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Yoshida T, Nomura T, Yoshimoto S, Ohno M, Ito T, Horie S, Ohno-Matsui K. Outcomes of standalone ab interno trabeculotomy in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma in eyes with high myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:261. [PMID: 37303059 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We retrospectively evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of trabeculotomy glaucoma surgery in treating open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in eyes with high myopia (HM). METHODS This study included 20 eyes with HM (axial length ≥ 26.5 mm) and OAG; age, preoperative IOP (intraocular pressure), and sex-matched 20 non-HM eyes (axial length < 26.5 mm) served as controls. Each eye underwent standalone ab interno trabeculotomy using a Kahook dual blade. A follow-up examination was performed 36 months after surgery. The main outcome measure was the operative success rate (i.e., a ≥ 20% pre- to post-operative reduction in IOP with or without IOP-lowering medication). Kaplan-Meier analysis was employed as a measure of surgical success. The secondary outcome measures were postoperative IOP, the number of glaucoma medications, and postoperative complications. RESULTS IOP and the number of glaucoma medications were statistically significantly reduced at all postoperative follow-up examinations. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the probability of postoperative success at 36 months was 45% and 65% for HM and non-HM eyes, respectively. In the HM group, the presence of pathological myopia was statistically significant risk factor for surgical failure. No critical postoperative complications were detected. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the long-term efficacy of ab interno trabeculotomy in HM eyes with OAG was inferior to that in non-HM eyes with OAG. Our findings suggest that surgical indications for trabeculotomy in HM should be determined based on the presence of pathological myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 1138519, Japan.
| | - Takuhei Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sota Yoshimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohisa Ohno
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiju Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 1138519, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Beardslee LA, Halman JR, Unser AM, Xie Y, Danias J, Bergkvist M, Sharfstein ST, Torrejon KY. Recreating the Trabecular Outflow Tissue on Implantable, Micropatterned, Ultrathin, Porous Polycaprolactone Scaffolds. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:679. [PMID: 37370610 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, where increased intraocular pressure (IOP) leads to damage to the optic nerve and loss of sight, is amongst the foremost causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. In primary open angle glaucoma, the increased IOP is a result of the malfunctioning human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells' inability to properly regulate the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. A potential future treatment for glaucoma is to replace damaged HTM cells with a tissue-engineered substitute, thus restoring proper fluid outflow. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a versatile, biodegradable, and implantable material that is widely used for cell culture and tissue engineering. In this work, PCL scaffolds were lithographically fabricated using a sacrificial process to produce submicron-thick scaffolds with openings of specific sizes and shapes (e.g., grid, hexagonal pattern). The HTM cell growth on gelatin-coated PCL scaffolds was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, tetrazolium metabolic activity assay, and cytoskeletal organization of F-actin. Expression of HTM-specific markers and ECM deposition were assessed by immunocytochemistry and qPCR analysis. Gelatin-coated, micropatterned, ultrathin, porous PCL scaffolds with a grid pattern supported proper HTM cell growth, cytoskeleton organization, HTM-marker expression, and ECM deposition, demonstrating the feasibility of using these PCL scaffolds to tissue-engineer implantable, healthy ocular outflow tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Beardslee
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Justin R Halman
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Andrea M Unser
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clackson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - John Danias
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clackson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Magnus Bergkvist
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Karen Y Torrejon
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
- Glauconix Biosciences Inc., 251 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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Loukovaara S, Gucciardo E, Korhonen A, Virtanen A, Harju M, Haukka J. Risk of glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery - Findings from a population-based cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:665-672. [PMID: 35470970 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between different types of vitrectomy and risk of different types of glaucoma and to determine the effect of systemic medication and diabetes status on this risk. METHODS A population-based nested case-control study included individuals of age ≥ 18 years who had undergone single vitrectomy, vitrectomy with retinal procedure, or combined phaco-vitrectomy between 2001 and 2010. End of follow-up was 2017. Odds ratio (OR) for the development of glaucoma after different types of vitrectomy and 95% confidence interval (CI) were based on conditional logistic regression models. For every glaucoma case, five controls were matched by age, sex, start of follow-up year, and hospital district. RESULTS The cohort (n = 37 687), of which 52.8% was female, consisted of 6552 individuals diagnosed with glaucoma and 31 135 controls matched by age, sex, and hospital district. Vitrectomy was performed on 103 eyes in the glaucoma group and 158 eyes in the control group. As regards the risk of any glaucoma, the risk was lowest in eyes that underwent combined phaco-vitrectomy (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8-4.1), followed by single vitrectomy (OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 2.1-4.8), and highest in eyes that underwent vitrectomy with retinal procedure (OR: 4.5, 95% CI: 2.7-7.4). Diabetes had no effect (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.01), but 5-year systemic statin use slightly decreased glaucoma risk (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.97). CONCLUSIONS Vitreoretinal surgery was associated with an increased glaucoma risk; the risk being related to the complexity of vitrectomy. Long-term systemic statin therapy may decrease glaucoma risk, while diabetes had no association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Loukovaara
- Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Erika Gucciardo
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Ani Korhonen
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Aapo Virtanen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Mika Harju
- Glaucoma Unit, Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jari Haukka
- Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Virtanen A, Haukka J, Harju M, Loukovaara S. Statin use and the reoperation rates in glaucoma filtration surgery - population-based cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e167-e173. [PMID: 33755323 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of systemic statin therapy and reoperation rate after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). METHODS This is a population-based, historic cohort study of 2705 eyes undergoing GFS in Finland between July 2009 and December 2016. GFSs were identified from national administrative healthcare registers. Baseline sociodemographic and health characteristics were documented. Reoperation rates of GFS subgroups were analysed, with statin users compared to non-users. The outcomes were modelled using a Poisson regression model adjusted for age, sex, education, statin use, chronic comorbidities, and cataract surgery with incident rate ratios (IRR) as the main outcome measure. RESULTS The cohort contained 2263 subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), 823 men and 1440 women. Surgery was performed on 2705 eyes. First documented procedures: deep sclerectomy (DS) (n = 1601), trabeculectomy (TRE) (799) and glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation (305) respectively. In total, 438 secondary operations were performed during the 7.5-year (median 2.25 years) follow-up period. The reoperation rates were 19% after DS, 12% after TRE, and 13% after GDD. Of the surgical procedures, 32% were performed on eyes of patients receiving statin therapy. Statin users showed no difference in reoperation rates (IRR 1.06, CI 0.82-1.37). In subgroups, no difference was observed in the reoperation rates adjusted with statin use after filtration surgery (DS, TRE) (IRR 1.06, CI 0.8-1.40) or GDD implantation (0.57, CI 0.20-1.63). CONCLUSION Systemic statin therapy among surgically treated OAG patients had no impact on secondary surgery rates following DS, TRE or GDD implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Virtanen
- Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jari Haukka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Clinicum/Department of Public Health Tampere University, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Mika Harju
- Unit of Glaucoma Surgery Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs, Individualized Drug Therapy, Helsinki University Helsinki Finland
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Nur İH, Saçmacı Ş, Orhan İ, Perez W, Testereci H. Morphological analysis of aqueous humor drainage using QD nanoparticles and indocyanine green. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1032-1044. [PMID: 32445617 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first morphological description of the lymphatic drainage of the ciliary body in vivo by comparative hyperspectral fluorescence imaging techniques of Quantum Qdot655 (QD) nanoparticles and indocyanine green (ICG). A volume of 1.25 μl of QD was injected into the left anterior camera of all rats. Similarly,1.25 μl of ICG diluted at a ratio of one-fourth with physiological saline solution was injected into the right anterior camera of all rats. The thickness of the skin in the mandibular area, connective tissue, and the depth of the mandibular lymph node (MLN) made image retrieval difficult. For QD, 302 nm UV excitation and 605 nm fluorescence peak emission were applied. The detection of QD and ICG used in this study in the MLNs is definitive evidence that aqueous humor (AH) follows a uveolymphatic pathway. Scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer spectrum were used to examine both the Schlemm's canal and the MLN. For the first time, the QD was detected in the cortex of MLN. The QCM analysis of both QD-AH and ICG-AH was used to determine whether there was any interaction between them. This comparative study shows the importance of experimental animal modeling in pharmacological studies regarding eye research and drugs. In a female rat, the signal was taken from the parotid lymph node with QD injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Hakkı Nur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Şerife Saçmacı
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İmdat Orhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - William Perez
- Área de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Haluk Testereci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Jiang Y, Zhang C, Ma J, Wang L, Gao J, Ren J, He W, Wang S, Sheng S, Huang X. Expression of matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and aquaporin-1 in corneoscleral junction after angle-closure in rabbits. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:43. [PMID: 30717683 PMCID: PMC6360660 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and aquaporin-1 in corneoscleral junction and explore the mechanism of trabecular damageafter angle-closure. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned into 2 groups, theexperimental group (Group 1) including twenty five rabbits and the control group (Group 2) including 5 rabbits. The rabbits in the experimental group were used to establish angle-closure models, and the rabbits in the control group were not subjected to any operation. All the rabbits were followed by slit lamp microscopy, Tonopen tonometer, and anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT). The expressions of metalloproteinase MMP-2, aquaporin-1, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 in corneoscleral junctionwere evaluatedin both groups byimmunofluorescence, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Slit-lamp examination showed that angle-closure model was successfully established in twenty rabbits. The extent of angle-closure was about 2 to 4 clock hours in all the rabbit models, but the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the rabbits distributed from 8.57 to 15.25 mmHg and no significant high IOP was found in the follow-up period. The AQP-1-positive cells mainly located in Schlemm’s canal, the inner surface of trabecular meshwork (TM), and the surface of iris, which began to decline on 1 month after angle-closure. MMP2 staining was diffuse in trabecular meshwork and iris. Immunofluorescence signal of MMP2 was strong within 1 month after angle-closure, and subsequently became weak. qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 increased within 1 month after angle-closure and then declined gradually. The AQP-1 levels showed slightly declined on 1 month after angle-closure. Conclusions Altered levels of MMPs, TIMPs, and AQP-1 were found in the area of angle-closure, which may be involved in the damage of TM and Schlemm’s canal after angle-closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Canwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Rizzo MI, Greco A, De Virgilio A, Gallo A, Taverniti L, Fusconi M, Conte M, Pagliuca G, Turchetta R, de Vincentiis M. Glaucoma: recent advances in the involvement of autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2018; 65:207-217. [PMID: 27475096 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the most commonly acquired optic neuropathy encountered in clinical practice. It is the second leading cause of blindness globally, after cataracts, but it presents a greater public health challenge than cataracts, because the blindness it causes is irreversible. It has pathogenesis still largely unknown and no established cure. Alterations in serum antibody profiles, upregulation, and downregulation have been described, but it still remains elusive if the autoantibodies seen in glaucoma are an epiphenomenon or causative. Hypertension, diabetes, and hearing disorders also are associated. This review is a glaucoma update with focus about the recent advances in the last 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ida Rizzo
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.,Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gallo
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ''Sapienza'' University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
| | - Luciano Taverniti
- Ophthalmology Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fusconi
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Conte
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pagliuca
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ''Sapienza'' University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
| | - Rosaria Turchetta
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco de Vincentiis
- ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy
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Reinhard J, Roll L, Faissner A. Tenascins in Retinal and Optic Nerve Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:30. [PMID: 29109681 PMCID: PMC5660115 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins represent key constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with major impact on central nervous system (CNS) development. In this regard, several studies indicate that they play a crucial role in axonal growth and guidance, synaptogenesis and boundary formation. These functions are not only important during development, but also for regeneration under several pathological conditions. Additionally, tenascin-C (Tnc) represents a key modulator of the immune system and inflammatory processes. In the present review article, we focus on the function of Tnc and tenascin-R (Tnr) in the diseased CNS, specifically after retinal and optic nerve damage and degeneration. We summarize the current view on both tenascins in diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ischemia, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy. In this context, we discuss their expression profile, possible functional relevance, remodeling of the interacting matrisome and tenascin receptors, especially under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Xiang Y, Li B, Wang JM, Li GG, Zhang H, Manyande A, Tian XB. Gene transfer to human trabecular meshwork cells in vitro and ex vivo using HIV-based lentivirus. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:924-9. [PMID: 25540740 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene could be transferred into human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells by a HIV-based lentivirus both in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS The HIV-based lentivirus that contains an EF1-α promoter driving EGFP expression cassette was constructed following the standard molecular cloning methods. The cultured HTM cells were transduced at a range of multiplicity of infection (MOI) with HIV-based lentivirus. EGFP positive cell populations were detected by flow cytometry. Human anterior eye segments were cultured with perfusion culture system and transfected by HIV-based lentivirus with a 1×10(8) transducing unit (TU) virus in perfusion liquid. The intraocular pressure was recorded every 8h for 21d. The expression of EGFP in the anterior segment of the human eye was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the distribution of EGFP expression was confirmed by anti-EGFP immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The HIV-based lentivirus which contains an EF1-α promoter driving EGFP expression cassette was constructed successfully. After HTM cells were transduced with HIV-based lentivirus containing EGFP in vitro, the ratio of EGFP positive cells to the total cell number reached 92.3%, with the MOI of 15. After the lentivirus containing EGFP were used to transduce human anterior eye segments, the EGFP could be directly detected by fluorescence microscopy in vivo. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that 88.19% EGFP-positive trabecular meshwork (TM) cells were observed in the human anterior segment. Nevertheless, the intraocular pressure in the lentivirus-transduced group kept constant when compared with control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION EGFP gene could be efficiently transferred into HTM cells both in vitro and ex vivo by using HIV-based lentivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun-Ming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gui-Gang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Human Sciences, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | - Xue-Bi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Agarwal R, Agarwal P. Newer targets for modulation of intraocular pressure: focus on adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:527-39. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.888416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Sharif NA, May JA. Potential for serotonergic agents to treat elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma: focus on 5-HT2receptor agonists. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Takahashi E, Inoue T, Fujimoto T, Kojima S, Tanihara H. Epithelial mesenchymal transition-like phenomenon in trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:72-9. [PMID: 24291802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a major component of the conventional outflow pathway and the excess extracellular matrix (ECM), and fibrosis in the TM causes increased outflow resistance. In this study, we first investigated the effects of several ECM components in the induction of an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenomenon in TM cells. TM cells were isolated from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The cells were cultured in ECM-coated dishes and then subjected to both western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry to measure the levels of EMT-associated markers. Cell motility was assessed using wound healing and chemotaxis assays. We found that type I collagen, fibronectin and laminin induced the dissociation of cell-cell contact and elongation of actin stress fibers in the cultured monkey TM cells. In addition, following the same stimulation of the ECM, the expression of mesenchymal markers, such as fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, and the phosphorylation of Smad2 increased in the TM cells. Our results showed the significant acceleration of TM cellular motility following stimulation with type I collagen, fibronectin and laminin. These phenomena were inhibited by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. In addition, siRNA against paxillin was transfected to evaluate the association between paxillin and the EMT-like phenomenon. The knockdown of paxillin expression by transfection with siRNA blocked the EMT-like alteration of the cellular characteristics and chemotaxis toward transforming growth factor-β2 in the cultured TM cells. Our results showed that the ECM-JNK-paxillin pathway induced an EMT-like phenomenon in TM cells, resulting in the abundant expression of fibronectin and activation of motility in TM cells. This EMT-like phenomenon could result in aberrant conditions in the aqueous outflow pathway in glaucomatous eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sachi Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tanihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Huhtala T, Kaikkonen MU, Lesch HP, Viitala S, Ylä-Herttuala S, Närvänen A. Biodistribution and antitumor effect of Cetuximab-targeted lentivirus. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:77-83. [PMID: 24267054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors are central tools for gene therapy. Targeting of the vector to desired tissues followed by expression of the therapeutic gene forms one of the most critical points in effective therapy. In this study we used streptavidin-displaying lentivirus conjugated to biotinylated anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody (Cetuximab) to target vector specifically to ovarian tumors. Biodistribution of the targeted virus was studied in nude mice with orthotropic SKOV-3m human ovarian carcinoma xenografts. Radiolabeled antibodies were conjugated to streptavidin-displaying lentiviruses and biodistribution of the virus after the intravenous delivery to tumor-bearing mice was monitored up to 6 days using combined SPECT/CT imaging modality. Organ samples were collected post mortem and specific organ activities were measured. The integration of lentivirus vectors in collected tissue samples was analyzed using qPCR and the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgene was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed that lentiviruses conjugated to Cetuximab (Cet-LV) or control human IgG (IgG-LV) accumulated mainly to the liver and spleen of the mice and to lower extent to lung, kidneys and tumors. Strikingly, in 50% of the mice injected with cetuximab-targeted lentivirus no tumor tissue was found, whereas the remaining half showed a significant decrease in tumor size. We hypothesize/present data that lentivirus-mediated INF-αβ production together with tumor targeting could function as an effective antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Huhtala
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, P.O.B. 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Biocenter Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Crooke A, Huete-Toral F, Martínez-Águila A, Martín-Gil A, Pintor J. Melatonin and its analog 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine potentiate adrenergic receptor-mediated ocular hypotensive effects in rabbits: significance for combination therapy in glaucoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:138-45. [PMID: 23591996 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is currently considered a promising drug for glaucoma treatment because of its ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effect of melatonin and its analog 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine, 5-MCA-NAT, on β₂/α(2A)-adrenergic receptor mRNA as well as protein expression in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical assays revealed a significant β₂-adrenergic receptor downregulation as well as α(2A)-adrenergic receptor up-regulation of treated cells (P < 0.001, maximal significant effect). In addition, we have studied the effect of these drugs upon the ocular hypotensive action of a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (timolol) and a selective α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist (brimonidine) in normotensive rabbits. Intraocular pressure (IOP) experiments showed that the administration of timolol in rabbits pretreated with melatonin or 5-MCA-NAT evoked an additional IOP reduction of 14.02% ± 5.8% or 16.75% ± 5.48% (P < 0.01) in comparison with rabbits treated with timolol alone for 24 hours. Concerning brimonidine hypotensive action, an additional IOP reduction of 29.26% ± 5.21% or 39.07% ± 5.81% (P < 0.001) was observed in rabbits pretreated with melatonin or 5-MCA-NAT when compared with animals treated with brimonidine alone for 24 hours. Additionally, a sustained potentiating effect of a single dose of 5-MCA-NAT was seen in rabbits treated with brimonidine once daily for up 4 days (extra IOP decrease of 15.57% ± 5.15%, P < 0.05, compared with brimonidine alone). These data confirm the indirect action of melatoninergic compounds on adrenergic receptors and their remarkable effect upon the ocular hypotensive action mainly of α₂-adrenergic receptor agonists but also of β-adrenergic antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Crooke
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hudson BD, Beazley M, Szczesniak AM, Straiker A, Kelly MEM. Indirect sympatholytic actions at β-adrenoceptors account for the ocular hypotensive actions of cannabinoid receptor agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:757-67. [PMID: 21885619 PMCID: PMC11047145 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary risk factor for glaucoma, a blinding eye disease. Cannabinoid agonists have long been known to decrease IOP, suggesting they may be useful in glaucoma treatment. However, the specific mechanism by which cannabinoids generate this ocular hypotensive effect remains unknown. The current evidence suggests the cannabinoids reduce IOP through actions at cannabinoid 1 (CB(1)) receptors within the eye, and adrenergic receptors (ARs) may also contribute to this action of cannabinoids. Considering this, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism behind the ocular hypotensive properties of cannabinoids through the use of mice genetically lacking either cannabinoid receptors or βARs. Cannabinoid agonists, βAR antagonists, and βAR agonists decreased IOP in wild-type mice and CB(2)(-/-) mice. In contrast, none of these compounds were found to reduce IOP in βAR(-/-) or CB(1)(-/-) mice. Desensitization of the βARs and depletion of catecholamines in wild-type mice also eliminated the ability of the cannabinoid agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate (WIN 55,212-2) to reduce IOP, strongly implicating a role for both βARs and catecholamines in the ocular hypotensive properties of cannabinoids. Finally, CB(1) receptors were shown to colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for adrenergic neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that βARs are required for the ocular hypotensive properties of cannabinoids, and cannabinoids reduce IOP by acting as indirect sympatholytics and inhibiting norepinephrine release within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St. Halifax, NS, Canada B3H1X5
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Hudson BD, Kelly MEM. Identification of novel competing β2AR phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways in human trabecular meshwork cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 28:17-25. [PMID: 22010988 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE β-Adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonists reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). However, although this effect is well established, the specific signaling mechanisms responsible are less clear. To address this, the current study examined βAR signaling in primary human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs), specifically, focusing on the effect of βAR activation on the extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK). METHODS HTMCs were cultured and assessed for βAR expression by both immunofluorescence and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The effect of βAR activation on ERK phosphorylation was examined in these cells by In-Cell Western™ analysis. Pharmacological approaches were used to characterize the mechanism of the βAR effect on ERK. RESULTS Treatment of HTMCs with the nonselective βAR agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), decreased the basal phospho-ERK (pERK) level, through actions at the β2AR. The response was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTx), but pretreatment with cholera toxin (CTx) resulted in a reversal of the response, such that ISO treatment instead increased pERK, thus implicating Gα(s) in the inhibitory pERK response. The adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, also decreased pERK, suggesting the involvement of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP, whereas a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H-89, blocked both ISO and forskolin-mediated pERK inhibition in HTMCs. Finally, a closer examination of the pERK increase generated in the presence of CTx demonstrated that it was also insensitive to PTx, and appeared to have differing rank orders of efficacy for various βAR agonists compared with the inhibitory pERK pathway in HTMCs. CONCLUSION A novel β(2)AR-signaling pathway leading to a decrease in pERK, which was dependent on Gα(s), cAMP, and PKA, was identified in HTMCs. A competing β(2)AR signaling pathway resulting in increased pERK was also identified. Since βAR effects on aqueous humor (AH) outflow have been linked to cAMP, and inhibition of ERK in TM cells has recently been suggested as increasing AH outflow, our findings suggest that the inhibitory β(2)AR-pERK pathway likely represents the mechanism by which βAR agonists decrease IOP. The presence of a competing β(2)AR-ERK activation pathway in the same cells suggests that this is an ideal system for the development and validation of functionally selective β(2)AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Wang Y, Tan J, Zhuo YH, Wang CL, Liu XY, Cai SP. Inhibition of latrunculin-A on dexamethasone-induced fibronectin production in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:239-42. [PMID: 22553652 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the effects of a low dose latrunculin (LAT)-A on dexamethasone (Dex)-induced upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin (FN) in cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. METHODS HTM cells were cultured to confluent and incubated with 0.4µmol/L Dex and/or 0.05µmol/L LAT-A. FN expression in HTM cells was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Dex up-regulated FN production in HTM cells, failed to do so when co-incubated with LAT-A. LAT-A decreased production of FN in cultured HTM cells. CONCLUSION This study indicated that LAT-A may modulate the expression of fibronectin in trabecular meshwork to achieve treatment for steroids and other types of glaucoma. It has an important prospect as an intraocular pressure- lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Hudson BD, Hébert TE, Kelly MEM. Physical and functional interaction between CB1 cannabinoid receptors and beta2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:627-42. [PMID: 20590567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The CB(1) cannabinoid receptor and the beta(2)-adrenoceptor are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) co-expressed in many tissues. The present study examined physical and functional interactions between these receptors in a heterologous expression system and in primary human ocular cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Physical interactions between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors were assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Functional interactions between these receptors were evaluated by examining receptor trafficking, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signalling. KEY RESULTS Physical interactions between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors were demonstrated using BRET. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293H cells, co-expression of beta(2)-adrenoceptors tempered the constitutive activity and increased cell surface expression of CB(1) receptors. Co-expression altered the signalling properties of CB(1 )receptors, resulting in increased Galpha(i)-dependent ERK phosphorylation, but decreased non-Galpha(i)-mediated CREB phosphorylation. The CB(1) receptor inverse agonist AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) attenuated beta(2)-adrenoceptor-pERK signalling in cells expressing both receptors, while the CB(1) receptor neutral antagonist O-2050 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1-methanesulfonylamino-4-hexyn-6-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) did not. The actions of AM251 and O-2050 were further examined in primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells, which are ocular cells endogenously co-expressing CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors. In HTM cells, as in HEK 293H cells, AM251 but not O-2050, altered the beta(2)-adrenoceptor-pERK response. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A complex interaction was demonstrated between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors in HEK 293H cells. As similar functional interactions were also observed in HTM cells, such interactions may affect the pharmacology of these receptors in tissues where they are endogenously co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Smid SD. Role of prostaglandins and specific place in therapy of bimatoprost in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure and ocular hypertension: A closer look at the agonist properties of bimatoprost and the prostamides. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:663-70. [PMID: 20054414 PMCID: PMC2801635 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimatoprost is the only representative of a novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamide (prostamide) compounds used therapeutically as an efficacious treatment for glaucoma. The pathways through which bimatoprost works to improve uveoscleral outflow to relieve elevated intraocular pressure are similar to those of the conventional prostaglandins used in glaucoma therapy, with some evidence of a preferential action at the trabecular meshwork. The pharmacology of bimatoprost is however, unclear. Pharmacological evidence supports a specific and distinct receptor-mediated agonist activity of bimatoprost at ‘prostamide’ receptors, which is selective to the prostamides as a class. However, other studies have reported either activity of bimatoprost at additional prostanoid and nonprostanoid receptors, or a conversion of bimatoprost to metabolites with agonist activity at prostaglandin FP receptors in the human eye. The formation of endogenous prostamides has been demonstrated in vivo, by a novel pathway involving the cyclooxygenase-2-mediated conversion of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) substrates. Irrespective of the pharmacology of bimatoprost and the prostamides in general, further studies are needed to determine the biological role and biochemical pathology of prostamides in the human eye, particularly in glaucoma. Such studies may improve our understanding of uveoscleral flow and may offer new treatments for controlling intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Sockolov ME, Alikhan A, Zargari O. Non-psoriatic dermatologic uses of monoclonal antibody therapy. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 20:319-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09546630902936778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wade NC, Grierson I, O'Reilly S, Hoare MJ, Cracknell KPB, Paraoan LI, Brotchie D, Clark AF. Cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) in bovine trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:648-59. [PMID: 19540832 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A cytoskeletal feature of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells in vitro and ex vivo is the presence of cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) that are abundant in a proportion of TM cells exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) and also in cells from glaucoma patients. We wished to determine whether CLANs were present in the bovine trabecular meshwork (BTM), whether they were similarly induced by dexamethasone and whether the structures were comparable to CLANs in HTM cells. Cultures of HTM and BTM cells and ex vivo dissections of BTM tissue were stained with phalloidin (F-actin) and propidium iodide (nuclei) and imaged by confocal microscopy, thereafter being subjected to image analysis. Some CLAN-like structures were identified in ex vivo BTM tissue cultured with and without DEX. However we found that BTM cells in culture produced abundant CLANs when exposed to DEX; comparable to the best response from HTM cells. The CLANs were of similar dimensions and morphology to those found in human cells and they had a similar half life of 2 or 3 days following the removal of DEX. This work demonstrates that BTM cells provide a suitable model for future investigations of CLAN formation and function. BTM cultures are sufficiently hardy to thrive in low serum and serum-free conditions so we were able to show that aqueous humor stimulates CLAN formation in the target cells. Future research is directed at identifying the aqueous component(s) responsible for CLAN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Wade
- Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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Barraza RA, Rasmussen CA, Loewen N, Cameron JD, Gabelt BT, Teo WL, Kaufman PL, Poeschla EM. Prolonged transgene expression with lentiviral vectors in the aqueous humor outflow pathway of nonhuman primates. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:191-200. [PMID: 19301472 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We injected lentiviral vectors into the eyes of live nonhuman primates to assess potential for glaucoma gene therapy. Anterior chambers of five cynomolgus monkeys were injected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding feline immunodeficiency viral vectors. The monkeys were monitored for in vivo transgene expression and clinical parameters. Their eyes were harvested 2-15 months postinjection for tissue analyses. All seven eyes injected with 1.0-2.0 x 10(8) transducing units (TU) showed substantial GFP fluorescence in the trabecular meshwork (TM), which was observable even by goniophotographic monitoring for up to 15 months. Only the lowest dose (0.03 x 10(8) TU) failed to result in TM fluorescence detectable in vivo, and five of the eight vector-injected eyes continued to display substantial GFP expression when enucleated eyes were examined at 2, 7, or 15 months postinjection. Some transduced cells were also detected in the iris and ciliary body. Mild, transient postinjection inflammatory responses exceeding that induced by a control saline injection were observed, but vectors did not raise intraocular pressure and were well tolerated. The results demonstrate the first lentiviral vector transduction of the nonhuman primate aqueous humor outflow pathway and support application of the system to human glaucoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román A Barraza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Arend KO, Raber T. Observational study results in glaucoma patients undergoing a regimen replacement to fixed combination travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% in Germany. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 24:414-20. [PMID: 18665813 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the launch of the fixed combination of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% (trav/tim) in Germany in May 2006, a noninterventional observational study designed as an open-label, multicenter, 6-week trial was initiated in order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of this new drug combination in glaucoma patients. Participants were grouped into categories according to previous drug regimens: those on timolol monotherapy; those on prostaglandin analog (PGA) monotherapy; those on concomitant therapy with a PGA and timolol; and those on fixed combinations. Trav/tim was well accepted by the patients, with 87.9% judging the tolerability of the therapy as good, very good, or excellent. Analysis of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements showed statistically significant IOP decreases in all four categories examined in our study after regimen substitution with fixed-combination trav/tim. Fixed-combination prostaglandin analog/beta-blocker formulations are an attractive therapeutic option due to their strong IOP-lowering efficacy with once-daily dosing. In this study, glaucoma patients who underwent a regimen modification to fixed-combination trav/tim showed further reductions in IOP, irrespective of which selected monoor multiple therapies had been used previously.
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Poeschla EM, Barraza RA, Rasmussen C, Loewen N, Cameron JD, Gabelt BT, Teo W, Kaufman PL. Prolonged transgene expression with lentiviral vectors in the aqueous humor outflow pathway of non-human primates. Hum Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2008.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (notably polymyositis and dermatomyositis) are relatively uncommon diseases with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. Only a few randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been performed, measures to assess outcome and response to treatment have to be validated. Initial treatment options of first choice are corticosteroids, although rarely tested in randomized, controlled trials. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to them and many develop undesirable side effects. Thus, second line agents or immunosuppressants given in combination with corticosteroids are used. For dermatomyositis/polymyositis, combination with azathioprine is most common. In case this combination is not sufficient or applicable, intravenous immunoglobulins are justified. Alternative or stronger immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporine A, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, or mycophenolate are also used. There are no defined guidelines or best treatment protocols agreed on internationally; therefore, the medical approach must be individualized based on the severity of clinical presentation, disease duration, presence of extramuscular features, and prior therapy and contraindications to particular agents. Approximately 25% of patients are nonresponders and continue to experience clinical relapses. Those are candidates for alternative treatment options and experimental therapies. New immunoselective therapies directed toward cytokine modulation, immune cell migration, or modification of certain immune subsets (B- and T-cells) are a promising avenue of research and clinical application. Possible future therapeutic options are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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McIntosh BT, Hudson B, Yegorova S, Jollimore CAB, Kelly MEM. Agonist-dependent cannabinoid receptor signalling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1111-20. [PMID: 17922024 PMCID: PMC2095100 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Trabecular meshwork (TM) is an ocular tissue involved in the regulation of aqueous humour outflow and intraocular pressure (IOP). CB1 receptors (CB1) are present in TM and cannabinoid administration decreases IOP. CB1 signalling was investigated in a cell line derived from human TM (hTM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CB1 signalling was investigated using ratiometric Ca2+ imaging, western blotting and infrared In-Cell Western analysis. KEY RESULTS WIN55212-2, a synthetic aminoalkylindole cannabinoid receptor agonist (10-100 microM) increased intracellular Ca2+ in hTM cells. WIN55,212-2-mediated Ca2+ increases were blocked by AM251, a CB1 antagonist, but were unaffected by the CB2 antagonist, AM630. The WIN55,212-2-mediated increase in [Ca2+]i was pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive, therefore, independent of Gi/o coupling, but was attenuated by a dominant negative Galpha(q/11) subunit, implicating a Gq/11 signalling pathway. The increase in [Ca2+]i was dependent upon PLC activation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. A PTX-sensitive increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was also observed in response to WIN55,212-2, indicative of a Gi/o signalling pathway. CB1-Gq/11 coupling to activate PLC-dependent increases in Ca2+ appeared to be specific to WIN55,212-2 and were not observed with other CB1 agonists, including CP55,940 and methanandamide. CP55940 produced PTX-sensitive increases in [Ca2+]i at concentrations>or=15 microM, and PTX-sensitive increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that endogenous CB1 couples to both Gq/11 and Gi/o in hTM cells in an agonist-dependent manner. Cannabinoid activation of multiple CB1 signalling pathways in TM tissue could lead to differential changes in aqueous humour outflow and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory for Retina and Optic Nerve Research, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Golubnitschaja O, Yeghiazaryan K, Wunderlich K, Schild HH, Flammer J. Disease proteomics reveals altered basic gene expression regulation in leukocytes of Normal-Tension and Primary Open-Angle glaucoma patients. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1316-23. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Kowing
- Daytona Beach VA Outpatient Clinic, Daytona Beach, FL, USA
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Ochsner UA, Sun X, Jarvis T, Critchley I, Janjic N. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: essential and still promising targets for new anti-infective agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:573-93. [PMID: 17461733 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.5.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to existing antibiotics demands the development of novel antimicrobial agents directed against novel targets. Historically, bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein, and DNA and RNA synthesis have been major targets of very successful classes of antibiotics such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, rifampicins and quinolones. Recently, efforts have been made to develop novel agents against validated targets in these pathways but also against new, previously unexploited targets. The era of genomics has provided insights into novel targets in microbial pathogens. Among the less exploited--but still promising--targets is the family of 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which are essential for protein synthesis. These targets have been validated in nature as aaRS inhibition has been shown as the specific mode of action for many natural antimicrobial agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi. Therefore, aaRSs have the potential to be targeted by novel agents either from synthetic or natural sources to yield specific and selective anti-infectives. Numerous high-throughput screening programs aimed at identifying aaRS inhibitors have been performed over the last 20 years. A large number of promising lead compounds have been identified but only a few agents have moved forward into clinical development. This review provides an update on the present strategies to develop novel aaRS inhibitors as anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Ochsner
- Replidyne, Inc., 1450 Infinite Dr, Louisville, CO 80027, USA.
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Abstract
Most diseases that cause catastrophic loss of vision do so as a result of abnormal angiogenesis and wound healing, often in response to tissue ischemia or inflammation. Disruption of the highly ordered tissue architecture in the eye caused by vascular leakage, hemorrhage, and concomitant fibrosis can lead to mechanical disruption of the visual axis and/or biological malfunctioning. An increased understanding of inflammation, wound healing, and angiogenesis has led to the development of drugs effective in modulating these biological processes and, in certain circumstances, the preservation of vision. Unfortunately, such pharmacological interventions often are too little, too late, and progression of vision loss frequently occurs. The recent development of progenitor and/or stem cell technologies holds promise for the treatment of currently incurable ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Friedlander
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, and Division of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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