1
|
Zhukov I, Fishman N, Lukzen N, Klein J, Steiner UE, Lambert C, Yurkovskaya A. Simulation of electron and nuclear spin dynamics in many-spin charge-separated states. J Chem Phys 2025; 162:054116. [PMID: 39907133 DOI: 10.1063/5.0244106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025] Open
Abstract
This study presents a numerical simulation approach to investigate singlet-triplet interconversion effects in organic materials with rigid molecular structures that facilitate the photogeneration of charge-separated (CS) states, such as zwitterions resulting from intramolecular electron transfer. Our approach enables the detailed modeling of electron and nuclear spin-dependent observables, including magnetic field-affected reaction yields (MARY) and chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP). The equilibrium solution of the stochastic Liouville equation can be obtained with simple algebraic manipulation by noting the relationship between the Laplace transform of the density operator and the time-domain representation of the same operator. Experimental MARY and CIDNP data are modeled as functions of key external and internal system parameters, such as magnetic field strength, hyperfine interactions, and exchange couplings. This allows for exploring processes that are otherwise experimentally inaccessible, providing deeper insights into the spin dynamics of the photoinduced CS state. Understanding these interconversion processes is not only essential for the fundamental photochemistry studies but also for the rational design and development of novel organic materials for photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Our results demonstrate the significant impact of singlet-triplet interconversion on the overall efficiency of charge separation and recombination processes, highlighting the importance of spin dynamics in the design of next-generation organic photovoltaic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zhukov
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Fishman
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita Lukzen
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Johannes Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Steiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 14, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye K, Sukhanov AA, Li J, Liu L, Chen X, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Li MD. Intersystem Crossing, Photo-Induced Charge Separation and Regioisomer-Specific Excited State Dynamics in Fully Rigid Spiro Rhodammine-Naphthalene/Anthraquinone Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202403758. [PMID: 39567261 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
We prepared a series fully rigid spiro electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyads, with closed form of rhodamine (Rho) as electron donor and naphthalene (Np)/anthraquinone (AQ) as electron acceptor, to access the long-lived triplet charge separation (3CS) state, via the electron spin control method. We found strong dependency of the photophysical property of the dyads on the amino substitution positions of the Np chromophores in the dyads 1,8-DaNp-Rho and 2,3-DaNp-Rho. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra show the population of the 3LE state (lifetime: 47 μs) for 2,3-DaNp-Rho, however, long-lived 3CS state was observed (τCS=0.62 μs) for AQ-Rho, with a CS quantum yield of ΦCS=58 %. Based on femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra, spin orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) is proposed to be responsible for the formation of the triplet states. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of AQ-Rho indicate the presence of two states, a 3LE state with zero field splitting (ZFS) D parameter of 1400 MHz and E parameter of -410 MHz, formed via radical pair ISC (RP-ISC) and SOCT-ISC mechanism; and a 3CS state with the electron spin-spin interaction in the regime of spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420029, Russia
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420029, Russia
| | - Ming De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu L, Liu X, Kurganskii I, Chen X, Gurzadyan GG, Zhao J, Wan Y, Fedin M. Charge Transfer and Intersystem Crossing in Compact Naphthalenediimide-Phenothiazine Triads: Synthesis and Study of the Photophysical Property with Transient Optical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Methods. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7237-7253. [PMID: 39016740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In order to obtain a long-lived charge separation (CS) state in compact electron donor-acceptor molecular systems, we prepared a series of naphthalenediimide (NDI)-phenothiazine (PTZ) triads, with phenylene as the linker between the donor and acceptor. Conformation restriction is imposed to control the mutual orientation of the NDI and PTZ units by attaching methyl groups on the phenylene linker to tune the electronic coupling between the donor and the acceptor. Moreover, the PTZ moiety was oxidized to sulfoxide to tune the ordering of the CS state and the 3LE state (LE: locally excited state). UV-vis absorption spectra indicate electronic coupling between NDI with the phenylene linker as well as the PTZ units, manifested by the appearance of a charge-transfer (CT) absorption band, whereas this coupling is devoid in the triads with conformation restriction imposed. Fluorescence is strongly quenched in the triads compared to the reference compound, indicating electron transfer upon photoexcitation. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the CS takes 0.8 ps, and then the 3LE state is formed by charge recombination in 83 ps. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra show that the 3NDI state was observed in nonpolar solvents such as cyclohexane (triplet state lifetime: 95.7 μs), whereas the CS state was observed in more polar solvents. The CS state lifetimes are up to 1.2 μs (in toluene). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the triads in toluene consist of two types of signals: CS states (narrower signals, ∼10 mT) and 3LE states (broader signals, ∼50 to 200 mT). In the spectra of the triads containing PTZ, the CS state signals dominate, whereas for the triads containing oxidized PTZ, the 3NDI signals (zero-field splitting D ≈ 2000 MHz) prevail, both observations being in agreement with the ns-TA spectral studies. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the 3NDI states of the triads indicates that the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism is spin-orbit charge-transfer ISC. Considering the 3CS state as ion pairs, the electron-exchange energy (J) is determined to be -39 to -59 MHz, and the electron spin dipolar interaction is 83-92 MHz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lezhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya Street, 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya Street, 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Sun L, Sukhanov AA, Doria S, Bussotti L, Zhao J, Xu H, Dick B, Voronkova VK, Di Donato M. Photophysics and photochemistry of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters based on the multiple resonance effect: transient optical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10867-10881. [PMID: 39027280 PMCID: PMC11253189 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The photochemistry of two representative thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on the multiple resonance effect (MRE) (DABNA-1 and DtBuCzB) was studied. No significant TADF was observed in fluid solution, although the compounds have a long-lived triplet state (ca. 30 μs). We found that these planar boron molecules bind with Lewis bases, e.g., 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). A new blue-shifted absorption band centered at 368 nm was observed for DtBuCzB upon formation of the adduct; however, the fluorescence of the adduct is the same as that of the free DtBuCzB. We propose that photo-dissociation occurs for the DtBuCzB-DMAP adduct, which is confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectra, implying that fluorescence originates from DtBuCzB produced by photo-dissociation; the subsequent in situ re-binding was observed with nanosecdon transient absorption spectroscopy. No photo-dissociation was observed for the NHC adduct. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra show that the triplet states of DABNA-1 and DtBuCzB have similar zero field splitting (ZFS) parameters (D = 1450 MHz). Theoretical studies show that the slow ISC is due to small SOC and weak Herzberg-Teller coupling, although the S1/T1 energy gap is small (0.14 eV), which rationalizes the lack of TADF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453002 China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Sandra Doria
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR Via Madonna del Piano 10-12 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Haijun Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453002 China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR Via Madonna del Piano 10-12 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li QY, He Y, Lin YM, Gong L. Photo-Induced C-H Methylation Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302542. [PMID: 37800464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H methylation is a highly valuable approach for introducing methyl groups into organic molecules, particularly in pharmaceutical chemistry. Among the various methodologies available, photo-induced methylation stands out as an exceptional choice due to its mild reaction conditions, energy efficiency, and compatibility with functional groups. This article offers a comprehensive review of photochemical strategies employed for the direct and selective methylation of C(sp3 )-H, C(sp2 )-H, and C(sp)-H bonds in various organic molecules. The discussed methodologies encompass transition-metal-based photocatalysis, organophotocatalysis, as well as other metal-free approaches, including electron donor-acceptor (EDA)-enabled transformations. Importantly, a wide range of easily accessible agents such as tert-butyl peroxide, methanol, DMSO, methyl tert-butyl ether, TsOMe, N-(acetoxy)phthalimide, acetic acid, methyl halides, and even methane can serve as effective methylating reagents for modifying diverse targets. These advancements in photochemical C-H methylation are anticipated to drive further progress in the fields of organic synthesis, photocatalysis, and pharmaceutical development, opening up exciting avenues for creating novel organic molecules and discovering new drug compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yuhang He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and, Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao X, Mu T, Sukhanov AA, Zhou Y, Yu P, Yu F, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. The effect of thionation of the carbonyl group on the photophysics of compact spiro rhodamine-naphthalimide electron donor-acceptor dyads: intersystem crossing, charge separation, and electron spin dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31667-31682. [PMID: 37966808 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04891h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a spiro rhodamine (Rho)-thionated naphthalimide (NIS) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyad (Rho-NIS) was prepared to study the formation of a long-lived charge separation (CS) state via the electron spin control approach. The transient absorption (TA) spectra of Rho-NIS indicated that the intersystem crossing (ISC) occurs within 7-42 ps to produce the 3NIS state via the spin orbit coupling ISC (SOC-ISC). The energy order of 3CS (2.01 eV in n-hexane, HEX) and 3LE states (1.68 eV in HEX) depended on the solvent polarity. The 3NIS state having n-π* character and a lifetime of 0.38 μs was observed for Rho-NIS in toluene (TOL). Alternatively, in acetonitrile (ACN), the long-lived 3CS state (0.21 μs) with a high CS state quantum yield (ΦCS, 97%) was produced with the 3NIS state as the precursor and the CS took 134 ps. On the contrary, in the case of the reference Rho-naphthalimide (NI) Rho-NI dyad without thionation of its carbonyl group, a long-lived CS state (0.94 μs) with a high energy level (ECS = 2.12 eV) was generated even in HEX with a lower ΦCS (49%). In the presence of an acid, the Rho unit in the Rho-NIS adopted an open form (Rho-o) and the 3NIS state was produced within 24-47 ps with the 1Rho-o state as the precursor. Subsequently, slow intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET, 0.11-0.60 μs) produced the 3Rho-o state (9.4-13.6 μs). According to the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of NIS-NH2, the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter |D| and E of the triplet state were determined to be 6165 MHz and -1233 MHz, respectively, indicating that its triplet state has significant nπ* character, which was supported by its short triplet state lifetime (6.1 μs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| | - Yihang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Peiran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao X, Yan Y, Sukhanov AA, Doria S, Iagatti A, Bussotti L, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Voronkova VK. Long-Lived Charge-Separated State in Naphthalimide-Phenothiazine Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Effect of Molecular Conformation Restriction and Solvent Polarity. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6982-6998. [PMID: 37527418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the charge separation (CS) and long-lived CS state, we prepared a series of dyads based on naphthalimide (NI, electron acceptor) and phenothiazine (PTZ, electron donor), with an intervening phenyl linker attached on the N-position of both moieties. The purpose is to exploit the electron spin control effect to prolong the CS-state lifetime by formation of the 3CS state, instead of the ordinary 1CS state, the spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP), or the free ion pairs. The electronic coupling magnitude is tuned by conformational restriction exerted by the methyl groups on the phenyl linker. Differently from the previously reported NI-PTZ analogues containing long and flexible linkers, we observed a significant CS emission band centered at ca. 600 nm and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with a lifetime of 13.8 ns (population ratio: 42%)/321.6 μs (56%). Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that in cyclohexane (CHX), only the 3NI* state was observed (lifetime τ = 274.7 μs), in acetonitrile (ACN), only the CS state was observed (τ = 1.4 μs), whereas in a solvent with intermediate polarity, such as toluene (TOL), both the 3NI* (shorter-lived) and the CS states were observed. Observation of the long-lived CS state in ACN, yet lack of TADF, confirms the spin-vibronic coupling theoretical model of TADF. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that charge separation occurs in both nonpolar and polar solvents, with time constants ranging from less than 1 ps in ACN to ca. 60 ps in CHX. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra indicate the existence of the 3NI* and CS states for the dyads upon photoexcitation. The electron spin-spin dipole interaction magnitude of the radical anion and cation of the CS state is intermediate between that of a typical SCRP and a 3CS state, suggesting that the long CS-state lifetime is partially due to the electron spin control effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Sandra Doria
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Iagatti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- INO-CNR, Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao X, Kurganskii I, Maity P, Zhao J, Jiang X, Mohammed OF, Fedin M. A long-lived charge-separated state of spiro compact electron donor-acceptor dyads based on rhodamine and naphthalenediimide chromophores. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13426-13441. [PMID: 36507154 PMCID: PMC9682887 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyads were prepared to generate a long-lived charge separation (CS) state based on the electron spin control approach, i.e. to form the 3CS state, not the 1CS state, to prolong the CS state lifetime by the electron spin forbidden feature of the charge recombination process of 3CS → S0. The electron donor Rho (lactam form) is attached via three σ bonds, including two C-C and one N-N bonds (Rho-NDI), or an intervening phenylene, to the electron acceptor NDI (Rho-Ph-NDI and Rho-PhMe-NDI). Transient absorption (TA) spectra show that fast intersystem crossing (ISC) (<120 fs) occurred to generate an upper triplet state localized on the NDI moiety (3NDI*), and then to form the CS state. For Rho-NDI in both non-polar and polar solvents, a long-lived 3CS state (lifetime τ = 0.13 μs) and charge separation quantum yield (Φ CS) up to 25% were observed, whereas for Rho-Ph-NDI (τ T = 1.1 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (τ T = 2.0 μs), a low-lying 3NDI* state was formed by charge recombination (CR) in n-hexane (HEX). In toluene (TOL), however, CS states were observed for Rho-Ph-NDI (0.37 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (0.63 μs). With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, weak electronic coupling between the Rho and NDI moieties for Rho-NDI was proved. Time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectra detected two transient species including NDI-localized triplets (formed via SOC-ISC) and a 3CS state. The CS state of Rho-NDI features the largest dipolar interaction (|D| = 184 MHz) compared to Rho-Ph-NDI (|D| = 39 MHz) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (|D| = 41 MHz) due to the smallest distance between Rho and NDI moieties. For Rho-NDI, the time-dependent e,a → a,e phase change of the CS state TREPR spectrum indicates that the long-lived CS state is based on the electron spin control effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Ivanov M, Wang Z, Bousquet MHE, Liu X, Wan Y, Zhao J, Barbon A, Escudero D, Jacquemin D, Fedin M. Confinement of the Triplet States in π‐Conjugated BODIPY Dimers Linked with Ethynylene or Butadiynylene Bridges: A Different View on the Effect of Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210419. [PMID: 36216789 PMCID: PMC10092165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of the excited state wavefunction confinement is crucial for the engineering of the photophysical properties and applications of organic chromophores. In the present contribution, the localization of the triplet state wavefunctions of some symmetric ethyne/butadiyne bridged BODIPY dimers and asymmetric BODIPY derivatives presenting extended π-conjugation frameworks is studied with time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory computations. Based on the Zero Field Splitting D parameters, we conclude that the triplet state wavefunctions are highly localized on one BODIPY unit in the symmetric dimers, which is consistent with the ab initio modelling that finds delocalized triplet state destabilized by 12-14 kcal mol-1 as compared to its localized counterpart. The result provides a new insight into the study of triplet excited state confinement and the design of molecular wires or photosensitizers for photovoltaics and photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | | | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 44300 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France 75005 Paris France
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ye K, Cao L, van Raamsdonk DME, Wang Z, Zhao J, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1435-1453. [PMID: 36300011 PMCID: PMC9577389 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the joint influence of the conformation flexibility and the matching of the energies of the charge-transfer (CT) and the localized triplet excited (3LE) states on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in electron donor-acceptor molecules, a series of compact electron donor-acceptor dyads and a triad were prepared, with naphthalimide (NI) as electron acceptor and phenothiazine (PTZ) as electron donor. The NI and PTZ moieties are either directly connected at the 3-position of NI and the N-position of the PTZ moiety via a C-N single bond, or they are linked through a phenyl group. The tuning of the energy order of the CT and LE states is achieved by oxidation of the PTZ unit into the corresponding sulfoxide, whereas conformation restriction is imposed by introducing ortho-methyl substituents on the phenyl linker, so that the coupling magnitude between the CT and the 3LE states can be controlled. The singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of NI-PTZ is moderate in n-hexane (HEX, ΦΔ = 19%). TADF was observed for the dyads, the biexponential luminescence lifetime are 16.0 ns (99.9%)/14.4 μs (0.1%) for the dyad and 7.2 ns (99.6%)/2.0 μs (0.4%) for the triad. Triplet state was observed in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra with lifetimes in the 4-48 μs range. Computational investigations show that the orthogonal electron donor-acceptor molecular structure is beneficial for TADF. These calculations indicate small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states, which are helpful for interpreting the ns-TA spectra and the origins of TADF in NI-PTZ, which is ultimately due to the small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states. Conversely, NI-PTZ-O, which has a higher CT state and bears a much more stabilized 3LE state, does not show TADF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR-6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Yan Y, Bese D, Bese C, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State in Spiro Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads Based on Pyromellitimide‐Derived Rhodamine: Charge Transfer Dynamics and Electron Spin Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203758. [PMID: 35384206 PMCID: PMC9543469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Damla Bese
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Cagri Bese
- Department of Physics Engineering Hacettepe University 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang X, Liu X, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Kurganskii I, Li M, Jiang X, Xing L, Ji S, Huo Y, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Wan Y, Zhao Z, Fedin MV. Red Light‐Emitting Thermally‐Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Naphthalimide‐Phenoxazine Electron Donor‐Acceptor Dyad: Time‐Resolved Optical and Magnetic Spectroscopic Studies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200510. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Minjie Li
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) School of Environmental Science and Technology Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Xing
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10–12 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao X, Zhao J. Long-lived charge separated state and thermally activated delayed fluorescence in anthraquinone-phenoxazine electron donor-acceptor dyads. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7666-7669. [PMID: 35726708 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived charge separated (CS) triplet state (2.6 μs) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) [τ = 282 ns (90.4%)/2.4 μs (9.6%)] were observed in an anthraquinone-phenoxazine electron donor-acceptor dyad via the electron spin control method, and emissive 1CS and non-emissive 3CS states were discriminated via nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and global analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Yan Y, Bese D, Bese C, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State in Spiro Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads Based on Pyromellitimide‐Derived Rhodamine: Charge Transfer Dynamics and Electron Spin Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Damla Bese
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Cagri Bese
- Department of Physics Engineering Hacettepe University 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao X, Sukhanov AA, Jiang X, Zhao J, Voronkova VK. Long-Lived Triplet Charge Separated State and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in a Compact Orthogonal Anthraquinone-Phenothiazine Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyad. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2533-2539. [PMID: 35285632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-lived triplet charge separated state (3CS state lifetime: 0.56 μs) was observed in a compact electron donor-acceptor dyad with electron donor phenothiazine (PTZ) and acceptor anthraquinone (AQ) directly connected by a single C-N bond (AQ-PTZ). The 1CS state energy (2.0 eV in cyclohexane) is lower than those of the 3AQ (2.7 eV) or the 3PTZ state (2.6 eV). By oxidation of the PTZ unit, thus increasing of the 1CS state energy (2.7 eV in cyclohexane), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was observed [τ = 17.7 ns (99.9%)/1.5 μs (0.1%)]. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra confirm the electron spin multiplicity of the 3CS state, and the zero-field-splitting (ZFS) parameters |D| and |E| are 48.2 mT and 11.2 mT, respectively. These results are useful for design of compact electron donor-acceptor dyads to access the long-lived 3CS state and study the TADF mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Imran M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Barbon A, Voronkova VK. Electron spin dynamics in excited state photochemistry: recent development in the study of intersystem crossing and charge transfer in organic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15835-15868. [PMID: 34318823 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01937f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin dynamics are crucial to photochemical and photophysical processes. However, to a large extent, they are neglected in routine photochemistry studies. Herein, we summarized the recent developments of electron spin dynamics in organic molecular systems. The electron-spin selective intersystem crossing (ISC) as well as charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) of the organic molecular system are discussed, including ISC of the compounds with twisted π-conjugation frameworks and CR-induced ISC in compact orthogonal electron donor-acceptor dyads. We found that the electron spin polarization (ESP) of the triplet state formed in these systems is highly dependent on the molecular structure and geometry. The zero-field-splitting (ZFS) D and E parameters of the triplet state of series chromophores determined with time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy are presented. Some unanswered questions in related areas are raised, which may inspire further theoretical investigations. The examples demonstrate that the study of electron spin dynamics is not only important in fundamental photochemistry to attain in-depth understanding of the ISC and the charge transfer processes, but is also useful for designing new efficient organic molecular materials for applications including photodynamic therapy, organic light-emitting diodes, and photon upconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Chen X, Zhao J. Electron spin-controlled charge transfer and the resulting long-lived charge transfer state: from transition metal complexes to organic compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:59-67. [PMID: 33338095 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of long-lived charge transfer (CT) states in electron donor/acceptor dyads upon photoexcitation is crucial for artificial photosynthesis, photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Electron spin control is a novel strategy to prolong the CT state lifetime via generation of the 3CT triplet state, instead of the traditional short-lived 1CT state. This method involves a local triplet excited state (3LE) as the precursor of charge separation (CS), and the electron forbidden feature of the charge recombination (CR) of 3CT → S0vs. the electron spin allowed 1CT → S0 prolongs the CT state lifetime. In this article, we summarized the recent developments and challenges in this emerging fascinating area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hou Y, Liu J, Zhang N, Zhao J. Long-Lived Local Triplet Excited State and Charge Transfer State of 4,4'-Dimethoxy Triphenylamine-BODIPY Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9360-9374. [PMID: 33140645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) and the formation of a long-lived charge transfer (CT) state were studied with a series of 4,4'-dimethoxy triphenylamine-BODIPY compact electron donor/acceptor dyads. Different torsion freedoms were applied in the dyads to tune the electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor, and a red-shifted CT absorption band was observed for one dyad. The dyads show solvent polarity-dependent singlet oxygen photosensitizing ability (quantum yields 3%-79%). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of the dyad in nonpolar solvent confirm the formation of triplet states. The intrinsic triplet state lifetime is up to 383 μs (in fluid solution), which is much longer than that accessed with the heavy atom effect (276 μs). Intermolecular triplet photosensitizing of the dyads in a polar solvent produces a long-lived 3CT state (lifetime, τCT = 8.0 μs supported by the electron spin density surface analysis). The triplet state lifetime of the dyads doped in a Clear Flex 50 polymer film is exceptionally long (7.6-11.4 ms), and formation of a long-lived CT state (37 μs) was observed. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was performed with the electron donor/acceptor dyads used as the triplet photosensitizer and perylene used as the triplet acceptor; the upconversion quantum yield is up to 15.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Benitz A, Thomas MB, Silva I, Nesterov VN, Verbeck GF, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Axially Coordinated Supramolecular Zinc Tetrapyrrole Bis(styryl)BODIPY Donor‐Acceptor Conjugates. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Benitz
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| | - Imesha Silva
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203–5017 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poddar M, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Excited‐State Electron Transfer in 1,1,4,4‐Tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐diene (TCBD)‐ and Cyclohexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,4‐diylidene‐Expanded TCBD‐Substituted BODIPY‐Phenothiazine Donor–Acceptor Conjugates. Chemistry 2020; 26:6869-6878. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Poddar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Discovery and characterization of an acridine radical photoreductant. Nature 2020; 580:76-80. [PMID: 32238940 PMCID: PMC7138348 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is a phenomenon wherein the absorption of light by a chemical species provides an energetic driving force for an electron transfer reaction.1–4 This mechanism is relevant in many areas of chemistry, including the study of natural and artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics, and photosensitive materials. In recent years, research in the area of photoredox catalysis has leveraged PET for the catalytic generation of both neutral and charged organic free radical species. These technologies have enabled a wide range of previously inaccessible chemical transformations and have seen widespread utilization in both academic and industrial settings. These reactions are often catalyzed by visible-light absorbing organic molecules or transition-metal complexes of ruthenium, iridium, chromium, or copper.5,6 While a wide variety of closed shell organic molecules have been shown to behave as competent electron transfer catalysts in photoredox reactions, there are only limited reports of PET reactions involving neutral organic radicals as an excited state donor or acceptor. This is perhaps somewhat unsurprising in light of previously reported doublet excited state lifetimes for neutral organic radicals, which are typically several orders of magnitude shorter than singlet lifetimes for known transition metal photoredox catalysts.7–11 Herein we document the discovery, characterization, and reactivity of a neutral acridine radical with a maximum excited state oxidation potential of −3.36 V vs. SCE: significantly more reducing than elemental lithium and marking it as one of the most potent chemical reductants reported.12 Spectroscopic, computational, and chemical studies indicate that the formation of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer species enables the population of higher energy doublet excited states, leading to the observed potent photoreductant behavior. We demonstrate that this catalytically-generated PET catalyst facilitates several chemical reactions that typically require alkali metal reductants and bodes well for the adoption of this system in additional organic transformations requiring dissolving metal reductants.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sheikh TA, Rahman MM, Asiri AM, Marwani HM. Sensitive 3-chlorophenol sensor development based on facile Er2O3/CuO nanomaterials for environmental safety. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional Er2O3/CuO nanomaterials were synthesized by wet-chemical process and totally characterized with various conventional methods. The electrochemical approach could be a pioneer development in selective 3-CP sensor development using doped nano-structural materials by an electrochemical method for the various phenolic sensor applications for environmental safety in broad scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali Sheikh
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M. Marwani
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sheikh TA, Arshad MN, Asiri AM, Rahman MM. Development of a selective and sensitive Ga3+ sensor for environmental safety: a comparative study of cyclohexyl and aromatic bis-sulphonamide fabricated glassy carbon electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize the new chelating agents CDBDMBS and PBDMBD for environmental remediation by sensing of Ga3+ in aqueous solution. The electrochemical technique is introduced a new approach of development of cost effective toxic cationic sensors for environmental and healthcare fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali Sheikh
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sheikh TA, Arshad MN, Rahman MM, Asiri AM, Marwani HM, Awual MR, Bawazir WA. Trace electrochemical detection of Ni2+ ions with bidentate N,N′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide) [EDBDMBS] as a chelating agent. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Hussain MM, Rahman MM, Arshad MN, Asiri AM. Trivalent Y 3+ ionic sensor development based on (E)-Methyl-N'-nitrobenzylidene-benzenesulfonohydrazide (MNBBSH) derivatives modified with nafion matrix. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5832. [PMID: 28725000 PMCID: PMC5517609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
(E)-Methyl-N'-nitrobenzylidene-benzenesulfonohydrazide (MNBBSH) compounds were synthesized using a condensation procedure from the derivatives of nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-Methyl-benzenesulfonylhydrazine, which crystallized in ethanol and methanol as well as characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. MNBBSH structure was confirmed using a single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and used for the detection of selective yttrium ion (Y3+) by I-V system. A thin layer of MNBBSH was deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with 5% nafion for the sensitive and selective Y3+ sensor. The modified MNBBSH/GCE sensor is exhibited the better electrochemical performances such as sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), linear dynamic range (LDR), limit of quantification (LOQ), short response time, and long term storage ability towards the selective metal ion (Y3+). The calibration curve of 2-MNBBSH/GCE sensor was plotted at +1.1 V over a broad range of Y3+ concentration. Sensitivity, LOD, LDR and LOQ of the fabricated sensor towards Y3+ were calculated from the calibration curve and found as 1.90 pAμM-1 cm-2, 10.0 pM, 1.0 nM~1.0 mM and 338.33 mM respectively. The 2-MNBBSH/Nafion/GCE sensor was applied to the selective determination of Y3+ in spiked samples such as industrial effluent and real water samples from different sources, and found acceptable and reasonable results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Musarraf Hussain
- Chemistry Department and Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Chemistry Department and Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Arshad
- Chemistry Department and Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department and Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gautam P, Misra R, Thomas MB, D'Souza F. Ultrafast Charge‐Separation in Triphenylamine‐BODIPY‐Derived Triads Carrying Centrally Positioned, Highly Electron‐Deficient, Dicyanoquinodimethane or Tetracyanobutadiene Electron‐Acceptors. Chemistry 2017; 23:9192-9200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Gautam
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Collini MA, Thomas MB, Bandi V, Karr PA, D'Souza F. Directly Attached Bisdonor‐BF
2
Chelated Azadipyrromethene‐Fullerene Tetrads for Promoting Ground and Excited State Charge Transfer. Chemistry 2017; 23:4450-4461. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Collini
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Venugopal Bandi
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics Wayne State College 111 Main Street Wayne Nebraska 68787 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hussain M, Rahman MM, Arshad MN, Asiri AM. Hg 2+ Sensor Development Based on ( E)- N'-Nitrobenzylidene-Benzenesulfonohydrazide (NBBSH) Derivatives Fabricated on a Glassy Carbon Electrode with a Nafion Matrix. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:420-431. [PMID: 31457448 PMCID: PMC6641063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Three novel derivatives of (E)-N'-nitrobenzylidene-benzenesulfonohydrazide (NBBSH) were synthesized by a condensation method from nitrobenzaldehyde and benzenesulfonylhydrazine reactants in low to moderate yields, which crystallized in methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. NBBSH derivatives were totally characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the NBBSH derivates was confirmed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method and used for potential detection of a selective heavy metal ion, mercury (Hg2+), by a reliable I-V method. A thin coating of NBBSH derivatives was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (surface area = 0.0316 cm2) with a binder (nafion) coating to modify a sensitive and selective Hg2+ sensor with a short response time in phosphate buffer. The modified cationic sensor exhibited enhanced chemical performances, such as higher sensitivity, linear dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD), reproducibility, and long-term stability toward Hg2+. The calibration curve was found to be linear over a wide range of Hg2+ concentrations (100.0 pM-100.0 mM). The sensitivity and LOD were considered to be ∼949.0 pA μM-1cm-2 and 10.0 ± 1.0 pM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensor was applied to the selective measurement of Hg2+ in spiked water samples to give acceptable and satisfactory results.
Collapse
|
29
|
Benitz A, Thomas MB, D'Souza F. Geometry-Controlled Photoinduced Charge Separation and Recombination in a Trans
-A2
B2
-Functionalized Donor-Acceptor Conjugate Composed of a Multimodular Zinc Porphyrin and Fullerene. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Benitz
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sheikh TA, Arshad MN, Rahman MM, Asiri AM, Alamry KA. Development of highly efficient Co2+ ions sensor based on N,N′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(2,5-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide) (EBDMBS) fabricated glassy carbon electrode. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Munir S, Dionysiou DD, Khan SB, Shah SM, Adhikari B, Shah A. Development of photocatalysts for selective and efficient organic transformations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:209-222. [PMID: 25974905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the main goals of organic chemists is to find easy, environmentally friendly, and cost effective methods for the synthesis of industrially important compounds. Photocatalysts have brought revolution in this regard as they make use of unlimited source of energy (the solar light) to carry out the synthesis of organic compounds having otherwise complex synthetic procedures. However, selectivity of the products has been a major issue since the beginning of photocatalysis. The present article encompasses state of the art accomplishments in harvesting light energy for selective organic transformations using photocatalysts. Several approaches for the development of photocatalysts for selective organic conversions have been critically discussed with the objective of developing efficient, selective, environmental friendly and high yield photocatalytic methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsa Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA.
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bimalendu Adhikari
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Legrand A, Moissette A, Hureau M, Casale S, Massiani P, Vezin H, Mamede AS, Batonneau-Gener I. Electron transfers in a TiO2-containing MOR zeolite: synthesis of the nanoassemblies and application using a probe chromophore molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:13145-55. [PMID: 24866869 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01543f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New assemblies constituted by a microporous matrix of mordenite (MOR) zeolite on which TiO2 nanoclusters are deposited were synthesized using ionic oxalate complexes and TiCl3 titanium precursors. The samples were used to investigate the transfer of electrons produced by spontaneous or photo-induced ionization of a guest molecule (t-stilbene, t-St) occluded in the porous volume towards the conduction band of a conductive material placed nearby, in the pores or at least close to their entrance. The reaction mechanisms were compared in these Ti-rich solids and in a Ti-free mordenite sample. The characterization by XRD, N2 physisorption, TEM, XPS and DRIFT spectroscopy of the supramolecular TiO2/MOR systems before t-St adsorption showed the preservation of the crystalline structure after Ti addition and thermal activation treatments. They also revealed that titanium is mainly located at the external surface of the zeolite grains, in the form of highly dispersed and/or aggregated anatase. After incorporation of the guest molecule in the new assemblies, diffuse reflectance UV-visible and EPR spectroscopies indicate that the electron transfer processes are similar with and without TiO2 but strongly stabilized t-St˙(+) radicals are detected in the TiO2-MOR samples whereas such species were never detected earlier in TiO2-free mordenite using these techniques. The stabilization process is found to be more efficient in the sample prepared with TiCl3 as the precursor than with titanium oxalates. It is proposed that the proximity of TiO2 with the formed t-St˙(+) radicals provokes the stabilization of the radical through capture of the ejected electron by the semi-conductor and that confinement effects can also play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Legrand
- LASIR, UMR 8516, Université Lille 1, Bât C8, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kc CB, Lim GN, D'Souza F. Multi-modular, tris(triphenylamine) zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine-fullerene conjugate as a broadband capturing, charge stabilizing, photosynthetic 'antenna-reaction center' mimic. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6813-6826. [PMID: 25806708 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A broadband capturing, charge stabilizing, photosynthetic antenna-reaction center model compound has been newly synthesized and characterized. The model compound is comprised of a zinc porphyrin covalently linked to three units of triphenylamine entities and a zinc phthalocyanine entity. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of zinc porphyrin complemented that of zinc phthalocyanine offering broadband coverage. Stepwise energy transfer from singlet excited triphenylamine to zinc porphyrin, and singlet excited zinc porphyrin to zinc phthalocyanine (kENT ∼ 10(11) s(-1)) was established from spectroscopic and time-resolved transient absorption techniques. Next, an electron acceptor, fullerene was introduced via metal-ligand axial coordination to both zinc porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine centers, and they were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. An association constant of 4.9 × 10(4) M(-1) for phenylimidazole functionalized fullerene binding to zinc porphyrin, and 5.1 × 10(4) M(-1) for it binding to zinc phthalocyanine was obtained. An energy level diagram for the occurrence of different photochemical events within the multi-modular donor-acceptor conjugate was established from spectral and electrochemical data. Unlike the previous zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine-fullerene conjugates, the newly assembled donor-acceptor conjugate has been shown to undergo the much anticipated initial charge separation from singlet excited zinc porphyrin to the coordinated fullerene followed by a hole shift process to zinc phthalocyanine resulting in a long-lived charge separated state as revealed by femto- and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopic techniques. The lifetime of the final charge separated state was about 100 ns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Kc
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arshad MN, Rahman MM, Asiri AM, Sobahi TR, Yu SH. Development of Hg2+ sensor based on N′-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]benzenesulfono-hydrazide (PEBSH) fabricated silver electrode for environmental remediation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09399f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N′-[1-(Pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]benzenesulfonohydrazide (PEBSH) was synthesized via a simple condensation of 2-acetyl pyridine and benzene sulfonyl hydrazide in very good yield and crystallized, and then used in the formation of a Hg2+ sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq R. Sobahi
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Romero NA, Nicewicz DA. Mechanistic insight into the photoredox catalysis of anti-markovnikov alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17024-35. [PMID: 25390821 PMCID: PMC4277776 DOI: 10.1021/ja506228u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe our efforts to understand
the key mechanistic aspects
of the previously reported alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions
using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium (Mes-Acr+) as a photoredox catalyst. Importantly, we are able
to detect alkene cation radical intermediates, and confirm that phenylthiyl
radical is capable of oxidizing the persistent acridinyl radical in
a fast process that unites the catalytic activity of the photoredox
and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) manifolds. Additionally, we present
evidence that diphenyl disulfide ((PhS)2)
operates on a common catalytic cycle with thiophenol (PhSH) by way of photolytic cleaveage of the disulfide bond. Transition
structure analysis of the HAT step using DFT reveals that the activation
barrier for H atom donation from PhSH is significantly
lower than 2-phenylmalononitrile (PMN) due to structural
reorganization. In the early stages of the reaction, Mes-Acr+ is observed to engage in off-cycle adduct
formation, presumably as buildup of PhS− becomes significant. The kinetic differences between PhSH and (PhS)2 as HAT catalysts indicate that
the proton transfer step may have significant rate limiting influence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Das SK, Mahler A, Wilson AK, D'Souza F. High-Potential Perfluorinated Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Dyads for Generation of High-Energy Charge-Separated States: Formation and Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Studies. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2462-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
KC CB, Lim GN, Karr PA, D'Souza F. Supramolecular Tetrad Featuring Covalently Linked Bis(porphyrin)–Phthalocyanine Coordinated to Fullerene: Construction and Photochemical Studies. Chemistry 2014; 20:7725-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B. KC
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305070, Denton, TX 76203–5017 (USA), Fax: 940–565–4318
| | - Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305070, Denton, TX 76203–5017 (USA), Fax: 940–565–4318
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787 (USA)
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305070, Denton, TX 76203–5017 (USA), Fax: 940–565–4318
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yoon H, Lee YM, Wu X, Cho KB, Sarangi R, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Enhanced electron-transfer reactivity of nonheme manganese(IV)-oxo complexes by binding scandium ions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9186-94. [PMID: 23742163 PMCID: PMC3934761 DOI: 10.1021/ja403965h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One and two scandium ions (Sc(3+)) are bound strongly to nonheme manganese(IV)-oxo complexes, [(N4Py)Mn(IV)(O)](2+) (N4Py = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine) and [(Bn-TPEN)Mn(IV)(O)](2+) (Bn-TPEN = N-benzyl-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane), to form Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))1 and Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes, respectively. The binding of Sc(3+) ions to the Mn(IV)(O) complexes was examined by spectroscopic methods as well as by DFT calculations. The one-electron reduction potentials of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes were markedly shifted to a positive direction by binding of Sc(3+) ions. Accordingly, rates of the electron transfer reactions of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes were enhanced as much as 10(7)-fold by binding of two Sc(3+) ions. The driving force dependence of electron transfer from various electron donors to the Mn(IV)(O) and Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes was examined and analyzed in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer to determine the reorganization energies of electron transfer. The smaller reorganization energies and much more positive reduction potentials of the Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes resulted in remarkable enhancement of the electron-transfer reactivity of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes. Such a dramatic enhancement of the electron-transfer reactivity of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes by binding of Sc(3+) ions resulted in the change of mechanism in the sulfoxidation of thioanisoles by Mn(IV)(O) complexes from a direct oxygen atom transfer pathway without metal ion binding to an electron-transfer pathway with binding of Sc(3+) ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Yoon
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wijesinghe CA, El-Khouly ME, Zandler ME, Fukuzumi S, D'Souza F. A Charge-Stabilizing, Multimodular, Ferrocene-Bis(triphenylamine)-Zinc-porphyrin-Fullerene Polyad. Chemistry 2013; 19:9629-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
40
|
Bandi V, El-Khouly ME, Ohkubo K, Nesterov VN, Zandler ME, Fukuzumi S, D'Souza F. Excitation-wavelength-dependent, ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer in bisferrocene/BF2-chelated-azadipyrromethene/fullerene tetrads. Chemistry 2013; 19:7221-30. [PMID: 23554157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor distance, orientation, and photoexcitation wavelength are key factors in governing the efficiency and mechanism of electron-transfer reactions both in natural and synthetic systems. Although distance and orientation effects have been successfully demonstrated in simple donor-acceptor dyads, revealing excitation-wavelength-dependent photochemical properties demands multimodular, photosynthetic-reaction-center model compounds. Here, we successfully demonstrate donor- acceptor excitation-wavelength-dependent, ultrafast charge separation and charge recombination in newly synthesized, novel tetrads featuring bisferrocene, BF2 -chelated azadipyrromethene, and fullerene entities. The tetrads synthesized using multistep synthetic procedure revealed characteristic optical, redox, and photo reactivities of the individual components and featured "closely" and "distantly" positioned donor-acceptor systems. The near-IR-emitting BF2-chelated azadipyrromethene acted as a photosensitizing electron acceptor along with fullerene, while the ferrocene entities acted as electron donors. Both tetrads revealed excitation-wavelength-dependent, photoinduced, electron-transfer events as probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. That is, formation of the Fc(+)-ADP-C60(.-) charge-separated state upon C60 excitation, and Fc(+)-ADP(.-)-C60 formation upon ADP excitation is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Bandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kamimura T, Ohkubo K, Kawashima Y, Nobukuni H, Naruta Y, Tani F, Fukuzumi S. Submillisecond-lived photoinduced charge separation in inclusion complexes composed of Li+@C60 and cyclic porphyrin dimers. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
42
|
|
43
|
Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K. Long-lived photoinduced charge separation for solar cell applications in supramolecular complexes of multi-metalloporphyrins and fullerenes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:15846-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
44
|
Li M, Ishihara S, Ji Q, Akada M, Hill JP, Ariga K. Paradigm shift from self-assembly to commanded assembly of functional materials: recent examples in porphyrin/fullerene supramolecular systems. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:053001. [PMID: 27877511 PMCID: PMC5099612 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/5/053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current nanotechnology based on top-down nanofabrication may encounter a variety of drawbacks in the near future so that development of alternative methods, including the so-called bottom-up approach, has attracted considerable attention. However, the bottom-up strategy, which often relies on spontaneous self-assembly, might be inefficient in the development of the requisite functional materials and systems. Therefore, assembly processes controlled by external stimuli might be a plausible strategy for the development of bottom-up nanotechnology. In this review, we demonstrate a paradigm shift from self-assembly to commanded assembly by describing several examples of assemblies of typical functional molecules, i.e. porphyrins and fullerenes. In the first section, we describe recent progress in the design and study of self-assembled and co-assembled supramolecular architectures of porphyrins and fullerenes. Then, we show examples of assembly induced by external stimuli. We emphasize the paradigm shift from self-assembly to commanded assembly by describing the recently developed electrochemical-coupling layer-by-layer (ECC-LbL) methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Misaho Akada
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
El-Khouly ME, Wijesinghe CA, Nesterov VN, Zandler ME, Fukuzumi S, D'Souza F. Ultrafast Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer in Multi-Modular Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chemistry 2012; 18:13844-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
Liu JY, El-Khouly ME, Fukuzumi S, Ng DKP. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Ferrocene-Distyryl BODIPY Dyad and a Ferrocene-Distyryl BODIPY-C60 Triad. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2030-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
47
|
Park J, Morimoto Y, Lee YM, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Proton-Promoted Oxygen Atom Transfer vs Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of a Non-Heme Iron(IV)-Oxo Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3903-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211641s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Yuma Morimoto
- Department of Material and Life
Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Department of Material and Life
Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
D'Souza F, Das SK, Sandanayaka ASD, Subbaiyan NK, Gollapalli DR, Zandler ME, Wakahara T, Ito O. Photoinduced charge separation in three-layer supramolecular nanohybrids: fullerene-porphyrin-SWCNT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2940-50. [PMID: 22262196 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge separation processes of three-layer supramolecular hybrids, fullerene-porphyrin-SWCNT, which are constructed from semiconducting (7,6)- and (6,5)-enriched SWCNTs and self-assembled via π-π interacting long alkyl chain substituted porphyrins (tetrakis(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)porphyrins; abbreviated as MP(alkyl)(4)) (M = Zn and H(2)), to which imidazole functionalized fullerene[60] (C(60)Im) is coordinated, have been investigated in organic solvents. The intermolecular alkyl-π and π-π interactions between the MP(alkyl)(4) and SWCNTs, in addition, coordination between C(60)Im and Zn ion in the porphyrin cavity are visualized using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/3-21G(*) level, predicting donor-acceptor interactions between them in the ground and excited states. The donor-acceptor nanohybrids thus formed are characterized by TEM imaging, steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra. The time-resolved fluorescence studies of MP(alkyl)(4) in two-layered nanohybrids (MP(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT) revealed efficient quenching of the singlet excited states of MP(alkyl)(4) ((1)MP*(alkyl)(4)) with the rate constants of charge separation (k(CS)) in the range of (1-9) × 10(9) s(-1). A nanosecond transient absorption technique confirmed the electron transfer products, MP˙(+)(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT˙(-) and/or MP˙(-)(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT˙(+) for the two-layer nanohybrids. Upon further coordination of C(60)Im to ZnP, acceleration of charge separation via(1)ZnP* in C(60)Im→ZnP(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT is observed to form C(60)˙(-)Im→ZnP˙(+)(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT and C(60)˙(-)Im→ZnP(alkyl)(4)/SWCNT˙(+) charge separated states as supported by the transient absorption spectra. These characteristic absorptions decay with rate constants due to charge recombination (k(CR)) in the range of (6-10) × 10(6) s(-1), corresponding to the lifetimes of the radical ion-pairs of 100-170 ns. The electron transfer in the nanohybrids has further been utilized for light-to-electricity conversion by the construction of proof-of-concept photoelectrochemical solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Enes RF, Cid JJ, Hausmann A, Trukhina O, Gouloumis A, Vázquez P, Cavaleiro JAS, Tomé AC, Guldi DM, Torres T. Synthesis and photophysical properties of fullerene-phthalocyanine-porphyrin triads and pentads. Chemistry 2012; 18:1727-36. [PMID: 22238125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of several fullerene-phthalocyanine-porphyrin triads (1-3) and pentads (4-6) are described. The three photoactive moieties were covalently connected in an one-step synthesis through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to C(60) of the corresponding azomethine ylides generated in situ by condensation reaction of a substituted N-porphyrinylmethylglycine derivative and an appropriated formyl phthalocyanine or a diformyl phthalocyanine derivative, respectively. ZnP-C(60)-ZnPc (3), (ZnP)(2)-ZnPc-(C(60))(2) (6), and (H(2)P)(2)-ZnPc-(C(60))(2) (5) give rise upon excitation of their ZnP or H(2)P components to a sequence of energy and charge-transfer reactions with, however, fundamentally different outcomes. With (ZnP)(2)-ZnPc-(C(60))(2) (6) the major pathway is an highly exothermic charge transfer to afford (ZnP)(ZnP(.+))-ZnPc-(C(60)(.-))(C(60)). The lower singlet excited state energy of H(2)P (i.e., ca. 0.2 eV) and likewise its more anodic oxidation (i.e., ca. 0.2 V) renders the direct charge transfer in (H(2)P)(2)-ZnPc-(C(60))(2) (5) not competitive. Instead, a transduction of singlet excited state energy prevails to form the ZnPc singlet excited state. This triggers then an intramolecular charge transfer reaction to form exclusively (H(2)P)(2)-ZnPc(.+)-(C(60)(.-))(C(60)). A similar sequence is found for ZnP-C(60)-ZnPc (3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Enes
- Departamento de Química e QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K, D'Souza F, Sessler JL. Supramolecular electron transfer by anion binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9801-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32848h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|