1
|
Mitsui I, Uchida K. Canine Gallbladder Erosion/Ulcer and Hemocholecyst: Clinicopathological Characteristics of 14 Cases. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3335. [PMID: 37958090 PMCID: PMC10649012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Gallbladder mucosal erosion and/or ulceration are illnesses associated with unexpected gallbladder intra-cystic bleeding (hemocholecyst), an under-reported problem in dogs. (2) Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics of 14 dogs with gallbladder erosion/ulcer were investigated in this single-center retrospective study using clinical data and archived gallbladder tissues of client-owned dogs. (3) Results: Canine gallbladder erosion/ulcer tends to occur in older, neutered dogs of various breeds. Vomiting, lethargy, and anorexia are common. Concurrent gallbladder rupture occurred in 5/14 cases (35.7%), while rupture was absent in 6/14 cases (42.8%) and undetermined in 3/14 (21.4%) cases. Histologically, the gallbladder wall was markedly thickened due to mucosal hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and smooth muscle hyperplasia/hypertrophy. Twelve out of fourteen cases (85.7%) had concurrent cholecystitis of varying severity. Bacteria were detected by Giemsa or Warthin-Starry stain in 8/14 (57.1%) cases. Bacterial rods immunoreactive to the anti-Helicobacter antibody were present in one case. Mucosal epithelial cells of the gallbladder erosion/ulcer cohort were immunopositive for the cyclooxygenases COX-1 or COX-2 in only 5/14 (35.7%) cases. In contrast, COX-1 and COX-2 were more frequently expressed in a reference pool of cases of gallbladder mucocele (n = 5) and chronic cholecystitis (n = 5). COX-1 was expressed in 9/10 cases (90.0%) of gallbladder mucocele and chronic cholecystitis and in 10/10 cases (100%) for COX-2. (4) Conclusions: Canine gallbladder erosion/ulcer is an under-reported condition which requires active clinical intervention. Based on the clinicopathological information reported in this study in addition to the COX-1 and COX-2 IHC results, we suggest that canine gallbladder erosion/ulcer may be related to decreased cytoprotection physiologically provided by arachidonic acid, but which is decreased or absent due to reduced COX expression because of yet undetermined etiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bini G, Cohen EB, Chiavaccini L, Messenger KM, Bailey KM. Intravenous dexmedetomidine, morphine, or a combination can result in gallbladder wall thickening; with no significant association with plasma histamine concentrations. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:319-327. [PMID: 35006624 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gallbladder is routinely evaluated during ultrasonographic examinations in dogs. However, published studies describing the effects of sedative agents on gallbladder wall thickness are currently lacking. The aims of this prospective, blinded, randomized crossover pilot study were to test hypotheses that IV morphine would result in gallbladder wall thickening, that morphine administration would increase plasma histamine concentrations, and that combining IV morphine with dexmedetomidine would potentiate gallbladder wall thickening. Six healthy Beagle dogs were sedated with intravenous (IV) morphine 0.4 mg/kg (group M), dexmedetomidine 7 μg/kg (group D), or a combination of the two (group MD). Physiologic parameters were measured at baseline and at regular intervals until the last ultrasonographic scan. Ultrasonographic scans were performed at baseline, 90 s, and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Plasma histamine samples were taken at baseline, 90 s, and 5 and 60 min. Cochran's Q-test was used to compare gallbladder wall thickening between groups, while the association between histamine plasma concentration and gallbladder wall thickness was compared with a mixed-effects model. Baseline gallbladder wall thickness was not significantly different between groups. Six of 18 treatments/dogs (33%) developed gallbladder thickening, with no difference between groups. There was no significant difference in baseline plasma histamine concentrations between groups, and no association between plasma histamine concentration and gallbladder wall thickness. Gallbladder wall thickening was observed in at least one dog in each group, therefore caution is recommended for gallbladder wall thickness ultrasonographic interpretation in dogs when these drugs have been administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ludovica Chiavaccini
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kate M Bailey
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marclay M, Hudson M, Jania RA, Anderson A, Granger LA, Bauer R, Johnston AN. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:980-982. [PMID: 34647473 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.9.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brand EM, Lim CK, Heng HG, Grosso FV, Hanlon J, Jones-Hall Y. Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:667-679. [PMID: 32918854 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder pathology is common in dogs, but published studies describing the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of many gallbladder pathologies are currently lacking. This retrospective, multicenter, cases series, descriptive study evaluated the CT features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. In this subset of dogs, the most common pathologies included cystic mucosal hyperplasia (15/34, 44.1%), gallbladder wall edema (9/34, 26.5%), gallbladder mucocele (8/34, 23.5%), bactibilia (7/34, 20.6%), cholecystitis (6/34, 17.6%), white bile (6/34, 17.6%), and cholelithiasis (4/34, 11.8%). The presence of intraluminal nodules, gallbladder wall thickening, hyperattenuating material (35-100 HU), and mineral attenuating material (>100 HU) were the most common abnormalities detected. However, overlap of each of these findings with a variety of gallbladder pathologies showed that none of the findings were pathognomonic for any of these pathologies. The presence of any of these CT abnormalities should increase the suspicion of gallbladder pathology and prompt further evaluation of the gallbladder for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Brand
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Federico Vilaplana Grosso
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Hanlon
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yava Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Palermo SM, Brown DC, Mehler SJ, Rondeau MP. Clinical and Prognostic Findings in Dogs with Suspected Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction and Pancreatitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Pancreatitis in dogs may lead to extrahepatic bile duct obstruction as a result of local inflammation. Medical records of 45 client-owned dogs with clinical suspicion of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction secondary to pancreatitis were reviewed to determine clinical findings, outcome, and factors associated with survival. Survival times were determined using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. Cox multivariable survival methods were employed to determine factors associated with survival time following diagnosis. The median survival time was 241 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 25–631), with 34 of 45 dogs (76%) surviving to discharge. Dogs 9 yr of age or older with azotemia at presentation had a 9.9 greater hazard for death (95% CI 2.5–38.1; P = .001) compared with dogs younger than 9 yr old without azotemia at presentation. Dogs without subjective ultrasonographic gallbladder distension had a 4.4 greater hazard for death (95% CI 1.3–15.4; P = .018) compared with dogs with subjective gallbladder distension. Dogs with a body temperature ≥102.5°F at admission had a 3.1 greater hazard for death (95% CI 1.3–7.7; P = .013) than dogs with a body temperature <102.5°F at admission. This information may help clinicians discuss prognosis with owners of affected dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Marie Palermo
- From Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, New York (S.M.P.); Martingale Consulting, Media, Pennsylvania (D.C.B.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, Pennsylvania (S.J.M.); and Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.P.R.)
| | - Dorothy C. Brown
- From Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, New York (S.M.P.); Martingale Consulting, Media, Pennsylvania (D.C.B.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, Pennsylvania (S.J.M.); and Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.P.R.)
| | - Stephen J. Mehler
- From Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, New York (S.M.P.); Martingale Consulting, Media, Pennsylvania (D.C.B.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, Pennsylvania (S.J.M.); and Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.P.R.)
| | - Mark P. Rondeau
- From Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, New York (S.M.P.); Martingale Consulting, Media, Pennsylvania (D.C.B.); Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, Pennsylvania (S.J.M.); and Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spontaneous gall bladder infarction in a dog with a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Otte CM, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Feline biliary tree and gallbladder disease: Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:514-528. [PMID: 28438089 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Diseases of the biliary tree and gallbladder are more common in cats than diseases of the liver parenchyma. The parenchyma is usually affected secondarily to systemic illnesses, while the biliary system is the prime target for infectious agents (eg, bacteria and flukes) and non-infectious conditions (eg, neoplasia and cysts). Clinical approaches Cats with biliary disease are evaluated because of common feline clinical signs such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting and lethargy. Icterus may or may not be obvious. Biopsies for histological evaluation, and bile aspirates for culture and cytological evaluation are helpful diagnostically. Antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs have been used successfully. Hepatosupportive drugs may help in liquefying thick bile and protecting hepatic tissue from damage. Ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that may help in identifying dilated bile ducts, liver cysts and choleliths. It is also used to guide percutaneous bile aspiration. Audience This review, written for all veterinarians who treat cats, describes the various conditions that can affect the feline biliary tree and gallbladder. Treatment options are discussed, and brief summaries provided of surgical techniques and diagnostic approaches. Evidence base The veterinary literature pertaining to feline biliary disease is comprehensively reviewed. When appropriate, data on dogs and humans has been included to provide background information. Based on the available literature, more research into feline biliary diseases is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corma Ma Otte
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gordon CR, Fernandez N, Schwarz T. CT findings of gall bladder rupture in two dogs with gall bladder mucocele. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rose Gordon
- Hospital for Small AnimalsRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghRoslinUnited Kingdom
| | - Nuria Fernandez
- Hospital for Small AnimalsRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghRoslinUnited Kingdom
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Hospital for Small AnimalsRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghRoslinUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim KH, Han SM, Jeon KO, Kim HT, Li Q, Ryu MO, Song WJ, Park SC, Youn HY. Clinical Relationship between Cholestatic Disease and Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: A Retrospective Case Series. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:335-342. [PMID: 28064467 PMCID: PMC5354004 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high prevalence of cholestatic disease, including gallbladder mucocele (GBM), has been reported in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Hypothesis/Objectives Differences exist in the clinical features of dogs with PDH and concurrent cholestatic disease, and also is the management of these dogs with trilostane. Animals Sixty‐five client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring PDH. Methods This was a retrospective, observational case series. Each dog was treated with trilostane for at least 3 months before the study, and had a good clinical response, as determined by owners. Statistical comparisons of clinical signs, results of routine blood tests, basal and post‐ACTH cortisol concentration, and optimal trilostane dosage were made after dogs were separated into the following 3 groups by ultrasonographic imaging: normal on ultrasound (NOU) group, cholestasis group, and GBM group. Results The GBM group had more severe clinical signs and significantly different total serum cholesterol concentration and post‐ACTH stimulation cortisol concentration at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that weighed <6 kg had a significantly higher prevalence of cholestatic disease than did the other dogs (P = .003). The optimal trilostane dosages for the GBM and cholestasis groups were 2.5 and 1.5 times the dosage of the NOU group, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gallbladder disease associated with cholestatic disease is correlated with PDH in dogs, in both its clinical features and drug management. These findings may be associated with hypercholesterolemia, unidentified genetic factors, and the hydrophobic nature of trilostane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-M Han
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-O Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-T Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Q Li
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M-O Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W-J Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-C Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-Y Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bargellini P, Orlandi R, Paloni C, Rubini G, Fonti P, Peterson ME, Rishniw M, Boiti C. EVALUATION OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY AS A METHOD FOR DETECTING GALLBLADDER NECROSIS OR RUPTURE IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:611-620. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Paloni
- Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria; Via Bartocci 1G 05100 Terni Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubini
- Ultravet Diagnostic; Via E. Fermi 59 40017 S. Giovanni in Persiceto Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Fonti
- Centro Veterinario Specialistico; Via S. Giovannini 51 00137 Roma Italy
| | | | - Mark Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network; 777 W Covell Blvd Davis CA
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Perugia; Via S. Costanzo 4 06126 Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
OBSTRUCTIVE CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS IN A KINKAJOU (POTOS FLAVUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:175-8. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0076r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Steil D, Quandt A, Mayer-Scholl A, Sie JM, Löhr CV, Teifke JP. [Leptospirosis with necro-haemorrhagic cholecystitis in a Boxer puppy]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2014; 42:399-405. [PMID: 25423604 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A Boxer puppy from the island of Rügen, which was properly vaccinated according to its age, was presented with acute gastrointestinal symptoms. The presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis with acute renal failure, hepatic damage, and jaundice was confirmed by seroconversion (increased titre to 1 : 800 in a non-vaccine serogroup 4 weeks after disease onset). Cholecystitis was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and sonographic results. After an initial improvement, the puppy's condition deteriorated and cholecystectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis indicated a haemorrhagic necrotizing cholecystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Steil
- Dr. Dorothee Steil, Tierarztpraxis Quandt und Bracke, An den Wurthen 26, 17489 Greifswald, E-Mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Malek S, Sinclair E, Hosgood G, Moens NMM, Baily T, Boston SE. Clinical findings and prognostic factors for dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele. Vet Surg 2013; 42:418-26. [PMID: 23330871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical findings and explore prognostic factors for dogs that had cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 43) with gall bladder mucoceles. RESULTS Diagnosis of gall bladder mucoceles was confirmed by histopathology and 74% were diagnosed based on preoperative abdominal ultrasonography. Intraoperative evidence of gall bladder rupture was noted in 10 dogs (23%), and 16 (37%) had evidence of previous leakage in the abdominal cavity. One dog had positive bacterial growth from the gall bladder content. The most common histopathologic findings in liver biopsies obtained at surgery were cholangiohepatitis, biliary hyperplasia, or cholestasis. Univariate analysis showed evidence of postoperative hypotension (P = .05) to be significantly negatively associated with survival. Significant difference in mean postoperative serum lactate (P = .034) and postoperative packed cell volume (P = .063) between dogs that survived and died was also noted. CONCLUSIONS Elevations in postoperative serum lactate concentrations and immediate postoperative hypotension in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucoceles are associated with poor clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malek
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liver. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161409 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
|
16
|
Histopathology. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Secchi P, Pöppl A, Ilha A, Kunert Filho H, Lima F, García A, González F. Prevalence, risk factors, and biochemical markers in dogs with ultrasound-diagnosed biliary sludge. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Kavanagh C, Shaw S, Webster CRL. Coagulation in hepatobiliary disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 21:589-604. [PMID: 22316251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of coagulation abnormalities accompanying hepatobiliary disorders and to highlight the need for further studies to characterize these derangements and their treatment options in small animal patients. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent texts. SUMMARY The liver plays an important role in the production and clearance of many components of coagulation. A wide range of hemostatic derangements can occur in patients with hepatobiliary disease including alterations in platelet number and function, coagulation factor levels, anticoagulants, vascular endothelial function, and fibrinolysis. As these hemostatic alterations include both pro- and anticoagulation pathways, the net result is often a rebalanced hemostatic system that can be easily disrupted by concurrent conditions resulting in either clinical bleeding or thrombosis. Conventional coagulation tests are inadequate at identifying the spectrum of coagulation alterations occurring in patients with hepatobiliary disease, but their evaluation is necessary to assess bleeding risk and provide prognostic information. A paucity of information exists regarding the treatment of the coagulation derangements in small animals with hepatobiliary disease. Extrapolation from human studies provides some information about potential treatment options, but further studies are warranted in this area to elucidate the best management for coagulation abnormalities in dogs and cats with hepatobiliary disease. CONCLUSION Hepatobiliary disease can have profound effects on coagulation function leading to hypercoagulable or hypocoagulable states. Overall coagulation status with hepatobiliary disease depends on both the type and severity of disease and the presence of associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Kavanagh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mesich MLL, Mayhew PD, Paek M, Holt DE, Brown DC. Gall bladder mucoceles and their association with endocrinopathies in dogs: a retrospective case-control study. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 50:630-5. [PMID: 19954439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between endocrinopathies and diagnosis of gall bladder mucocele in dogs via a retrospective case-control study. METHODS Records of 78 dogs with a surgical or ultrasonographic diagnosis of gall bladder mucocele were examined for the presence or absence of hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. Two age- and breed-matched controls for each gall bladder mucocele dog (156 total control dogs) were examined for the same concurrent diseases. A matched case-control analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS The odds of mucocele in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were 29 times that of dogs without hyperadrenocorticism (P=0.001; 95 per cent CI 3.8, 219.9). No difference was found between dogs with and without diabetes mellitus. Although a significant association was found between gall bladder mucocele and hypothyroidism, potential observation bias was also identifi ed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hyperadrenocorticoid dogs that were presented for acute illness with laboratory evidence of hepatobiliary disease should undergo evaluation for the presence of a biliary mucocele. Dogs diagnosed with a gall bladder mucocele should be screened for concurrent hyperadrenocorticism if clinical suspicion exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L L Mesich
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cullen JM. Summary of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association standardization committee guide to classification of liver disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 39:395-418. [PMID: 19524786 PMCID: PMC7114951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a frequently encountered problem in small animal practice. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association has formed a group of experienced clinicians and pathologists to develop a standardized format for diagnostic terminology. This is hoped to lead to greater uniformity in diagnoses and better communication between clinicians and pathologists alike. The aim is to find a sound scientific basis of diagnostic and treatment protocols for hepatobiliary diseases. This article provides an overview of that monograph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Most disorders of the biliary system are associated with increased activity of parenchymal transaminases (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) and cholestatic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase) with or without hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice. While parenchymal liver disease is most common in the dog, inflammatory disorders involving the small- and medium-sized bile ducts and zone 1 (periportal) hepatocytes predominate in the cat. Historically, the incidence of disorders restricted to the gallbladder is low in both species; however, with routine diagnostic use of abdominal ultrasonography, the incidence of gallbladder mucoceles and cholelithiasis has increased. Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction is a well-recognized syndrome because of its association with pancreatitis and obvious jaundice. Less common disorders of the biliary system include a cadre of diverse conditions, including necroinflammatory processes, cholelithiasis, malformations, neoplasia, and an emerging syndrome of gallblader dysmotility.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sobel KE, Williams JE. Pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:120-6. [PMID: 19691593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism possibly associated with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism. CASE SUMMARY A 7-year-old spayed female Collie weighing 26 kg was referred for evaluation of spontaneous pneumothorax. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed and revealed 2 lung lobes to be diffusely hemorrhagic and they were resected. Histologic examination of multiple sections documented diffuse thromboembolism. A 2-3 cm thrombus was visualized distal to the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery during an echocardiographic examination postoperatively. The dog was discharged to the owner after recovery from surgery. The thrombus had resolved at the 4-week recheck examination. Diagnosis of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed based on follow-up endocrine testing. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first report of pulmonary thromboembolism causing spontaneous pneumothorax in the dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Sobel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care, VCA-Veterinary Referral Associates, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inflammatory Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155468 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Amsellem PM, Seim HB, MacPhail CM, Bright RM, Twedt DC, Wrigley RH, Monnet E. Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1451-7. [PMID: 17078808 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.9.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with long-term survival after biliary surgery in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 34 dogs that underwent biliary surgery. PROCEDURES Data extracted from medical records included sex, breed, body weight, age at surgery, history and clinical examination findings, preoperative and postoperative CBC, serum biochemical panel and coagulation profiles results, abdominal ultrasonographic findings, results of bacteriologic culture and histologic examination, surgical findings, postoperative complications, and survival time. Follow-up information was obtained from medical records or phone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians. RESULTS Primary biliary findings included gallbladder mucocele (n = 20 dogs), inflammatory diseases (4), trauma (3), and neoplasia (1). Secondary biliary diseases included pancreatitis (n = 4), pancreatic neoplasia (1), and duodenal perforation (1). One- and 2-year survival rates were both 66%. Increasing age; gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; preanesthetic heart rate; BUN, phosphorus, and bilirubin concentrations; and the use of biliary diversion procedures were risk factors for death, although pancreatitis was not. However, poor long-term survival was associated with pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Long-term prognosis was guarded after biliary surgery in dogs. However, dogs that survived the early postoperative period had good long-term prognosis. Dogs with pancreatitis had poor prognosis. Overall, the prognosis was worse for dogs that underwent a biliary diversion, compared with dogs that did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Amsellem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|