1
|
Ramírez R. Differentiating from TV Representations: Shame and the Process of Gay/Lesbian Identification Among Chilean Television Viewers. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37976200 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2283862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The representation of gays and lesbians on Chilean television has increased steadily over the last decades. This paper offers an analysis of the role these images had in the processes of sexual identification of a sample of 25 members of the audience who identify as gays or lesbians. Through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is shown that the respondents believed that the televisual representations of homosexuality have contributed to further marginalize gay and lesbian lives. This strengthened damaging feelings that fed into a sense of shame that was originating from multiple institutions and texts, thus complicating their processes of self-recognition and self-acceptance during their childhood and adolescence. Taking examples of how participants described their relationship with these representations and the ways in which they circulated socially, it is argued that they could only articulate their identification as gays or lesbians by disassociating themselves from these images and establishing a clear difference in regard to them. This was in a process in which several other informational and experiential opportunities came into play, which allowed them to resignify the categories gay/lesbian and lead less conflictive processes of identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ramírez
- Facultad de Comunicación e Imagen, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abboud S, Flores DD. A Developmental Model of the Sexual Minority Closet: Implications for Arab Immigrant Sexual Minorities and Parent-LGBTQ Child Sex Communication. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023:10.1007/s10508-022-02522-1. [PMID: 36596907 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abboud
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue (Office # 854), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Dalmacio D Flores
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pachankis JE, Jackson SD. A Developmental Model of the Sexual Minority Closet: Structural Sensitization, Psychological Adaptations, and Post-closet Growth. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022:10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w. [PMID: 35978203 PMCID: PMC9935753 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Across the lifespan, most sexual minority individuals experience the closet-a typically prolonged period in which no significant others know their sexual identity. This paper positions the closet as distinct from stigma concealment given its typical duration in years and absolute removal from sources of support for an often-central identity typically during a developmentally sensitive period. The Developmental Model of the Closet proposed here delineates the vicarious learning that takes place before sexual orientation awareness to shape one's eventual experience of the closet; the stressors that take place after one has become aware of their sexual orientation but has not yet disclosed it, which often takes place during adolescence; and potential lifespan-persistent mental health effects of the closet, as moderated by the structural, interpersonal, cultural, and temporal context of disclosure. The paper outlines the ways in which the model both draws upon and is distinct from earlier models of sexual minority identity formation and proposes several testable hypotheses and future research directions, including tests of multilevel interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Suite 316, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Skyler D Jackson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohr J, Fassinger R. Measuring Dimensions of Lesbian and Gay Male Experience. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2000.12068999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mohr
- Jonathan Mohr is a doctoral student, and Ruth Fassinger is an associate professor, both in the Counseling Psychology Program at University of Maryland at College Park
| | - Ruth Fassinger
- Jonathan Mohr is a doctoral student, and Ruth Fassinger is an associate professor, both in the Counseling Psychology Program at University of Maryland at College Park
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Magno L, Silva LAVD, Guimarães MDC, Veras MADSM, Deus LFAD, Leal AF, Knauth DR, Brito AMD, Rocha GM, Lima LNGC, Kendall C, Motta-Castro ARC, Kerr LRFS, Mota RMS, Merchan-Hamann E, Dourado IC. Discrimination based on sexual orientation against MSM in Brazil: a latent class analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2019; 22Suppl 1:e190003. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720190003.supl.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Discrimination based on sexual orientation can influence vulnerability to HIV, increasing exposure to risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objectives: To analyze data using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of individuals with specific patterns of discrimination based on sexual orientation (DSO). Methods: Cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016. LCA was used to characterize discrimination among MSM based on 13 variables in the survey questionnaire. The proportions of men reporting DSO and other variables of interest were estimated using Gile’s Successive Sampling estimator. Results: Most MSM were young, single, had a religion, had a high school or college degree, black or brown skin color, and socioeconomic status classified as average. More than half of the participants reported that they had been discriminated against during the last 12 months due to their sexual orientation (65%), more than a third said they had felt afraid of walking in public places during the past 12 months, and about one-fifth of participants reported having been victims of physical or sexual assault due to DSO. DSO was classified into four latent classes: “very high”, “high”, “moderate” and “low”, with estimates of 2.2%, 16.4%, 35.1%, and 46.19%, respectively. Conclusion: We observed a high proportion of discrimination against MSM in this study. The use of LCA differentiated parsimoniously classes of discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laio Magno
- State University of Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl Kendall
- Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilkerson JM, Noor SW, Galos DL, Rosser BRS. Correlates of a Single-Item Indicator Versus a Multi-Item Scale of Outness About Same-Sex Attraction. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1269-1277. [PMID: 26292840 PMCID: PMC5679701 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated if a single-item indicator measured the degree to which people were open about their same-sex attraction ("out") as accurately as a multi-item scale. For the multi-item scale, we used the Outness Inventory, which includes three subscales: family, world, and religion. We examined correlations between the single- and multi-item measures; between the single-item indicator and the subscales of the multi-item scale; and between the measures and internalized homonegativity, social attitudes towards homosexuality, and depressive symptoms. In addition, we calculated Tjur's R (2) as a measure of predictive power of the single-item indicator, multi-item scale, and subscales of the multi-item scale in predicting two health-related outcomes: depressive symptoms and condomless anal sex with multiple partners. There was a strong correlation between the single- and multi-item measures (r = 0.73). Furthermore, there were strong correlations between the single-item indicator and each subscale of the multi-item scale: family (r = 0.70), world (r = 0.77), and religion (r = 0.50). In addition, the correlations between the single-item indicator and internalized homonegativity (r = -0.63), social attitudes towards homosexuality (r = -0.38), and depression (r = -0.14) were higher than those between the multi-item scale and internalized homonegativity (r = -0.55), social attitudes towards homosexuality (r = -0.21), and depression (r = -0.13). Contrary to the premise that multi-item measures are superior to single-item measures, our collective findings indicate that the single-item indicator of outness performs better than the multi-item scale of outness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Wilkerson
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 7000 Fannin, Suite 2620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Syed W Noor
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan L Galos
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - B R Simon Rosser
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Most research on lesbians has used self-report questionnaires, and assumed that respondents who complete a “lesbian” questionnaire self-identify as lesbians and engage in sexual relationships with women. The present study examined the degree to which 2,393 women who answered a “Lesbian Wellness Survey” are distributed on five aspects of lesbian sexuality and the coming-out process. The five aspects were: (a) Sexual Orientation (numerical rating of sexual identity from exclusively lesbian/gay to exclusively heterosexual); (b) Years Out (length of time of self-identity as lesbian/gay/bisexual); (c) Outness/Disclosure (amount of disclosure of sexual orientation to others); (d) Sexual Experience (proportion of sexual relationships with women); and (e) Lesbian Activities (extent of participation in lesbian community events). Mild but significant correlations were found among these dimensions, indicating that being lesbian is not a homogeneous experience. Closer examination by the demographic characteristics of race/ethnicity and age revealed a diversity of experience. African American, Native American, and Latina respondents had moderate correlations among these aspects of lesbian experience, whereas White and Asian American respondents evidenced only mild or nonsignificant correlations. The results indicate that researchers who are studying one aspect of the lesbian experience (e.g., outness to others) need to ensure that they are not assuming such behavior based on other dimensions (such as frequent participation in lesbian community activities or years of being out), especially among White and Asian American lesbians.
Collapse
|
8
|
Whitman CN, Nadal KL. Sexual Minority Identities: Outness and Well-Being Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2015.1038974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Manning J. Positive and negative communicative behaviors in coming-out conversations. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2014; 62:67-97. [PMID: 25153806 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2014.957127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This essay features typographic analysis of 258 coming-out narratives from 130 diverse lesbian, gay, or bisexual participants. Two typologies of coming-out conversations, one exploring positive communicative behaviors and another exploring negative, are offered. Positive behaviors for all members of the conversation include open communication channels, affirming direct relational statements, laughter and joking, and nonverbal immediacy. Negative behaviors for those coming out included nervous nonverbal behavior, indirectly approaching the topic, and lack of preparation. Negative behaviors for receivers include expressing denial, religious talk, inappropriate questions or comments, shaming statements, and aggressive statements. Future studies and research implications are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie Manning
- a Department of Communication , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carpineto J, Kubicek K, Weiss G, Iverson E, Kipke MD. Young men's perspectives on family support and disclosure of same-sex attraction. JOURNAL OF LGBTQ ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2008; 2:53-80. [PMID: 21423842 DOI: 10.1080/15538600802077533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) face myriad challenges when deciding to disclose their sexual orientation to family members. Key to this decision is consideration of how disclosure may influence the support they receive from family. This paper explores a diverse sample of YMSM's (N = 43) perspectives on disclosure of their same-sex attractions to key family members and its impact on family support. Several stages/categories of disclosure are described and some YMSM seemed to continue to move between categories. Additionally, relationships after disclosure included negotiations between the expression of their sexual orientation and the maintenance of family support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carpineto
- Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine - University of Southern California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Dam MAA. A lesbian identity disclosure assessment: ALIDA instrument. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2008; 55:166-182. [PMID: 18928050 DOI: 10.1080/00918360802129451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Disclosure of lesbian sexual identity has been associated with greater self-esteem, less anxiety, and greater relationship satisfaction. Nondisclosure interferes with supportive, congenial, and intimate relationships with important people in their lives. Lesbian mothers choose nondisclosure to protect their children from social, psychological, and physical harm. Since disclosure is a health concern, ALIDA was designed to measure disclosure for lesbian mothers. METHODS ALIDA is a written, self-administered instrument with 15 questions that fall under 6 categories. It was tested on 360 lesbian mothers from 38 U.S. states. RESULTS ALIDA was one-dimensional, reliable (.79), and had face and concurrent validity. Regression indicated that 58% of the scores were predicted by eight variables. CONCLUSIONS ALIDA measures disclosure and should be used in more studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann A van Dam
- San Francisco State University, School of Nursing, 1600 Holloway Dr., Burke Hall 361, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giertsen M, Anderssen N. Time period and lesbian identity events: a comparison of Norwegian lesbians across 1986 and 2005. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2007; 44:328-339. [PMID: 18321012 DOI: 10.1080/00224490701586698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to investigate the assumption that the lives of lesbians are easier today. When exploring the hypothesis that identity events (e.g., coming out to parents) among lesbian women have changed over time and happen earlier in life today, we expected to find several time period effects. Two national samples obtained through mailed questionnaires were compared, 1986 (n = 123) and 2005 (n = 236), age range 20-49. Time period effects were found, including informants reporting identifying as lesbian earlier in life. Time period effects, however, were not found regarding relational identity events such as informing others about one's identity status. The findings did not reveal any conclusive evidence that it is easier to establish a lesbian lifestyle today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merethe Giertsen
- Department of Social Work Studies, Finnmark University College, Alta, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reflections from University Students in a South African Gay and Lesbian Society. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-005-3188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Kama A. An Unrelenting Mental Press: Israeli Gay Men's Ontological Duality and Its Discontent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3149/jms.1302.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Savin-Williams RC, Ream GL. Sex variations in the disclosure to parents of same-sex attractions. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2003; 17:429-38. [PMID: 14562466 DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The decision whether to disclose same-sex attractions to parents was explored through in-depth interviews with 164 young women and men. Participants were more likely to disclose to mothers than fathers, usually around age 19 years and in a face-to-face encounter. Mothers were told before fathers, largely because mothers asked or because youth wanted to share their life with them; fathers were told by someone other than their child or by the youth because it was time. The reason participants did not disclose to mothers was because it was not the right developmental time; the reason they did not disclose to fathers was because they were not close to them. Sons, more than daughters, feared the negative reactions of parents, who generally reacted in the same manner--supportive or slightly negative. Relationships with parents since disclosure generally had not changed or had improved. Sex of parent mattered more than sex of child on most domains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Morris JF, Waldo CR, Rothblum ED. A model of predictors and outcomes of outness among lesbian and bisexual women. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2001; 71:61-71. [PMID: 11271718 DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a structural equation model of 2,401 lesbian and bisexual women, three variables of lesbian sexual identity were found to predict outness, which predicted lower psychological distress, which, in turn, predicted lower suicidality. The model held true for the subsamples of European-American and African-American women, and to a lesser extent for those of Latina, Asian-American, Native-American, and Jewish women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Morris
- San Francisco Center for AIDS Prevention Studies and AIDS Research Institute, University of California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Green RJ. "Lesbians, gay men, and their parents": a critique of LaSala and the prevailing clinical "wisdom". FAMILY PROCESS 2000; 39:257-66. [PMID: 10907150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2000.39208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article challenges the popular assumption that coming out to family of origin is important for lesbians and gay men's mental health and couple relationships. First, I present theory emphasizing the unique position of lesbians/gays in families of origin and the significance of "families of choice." Second, I review the quantitative research on social support received by lesbians/gays from family of origin, friends, and other social network sources. Third, I demonstrate how the dominant clinical opinion about coming out to family is based on an unwarranted use of theory developed for heterosexuals and on overgeneralization of findings from studies of white, upper-middle-class, North American lesbians/gays. Fourth, I propose five determinants of lesbian/gay persons' decisions to come out to family-of-origin members. Fifth, I argue that such decisions are constrained by "realistic" costs/benefits in various sociocultural niches rather than being a simple function of individuals' levels of differentiation. Lastly, I offer an expanded contextual stance for the family therapist working with lesbian/gay clients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Green
- Alternative Family Project, California School of Professional Psychology, Alameda 94501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Murahashi SI, Murahashi SI, Sun J, Kurosawa H, Imada Y. Synthesis of Homochiral b-Sulfinyl Nitrones and Their Application for Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Euphococcinine. HETEROCYCLES 2000. [DOI: 10.3987/com-99-s81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Self-Appraisal of Life Experience and Psychological Adjustment in Midlife Gay Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1300/j056v11n02_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Boon SD, Miller RJ. Exploring the links between interpersonal trust and the reasons underlying gay and bisexual males' disclosure of their sexual orientation to their mothers. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 1999; 37:45-68. [PMID: 10442814 DOI: 10.1300/j082v37n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the role that interpersonal trust plays in gay and bisexual males' accounts of the factors that led them to decide to reveal or to withhold their sexual identities from their mothers. Fifty men completed a questionnaire about their coming out experiences in the context of their relationships with their mothers. As part of this questionnaire, they indicated whether or not they had disclosed their sexual orientation to their mothers and explained the basis for their decision in this regard. A content analysis of the explanations offered supports findings from previous research which suggest that a considerable range of motivations underlie the decision to disclose (or not to disclose). More importantly, consistent with expectations that the mother's trustworthiness would emerge as a principle concern in participants' responses, several of the classes of explanation identified in disclosers' and non-disclosers' decision accounts suggest that the move toward disclosure is guided in part by the climate of trust existing in individuals' relationships with their mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Boon
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Coming out for lesbians is discussed as a multidimensional process. Four dimensions are presented and explored. First is sexual identity formation which encompasses development of lesbian sexuality and awareness of being a lesbian. Second is disclosure of sexual orientation to others. Third is sexual expression and behavior. Fourth is lesbian consciousness which refers to how lesbians see themselves in relation to the social environment, including lesbian and gay communities. These dimensions are examined in relation to existing theories and research about lesbian coming out processes. Further, there is a discussion of coming out and demographic differences among lesbians. The possible impact of age, race, ethnicity, religion, geographic location, income, employment, and education on lesbian coming out are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Morris
- University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, Burlington 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|