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Dimachkie Nunnally A, Nguyen V, Anglo C, Sterling A, Edgin J, Sherman S, Berry-Kravis E, del Hoyo Soriano L, Abbeduto L, Thurman AJ. Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals with Down Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1278. [PMID: 34679343 PMCID: PMC8533848 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) at a higher rate than individuals in the general population. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the unique presentation of ASD symptoms in DS. The current study aims to explore the prevalence and profiles of ASD symptoms in a sample of individuals with DS (n = 83), aged between 6 and 23 years. Analysis of this sample (MAge = 15.13) revealed that approximately 37% of the sample met the classification cut-off for ASD using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2) Calibrated Severity Score (CSS), an indicator of the participants' severity of ASD-related symptoms. Item-level analyses revealed that multiple items on Module 2 and Module 3 of the ADOS-2, mostly in the Social Affect (SA) subdomain, differentiated the children with DS who did not meet ASD classification (DS-only) from those who did (DS + ASD). Lastly, comparisons of individuals with DS-only and those with DS + ASD differed significantly on the syntactic complexity of their expressive language. These findings shed light on the unique presentation of ASD symptoms in a sample of individuals with DS and suggest that expressive language abilities may play a pivotal role in the presentation of ASD symptoms in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dimachkie Nunnally
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Vivian Nguyen
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Claudine Anglo
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Audra Sterling
- Waisman Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Jamie Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Stephanie Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Laura del Hoyo Soriano
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Angela John Thurman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA; (V.N.); (C.A.); (L.d.H.S.); (L.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Whillans AV, Jordan AH, Chen FS. The Upside to Feeling Worse Than Average (WTA): A Conceptual Framework to Understand When, How, and for Whom WTA Beliefs Have Long-Term Benefits. Front Psychol 2020; 11:642. [PMID: 32322228 PMCID: PMC7158950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped in critical ways by our beliefs about how we compare to other people. Prior research has predominately focused on the consequences of believing oneself to be better than average (BTA). Research on the consequences of worse-than-average (WTA) beliefs has been far more limited, focusing mostly on the downsides of WTA beliefs. In this paper, we argue for the systematic investigation of the possible long-term benefits of WTA beliefs in domains including motivation, task performance, and subjective well-being. We develop a conceptual framework for examining these possible benefits, we explore the usefulness of this framework to generate novel insights in an important psychological domain (skill learning), and we conclude with broader recommendations for research in other domains such as friendship formation, moral, and political decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V. Whillans
- Department of Negotiations Organizations and Markets, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Green J, Wan MW, Guiraud J, Holsgrove S, McNally J, Slonims V, Elsabbagh M, Charman T, Pickles A, Johnson M. Intervention for infants at risk of developing autism: a case series. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 43:2502-14. [PMID: 23532347 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Theory and evidence suggest the potential value of prodromal intervention for infants at risk of developing autism. We report an initial case series (n = 8) of a parent-mediated, video-aided and interaction-focused intervention with infant siblings of autistic probands, beginning at 8-10 months of age. We outline the theory and evidence base behind this model and present data on feasibility, acceptability and measures ranging from parent-infant social interaction, to infant atypical behaviors, attention and cognition. The intervention proves to be both feasible and acceptable to families. Measurement across domains was successful and on larger samples promise to be an effective test of whether such an intervention in infancy will modify emergent atypical developmental trajectories in infants at risk for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Green
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Room 4.308, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK,
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Social Cognition in Children with Down Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [PMID: 19874447 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7750(07)35002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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Sperry LA, Symons FJ. Maternal judgments of intentionality in young children with autism: the effects of diagnostic information and stereotyped behavior. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33:281-7. [PMID: 12908831 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024454517263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relation among maternal judgment of intentionality and variables relevant to families of children with autism. Thirty-six mothers of children with autism rated segments of home videotape of behavior from very young children later diagnosed with autism. Mothers were randomly assigned to either a diagnostic or a no diagnostic information group. No significant difference was found on overall ratings of intentionality. Maternal stress was not correlated with overall ratings of intentionality for either group. Mothers in the diagnostic information group rated stereotyped behavior as less intentional. Post hoc analyses showed no differences on maternal ratings of intentionality when the child was in a social setting or interacting with an object, but there were significant differences between ratings when the child was alone. The results are discussed in relation to early development and identification issues in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Sperry
- University of NC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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