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Wilhelm NJ, von Schacky CE, Lindner FJ, Feucht MJ, Ehmann Y, Pogorzelski J, Haddadin S, Neumann J, Hinterwimmer F, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Jung M, Russe MF, Izadpanah K, Siebenlist S, Burgkart R, Rupp MC. Multicentric development and validation of a multi-scale and multi-task deep learning model for comprehensive lower extremity alignment analysis. Artif Intell Med 2024; 150:102843. [PMID: 38553152 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the knee, a widespread cause of knee disability, is commonly treated in orthopedics due to its rising prevalence. Lower extremity misalignment, pivotal in knee injury etiology and management, necessitates comprehensive mechanical alignment evaluation via frequently-requested weight-bearing long leg radiographs (LLR). Despite LLR's routine use, current analysis techniques are error-prone and time-consuming. To address this, we conducted a multicentric study to develop and validate a deep learning (DL) model for fully automated leg alignment assessment on anterior-posterior LLR, targeting enhanced reliability and efficiency. The DL model, developed using 594 patients' LLR and a 60%/10%/30% data split for training, validation, and testing, executed alignment analyses via a multi-step process, employing a detection network and nine specialized networks. It was designed to assess all vital anatomical and mechanical parameters for standard clinical leg deformity analysis and preoperative planning. Accuracy, reliability, and assessment duration were compared with three specialized orthopedic surgeons across two distinct institutional datasets (136 and 143 radiographs). The algorithm exhibited equivalent performance to the surgeons in terms of alignment accuracy (DL: 0.21 ± 0.18°to 1.06 ± 1.3°vs. OS: 0.21 ± 0.16°to 1.72 ± 1.96°), interrater reliability (ICC DL: 0.90 ± 0.05 to 1.0 ± 0.0 vs. ICC OS: 0.90 ± 0.03 to 1.0 ± 0.0), and clinically acceptable accuracy (DL: 53.9%-100% vs OS 30.8%-100%). Further, automated analysis significantly reduced analysis time compared to manual annotation (DL: 22 ± 0.6 s vs. OS; 101.7 ± 7 s, p ≤ 0.01). By demonstrating that our algorithm not only matches the precision of expert surgeons but also significantly outpaces them in both speed and consistency of measurements, our research underscores a pivotal advancement in harnessing AI to enhance clinical efficiency and decision-making in orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas J Wilhelm
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany; Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Claudio E von Schacky
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix J Lindner
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine , Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias J Feucht
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Orthopedic Clinic Paulinenhilfe, Diakonie-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yannick Ehmann
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine , Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Pogorzelski
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine , Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Sami Haddadin
- Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hinterwimmer
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Russe
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kaywan Izadpanah
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Siebenlist
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine , Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco-Christopher Rupp
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine , Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
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Kirby JC, Jones H, Johnson BL, Brenner ME, Wilson PL, Ellis HB. Genu Valgum in Pediatric Patients Presenting With Patellofemoral Instability. J Pediatr Orthop 2024; 44:168-173. [PMID: 38014718 PMCID: PMC10836788 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower extremity valgus is a commonly described factor associated with patellofemoral instability (PFI) and, if identified before skeletal maturity, can be treated with guided growth. The prevalence of valgus alignment in the pediatric and adolescent PFI population is largely unknown. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of valgus alignment in adolescent patients presenting with PFI; with secondary assessment of high-grade valgus (zone II or III), coronal asymmetry, and associations of these findings with body mass index (BMI). STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 279 consecutive patients (349 knees) with a diagnosis of PFI presenting to a single orthopedic pediatric sport medicine surgeon were identified. A retrospective chart review was performed to collect demographic and clinical data, chronologic and bone age, sex, BMI, mechanism of injury, and the presence of osteochondral fracture. Full-length standing hip-to-ankle alignment radiographs were graded for knee alignment mechanical zone utilizing standard linear femoral head center to talar center assessment. In addition, mechanical axis deviation, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) were also calculated. RESULTS Mean patient age was 14.0±2.5 years. There were 162 (58.1%) females and mean BMI was 24.3±6.4. Seventy patients (25.1%) had bilateral PFI. Standing alignment radiographs were available for 81.4% of knees (n=284). Valgus alignment was present in 172 knees with PFI (60.6%). High-grade valgus, defined as zone 2 or greater, was present in 66 knees (23.3%). Overall, 48.9% had asymmetry of coronal alignment (n=139). The mean mechanical lateral distal femoral angle was 85.4±2.8 and the mean MPTA was 88.2±2.6. There was a greater MPTA in female patients (88.8±2.4 vs. 87.5±2.7, P <0.001). A higher BMI (24.87±6.95, P =0.03) was associated with valgus alignment. CONCLUSIONS There is a high (60%) prevalence of lower extremity valgus in adolescent patients presenting with PFI, with nearly 1 in 4 presenting with high-grade valgus. The treatment team should be aware of this association as it may be an important consideration in the pediatric and adolescent PFI populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Kirby
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Hunter Jones
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Philip L. Wilson
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Perkins CA, Coene RP, Miller PE, Anderson CN, Nunally KD, Parikh SN, Busch MT, Chambers HG, Christino MA, Cordasco FA, Edmonds EW, Fabricant PD, Ganley TJ, Green DW, Heyworth BE, Lawrence JTR, Matava MJ, Micheli LJ, Milewski MD, Nepple J, Pennock AT, Saluan PM, Shea KG, Wall EJ, Willimon SC, Kocher MS. Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of Radiographic Characteristics in Skeletally Immature Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A PLUTO Study Group Reliability Study. J Pediatr Orthop 2023; 43:e695-e700. [PMID: 37694605 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiographic measurements of limb alignment in skeletally immature patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are frequently used for surgical decision-making, preoperative planning, and postoperative monitoring of skeletal growth. However, the interrater and intrarater reliability of these radiographic characteristics in this patient population is not well documented. HYPOTHESIS Excellent reliability across 4 raters will be demonstrated for all digital measures of length, coronal plane joint orientation angles, mechanical axis, and tibial slope in skeletally immature patients with ACL tears. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis). METHODS Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons and 1 medical student performed 2 rounds of radiographic measurements on digital imaging (lateral knee radiographs and long-leg radiographs) of skeletally immature patients with ACL tears. Intrarater and interrater reliability for continuous radiographic measurements was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) across 4 raters with 95% CIs for affected and unaffected side measurements. Interrater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 4) structure and intrarater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 1) structure. A weighted kappa coefficient was calculated for ordinal variables along with 95% CIs for both interrater and intrarater reliability. Agreement statistic interpretations are based on scales described by Fleiss, and Cicchetti and Sparrow: <0.40, poor; 0.40 to 0.59, fair; 0.60 to 0.74, good; and >0.74, excellent. RESULTS Radiographs from a convenience sample of 43 patients were included. Intrarater reliability was excellent for nearly all measurements and raters. Interrater reliability was also excellent for nearly all reads for all measurements. CONCLUSION Radiographic reliability of long-leg radiographs and lateral knee x-rays in skeletally immature children with ACL tears is excellent across nearly all measures and raters and can be obtained and interpreted as reliable and reproducible means to measure limb length and alignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Seeto AH, Carty CP, Bradford K, Maine S, Bade D, Johnson L, Astori IP. Leg-Length and Alignment Changes in Children and Adolescents After Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Soft Tissue Graft: Results at 1-Year Follow-up. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231180874. [PMID: 37529525 PMCID: PMC10387693 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231180874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth disturbance to leg length or coronal plane alignment are important considerations in pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb alignment and leg length of pediatric patients preoperatively and at approximately 1 year after transphyseal ACLR. Our hypothesis was that there would be no significant change in leg-length discrepancy (LLD) or operated-side alignment at follow-up. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Data were extracted from the prospective Queensland Children's Hospital Pediatric ACL Injury Registry. Long-leg alignment radiographs were captured preoperatively and at an approximately 12-month postoperative follow-up. Radiographic measures included leg length, LLD (injured minus uninjured leg length), mechanical axis deviation (MAD), mechanical and anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA and aLDFA, respectively), and medial proximal tibial angle. We evaluated the effect of time (annual vs baseline) on imaging measurements with analysis of covariance, using the covariates of age, sex, and body mass index. Results Data were available for 104 patients, of whom 34 (33%) had >12 months of skeletal growth remaining based on skeletal age. At an average follow-up time of 14.5 months after ACLR, there were no significant differences in mean lower limb alignment or longitudinal growth compared with baseline. However, seven patients demonstrated clinically significant changes to their mechanical axis or LLD (>10 mm change). A subgroup analysis of patients with >12 months of growth remaining (n = 34) demonstrated no statistically significant changes in mean alignment or LLD. Before surgery, LLD was -1.39 mm and the injured limb was in significantly more valgus compared with the uninjured lower limb (mean difference: MAD, 4.79 mm [95% CI, 2.64 to 6.94 mm]; mLDFA, -0.93° [95% CI, -1.29° to -0.57°], and aLDFA, -0.91° [95% CI, -1.31° to -0.50°]). Conclusion After ACLR, there were no statistically significant changes in mean alignment or longitudinal growth; however, 7 out of 104 patients (6.7%) demonstrated clinically significant changes in alignment or LLD. Preoperatively, the injured limb was statistically significantly in more valgus compared with the uninjured limb with lateralized MAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Seeto
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher P. Carty
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Bradford
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sheanna Maine
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Bade
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liam Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ivan P. Astori
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Braun S, Brenneis M, Holder J, Meurer A, Stief F. Intra- and interobserver reliability analysis of pediatric lower limb parameters on digital long leg radiographs. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:69. [PMID: 36707864 PMCID: PMC9881281 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malalignments of the lower extremity are common reasons for orthopedic consultation because it may lead to osteoarthritis in adulthood. An accurate and reliable radiological assessment of lower limb alignment in children and adolescents is essential for clinical decision-making on treatment of limb deformities and for regular control after a surgical intervention. OBJECTIVE First, does the analysis of full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs show a good intra- and interobserver reliability? Second, which parameter is most susceptible to observer-dependent errors? Third, what is the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM95%) of the absolute femoral and tibial length? METHODS Two observers evaluated digital radiographs of 144 legs from 36 children and adolescents with pathological valgus alignment before a temporary hemiepiphysiodesis and before implant removal. Parameters included Mechanical Femorotibial Angle (MFA), Mechanical Axis Deviation (MAD), mechanical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (mLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle (mMPTA), mechanical Lateral Proximal Femoral Angle (mLPFA), mechanical Lateral Distal Tibial Angle (mLDTA), Joint Line Convergence Angle (JLCA), femur length, tibial length. Intra- and interobserver reliability (ICC2,1), SEM95% and proportional errors were calculated. RESULTS The intra- and interobserver reliability for almost all measurements was found to be good to excellent (Intra-ICC2,1: 0.849-0.999; Inter-ICC2,1: 0.864-0.996). The SEM95% of both observers was found to be ± 1.39° (MFA), ± 3.31 mm (MAD), ± 1.06° (mLDFA) and ± 1.29° (mMPTA). The proportional error of MAD and MFA is comparable (47.29% vs. 46.33%). The relevant knee joint surface angles show a lower proportional error for mLDFA (42.40%) than for mMPTA (51.60%). JLCA has a proportional error of 138%. Furthermore, the SEM95% for the absolute values of the femoral and tibial length was 4.53 mm for the femur and 3.12 mm for the tibia. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, a precise malalignment measurement and the knowledge about SEM95% of the respective parameters are crucial for correct surgical or nonsurgical treatment. The susceptibility to error must be considered when interpreting malalignment analysis and must be considered when planning a surgical intervention. The results of the present study elucidate that MAD and MFA are equally susceptible to observer-dependent errors. This study shows good to excellent intra- and interobserver ICCs for all leg alignment parameters and joint surface angles, except for JLCA. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with DRKS (German Clinical Trials Register) under the number DRKS00015053. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I, Diagnostic Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Braun
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marco Brenneis
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jana Holder
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany ,grid.7039.d0000000110156330Department of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Meurer
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany ,Medical Park St. Hubertus Klinik, Bad Wiessee, Germany
| | - Felix Stief
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Choudhury P, Billings SJ, Bestic JM, Peterson JJ, Stanborough RO, Garner HW, Sebro R. Radiologists should use the hip-knee-ankle angle rather than the mechanical axis deviation to describe knee alignment. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 52:1159-1167. [PMID: 36374317 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preoperative and postoperative coronal knee alignment is an important predictor of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) failure. Radiologists often report the mechanical axis deviation (MAD) rather than hip-knee-ankle angle (HKAA) to describe coronal knee alignment. The aim of this study is to evaluate (i) how well the MAD predicts the HKAA; (ii) if patient height and sex affect the performance of the MAD; and (iii) if the MAD could be measured faster than the HKAA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred patients undergoing hip-to-ankle radiographs for TKA planning were retrospectively reviewed. The MAD and HKAA were measured using previously published methods by the Visage picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) tools. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the performance of the MAD to predict HKAA by gender and height. The performance of a linear model was used to predict HKAA from MAD in a prospectively collected cohort of 40 patients. Paired t tests were used for the comparison of time measurement in MAD and HKAA in this cohort. RESULTS MAD strongly correlated with HKAA (r = 0.99, p < 0.001); however, the performance of MAD differed by height (p = 0.005) and sex (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the time taken to measure HKAA versus MAD (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION HKAA should be used instead of the MAD because it is more clinically relevant and takes the same amount of time to be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Choudhury
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Scott J Billings
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joseph M Bestic
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | | | - Hillary W Garner
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ronnie Sebro
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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Orellana KJ, Batley MG, Lawrence JTR, Nguyen JC, Williams BA. Radiographic Evaluation of Pediatric Patients with Patellofemoral Instability. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2022; 15:411-426. [PMID: 35932425 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-022-09780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to highlight the radiographic assessments of utility in the evaluation of a pediatric patient with patellofemoral instability to facilitate a thorough work-up. Understanding of these measures is useful in understanding evolving research in this field, providing accurate patient risk assessment, and appropriately directing surgical decision-making. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature has broadened the radiographic characterization of the pediatric patellar instability and its anatomic risk factors. Knee MRI can inform the assessment of skeletal maturity and novel axial alignment measurements may enhance our identification of patients at increased risk of recurrent instability. Additional improvements have been made in the objective measurement and classification of trochlear dysplasia. Knee MRI-based skeletal age assessments may obviate the need for hand bone age assessments in growing children with patellofemoral instability. Novel objective measures exist in the evaluation of pediatric patellar instability both in the assessment of axial alignment and trochlear dysplasia. Future work should focus on how these measures can aid in guiding surgical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Orellana
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Morgan G Batley
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Todd R Lawrence
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie C Nguyen
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan A Williams
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fully automated deep learning for knee alignment assessment in lower extremity radiographs: a cross-sectional diagnostic study. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:1249-1259. [PMID: 34773485 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate assessment of knee alignment and leg length discrepancy is currently measured manually from standing long-leg radiographs (LLR), a process that is both time consuming and poorly reproducible. The aim was to assess the performance of a commercial available AI software by comparing its outputs with manually performed measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AI was trained on over 15,000 radiographs to measure various clinical angles and lengths from LLRs. We performed a retrospective single-center analysis on 295 LLRs obtained between 2015 and 2020 from male and female patients over 18 years. AI and expert measurements were performed independently. Kellgren-Lawrence score and reading time were assessed. All measurements were compared and non-inferiority, mean-absolute-deviation (sMAD), and intra-class-correlation (ICC) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 295 LLRs from 284 patients (mean age, 65 years (18; 90); 97 (34.2%) men) were analyzed. The AI model produces outputs on 98.0% of the LLRs. Manually annotations were considered as 100% accurate. For each measurement, its divergence was calculated, resulting in an overall accuracy of 89.2% when comparing the AI outputs to the manually measured. AI vs. mean observer revealed an sMAD between 0.39 and 2.19° for angles and 1.45-5.00 mm for lengths. AI showed good reliability in all lengths and angles (ICC ≥ 0.87). Non-inferiority comparing AI to the mean observer revealed an equivalence-index (γ) between 0.54 and 3.03° for angles and - 0.70-1.95 mm for lengths. On average, AI was 130 s faster than clinicians. CONCLUSION Automated measurements of knee alignment and length measurements produced with an AI tool result in reproducible, accurate measures with a time savings compared to manually acquired measurements.
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Fletcher AN, Liles JL, Pereira GF, Danilkowicz RM, Amendola A, Riboh JC. The Intrarater and Inter-rater Reliability of Radiographic Evaluation of the Posterior Tibial Slope in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatr Orthop 2021; 41:e404-e410. [PMID: 33734200 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In young athletes, an association exists between an increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) and the risk of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, ACL graft rupture, contralateral ACL injury, and inferior patient reported outcomes after ACL reconstruction. In spite of this, there is no consensus on the optimal measurement method for PTS in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of previously described radiographic PTS measurement techniques. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on 130 patients with uninjured knees between the ages of 6 and 18 years. The medial PTS was measured on lateral knee radiographs by four blinded reviewers using three previously described methods: the anterior tibial cortex (ATC), posterior tibial cortex (PTC), and the proximal tibia anatomic axis (PTAA). The radiographs were graded by each reviewer twice, performed 2 weeks apart. The intrarater and inter-rater reliability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Subgroup analyses were then performed stratifying by patient age and sex. RESULTS The mean PTS were significantly different based on measurement method: 12.5 degrees [confidence interval (CI): 12.2-12.9 degrees] for ATC, 7.6 degrees (CI: 7.3-7.9 degrees) for PTC, and 9.3 degrees (CI: 9.0-9.6 degrees) for PTAA (P<0.0001). Measures of intrarater reliability was excellent among all reviewers across all 3 methods of measuring the PTS with a mean ICC of 0.87 (range: 0.82 to 0.92) for ATC, 0.83 (range: 0.82 to 0.87) for PTC, and 0.88 (range: 0.79 to 0.92) for PTAA. The inter-rater reliability was good with a mean ICC of 0.69 (range: 0.62 to 0.83) for the ATC, 0.63 (range: 0.52 to 0.83) for the PTC, and 0.62 (range: 0.37 to 0.84) for the PTAA. Using PTAA referencing, the PTS was greater for older patients: 9.9 degrees (CI: 7.7-9.4 degrees) vs 8.5 degrees (CI: 9.2-10.7 degrees) (P=0.0157) and unaffected by sex: 9.5 degrees (CI: 8.8-10.1 degrees) for females and 9.0 degrees (CI: 8.0-10.0) for males (P=0.4199). There were no major differences in intrarater or inter-rater reliability based on age or sex. CONCLUSIONS While the absolute PTS value varies by measurement technique, all methods demonstrated an intrarater reliability of 0.83 to 0.88 and inter-rater reliability of 0.61 to 0.69. However, this study highlights the need to identify PTS metrics in children with increased inter-rater reliability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, Case series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan L Liles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
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