the absolute and relative weights in the liver, spleen and lungs. However, these changes were transient and were not considered treatment related because they showed no apparent dose dependent. These results suggest that CLE (1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg body weight/day) administered orally does not cause acute or subchronic toxicity to male or female rats. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of CLE was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea; National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-708, South Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Dan-Bi Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Gi-Hae Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Cho
- Hurum Central Research Institute, Ochang 363-883, South Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, South Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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Shimoyama N, Nakatsuji S, Andoh R, Yamaguchi Y, Tamura K, Hoshiya T. Spontaneously Occurring Formation of Intranuclear and Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Renal Proximal Epithelium Due to Accumulation of d-Amino Acid Oxidase in Wistar Hannover Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:675-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314560611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in the renal proximal tubular epithelium were observed in nontreated male and female Wistar Hannover rats in a 26-week study (32 weeks of age) and a 104-week study (110 weeks of age). The incidence rates were less than 5% in these two studies. In affected animals, the inclusions were observed in more than 60% of proximal tubular epithelium as various sized (approximately 1–8 μm in diameter) round and eosinophilic materials, but not in distal tubules, Henle’s loop, or collecting ducts. Ultrastructurally, inclusions appeared finely granular, homogenous with middle-electron density, and without a limiting membrane. These inclusions were determined to be protein histochemically stained by Azan-Mallory and immunoreactive with an antibody against d-amino acid oxidase (DAO). There was no abnormality in in-life observations or in clinical test values suggestive of renal dysfunction. There were no associated degenerative or inflammatory changes in the kidneys, and no similar inclusions were observed in the other organs. These inclusions are very similar to propiverine hydrochloride (propiverine) and norepinephreine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor–induced inclusions. This is the first report of accumulation of DAO and formation of inclusions occurring spontaneously in rat kidneys. The data are important for toxicological studies using Wistar Hannover rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Shimoyama
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shunji Nakatsuji
- Toxicologic Pathology, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Rie Andoh
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Hoshiya
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of bovine whey derived osteopontin, Lacprodan® OPN-10. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:59-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Hayakawa K, Mimura Y, Tachibana S, Furuya M, Kodama T, Aoki T, Hosokawa S, Fukui M, Shibata S, Yoshida M, Masuyama T, Narita T, Kuwagata M, Hisada S, Maki E. Study for collecting background data on Wistar Hannover [Crl:WI(Han)] rats in general toxicity studies--comparative data to Sprague Dawley rats. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 38:855-73. [PMID: 24213005 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to collect background data from repeated dose toxicity studies in Wistar Hannover [Crl:WI(Han)] (hereafter Wistar Han) rats with dosing periods of 4, 13 and 26 weeks from four safety research facilities of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations participating in the International Genetic Standardization (IGS) rat forum supported by Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc. The data from Wistar Han rats were compared with those from Sprague Dawley Crl:CD(SD) rats. In addition, the effects of restricted feeding of SD rats were also investigated by one facility. As a result, body weights and food consumption in Wistar Han rats were lower than those of SD rats. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts were almost half of those noted for SD rats and platelet counts were almost 20% less than those in SD rats. Minimal strain differences were noted in several biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids, and in thymus, ovary and testis weights. Ophthalmologic or histopathologic examinations revealed a higher incidence of corneal opacities or corneal mineralization in Wistar Han rats. Restricted feeding of SD rats resulted in intermediate values for body weights and food consumption between the ad libitum fed SD and Wistar Han rats, and WBC and AST were lower than those in the ad libitum fed SD rats. Based on these results, some strain differences might be ascribable to reduced food consumption and associated body weight changes in Wistar Han rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hayakawa
- Kawashima Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessment Core Function Unit, Eisai Co., Ltd., Present address; Preclinical Safety Research Laboratories, Sunplanet Co., Ltd
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20
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Tyshko N, Zhminchenko V, Selyaskin K, Pashorina V, Utembaeva N, Tutelyan V. Assessment of the impact of genetically modified LibertyLink ® maize on reproductive function and progeny development of Wistar rats in three generations. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:330-340. [PMID: 28962249 PMCID: PMC5598231 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This publication presents the assessment of the impact of genetically modified (GM) LibertyLink® maize on reproductive function, prenatal and postnatal progeny development of Wistar rats over three generations. The animals were divided into two groups, which were fed with rodent diet with inclusion of GM LibertyLink® ('test' group) and non-GM near-isogenic counterpart ('control' group) maize varieties. The maize was included into the diet at maximum possible level (between 32 and 33%) not causing nutritional imbalance or metabolic disturbance for the experimental animals. Data analysis showed no impact of LibertyLink® maize on the animals' fertility: the observed mating efficiency in both groups was within the normal expected range values under the given experiment conditions. The comparison of progeny prenatal development in the generations F0-F2 has not shown any differences between the groups. Analysis of the physical development of the F0-F2 progeny or pups body weight and length progress did not show any abnormalities. The average number of pups per litter in the control and test groups was within the expected range of variations. Therefore, the results should be considered as direct evidence of the lack of any reproductive toxicity of LibertyLink® maize (a.k.a. T25 maize).
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Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Tyshko
- FSBI “Institute of Nutrition” RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Isoquercitrin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:267-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sato J, Hashimoto S, Doi T, Yamada N, Tsuchitani M. Histological characteristics of the regression of corpora lutea in wistar hannover rats: the comparisons with sprague-dawley rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:107-13. [PMID: 25352711 PMCID: PMC4110934 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the ovaries of 44 Wistar Hannover (RccHanTM:WIST) (WH) and 30 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 32-weeks of age to determine whether the ovarian structure and formation/regression of the corpora lutea (CLs) differ between the two strains. The average ovary weight was higher in WH rats. The average number of all CLs, including currently formed and previously formed CLs, was higher in WH rats in all cycles; however, no appreciable difference was detected in the number of newly or currently formed CLs between the two strains. CLs regression characterized by degeneration and necrosis of luteal cells began to appear in diestrus in both strains; however, the distribution of degenerated/necrotic cells in CLs differed. Necrotic cells were scattered in SD rats but were focally observed in the center of the CL in WH rats. The reduction in size of previously formed CLs accompanied by regression started about 2 or more stages later in WH rats than in those of SD rats. In conclusion, the higher number of CLs in WH rats is considered to be due to slow CL regression compared with in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sato
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Satomi Hashimoto
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Takuya Doi
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yamada
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Kim D, Lee YH, Park SH, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Jang HS, Lee JM, Lee HY, Han BS, Son WC, Seok JH, Lee JK, Jeong J, Kang JS, Kang JK. Subchronic oral toxicity of evodia fruit powder in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1072-1078. [PMID: 24384379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evodia, a fruit from Evodia rutaecarpa, has been used in oriental medicine, and since its various pharmaceutical actions, including anti-cancer activity, have become known, evodia has been widely used as a dietary supplement. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evodia fruit from Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang (0, 25, 74, 222, 667, and 2000 mg/kg) was administered orally five times per week for 13 weeks. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, vaginal cytology, sperm morphology, organ weight, and gross and histopathological findings were evaluated. RESULTS Urinary ketone body excretion was detected in males at 667 and 2000 mg/kg and in females at 2000 mg/kg. An increase in absolute/relative liver weight was observed in both sexes at 2000 mg/kg. Although levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly reduced in males and/or females at 200 and/or 667 and 2000 mg/kg, all values were within normal ranges and were considered non-adverse. In addition, no treatment-related differences in body weight, food consumption, hematology, vaginal cytology, sperm morphology, or gross and histopathological examination were detected. CONCLUSIONS The subchronic no-observable-adverse-effect level for evodia fruit powder following oral administration in rats is greater than 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyeol Kim
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Song Jang
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 21 Maeju-ri, Seonghwan-eup, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Han
- Hoseo Toxicity Research Center, Hoseo University Biomedical Laboratory Science, 79 Hoseo-ro BaeBang-Myeon, Asan, Chungnam 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro-43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Seok
- Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 21 Maeju-ri, Seonghwan-eup, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Animal medicine, College of Veterinary medicine, Chungbuk National University, 410 Naesudong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Hashimoto S, Doi T, Wako Y, Sato J, Wada S, Tsuchitani M. Corneal mineralization in wistar hannover rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:275-81. [PMID: 24155560 PMCID: PMC3787605 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently started using Wistar Hannover rats in Japan and are now collecting background data. We have been frequently observing corneal mineralization in Wistar Hannover rats of both the RccHanTM:WIST and Crl:WI (Han) strains. In this study, details of corneal mineralization in Wistar Hannover rats were histopathologically and ultrastructurally investigated. According to the results, Wistar Hannover rats had a much higher incidence of corneal mineralization compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. The incidence of corneal mineralization was higher in males than females. According to the histological examination, mineral deposits were positive for calcium by von Kossa’s method. Furthermore, in response to mineralization, keratocytes probably become active to play an important role against the mineralized substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hashimoto
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratory, Nonclinical Research Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Piao Y, Liu Y, Xie X. Change trends of organ weight background data in sprague dawley rats at different ages. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:29-34. [PMID: 23723565 PMCID: PMC3620211 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ weight is one of the most sensitive drug toxicity indicators, and its changes often precede morphological changes. So far, no background data about organ weight and its coefficient in SD rats at different weeks of age have been reported in China. The aim of this study was to summarize and analyze the change trends of organ weight and organ weight coefficients in SD rats at different weeks of age. The absolute of the weights of the brain, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and testes were increased in male SD rats from 13 to 78 weeks, and the weights of the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys and especially the testes were decreased from 78 to 104 weeks. On the other hand, the absolute weight of the adrenal glands showed an increasing trend from 13 to 104 weeks. The absolute weight of the brain, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and ovaries showed an increasing trend from 13 to 104 weeks. A significant increase was observed in adrenal gland and ovary weights, whereas no obvious change trends were observed for the other organ weights mentioned above. It was surprising that the absolute of weight of the adrenal glands and organ-to-brain and organ-to-body weight ratios in female rats were significantly higher than those in males from 13 to 104 weeks. This study was the first to establish background data for organ weights in SD rats at different weeks of age and their reference ranges in line with the experimental animal status in China and to summarize their summarized their changes trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Piao
- Oncology Department, Cancer Treatment Center, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, 110001, P. R. China
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Historical control data from 13-week repeated toxicity studies in Crj:CD (SD) rats. Lab Anim Res 2012; 28:115-21. [PMID: 22787485 PMCID: PMC3389835 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2012.28.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference ranges of standard experimental parameters are useful for comparisons in toxicology. The aim of this study was to collect data from 13-week repeated toxicity studies in Crl:CD (SD) rats, a strain widely used for toxicity and efficacy research, for establishing domestic reference values. Data on body weight, food consumption; urinalysis, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters; and organ weights were collected from 11 toxicity studies in 220 Crl:CD (SD) rats (110 males and 110 females). The studies had been performed at a single testing facility over the last 5 years and involved animals sourced from a single breeder. The findings were collated as means, standard deviations, percentages, and ranges. Urine volume, uterus weight, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and triglyceride, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels showed standard deviations of 30% or more. These historical control data would help to interpret the effects of test substances in routine toxicity and efficacy studies.
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