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Duan M, Liu Y, Guo D, Kan S, Niu Z, Pu X, Bai M, Zhang D, Du W, Xie J. TGF-β2 increases cell-cell communication in chondrocytes via p-Smad3 signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119175. [PMID: 34863793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a crucial role in the pathology and physiology of joint tissues. Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), one of the potent regulatory factors in chondrocytes, plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle and development of joint diseases. However, it is still unknown how TGF-β2 mediates GJIC in chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanism by which TGF-β2 regulates GJIC in chondrocytes. CCK-8 assays and scratch assays were performed to define the role of TGF-β2 on cell proliferation and migration. The scrape loading/dye transfer assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to verify the effect of TGF-β2 on GJIC between chondrocytes. qPCR was performed to analyse the expression of genes in the gap junction protein family in chondrocytes. The expression of the Cx43 protein and phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3) was evaluated by western blot assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to explore p-Smad3 signalling pathway activation and Cx43 distribution. From these experiments, we found that the Cx43 protein was the most highly expressed member of the gap junction protein family in chondrocytes. We also found that TGF-β2 facilitated cell-to-cell communication in chondrocytes by upregulating Cx43 expression in chondrocytes. Finally, we found that TGF-β2 activated Smad3 signalling and promoted the nuclear aggregation of p-Smad3. Inhibition experiments by SIS3 also confirmed that TGF-β2-mediated GJIC through p-Smad3 signalling. For the first time, this study confirmed that TGF-β2 could regulate the formation of Cx43-mediated GJIC in chondrocytes via the canonical p-Smad3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyi Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) is recognized as a versatile cytokine that plays a vital role in regulation of joint development, homeostasis, and diseases, but its role as a biological mechanism is understood far less than that of its counterpart, TGF-β1. Cartilage as a load-resisting structure in vertebrates however displays a fragile performance when any tissue disturbance occurs, due to its lack of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Recent reports have indicated that TGF-β2 is involved in the physiological processes of chondrocytes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and the pathological progress of cartilage such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TGF-β2 also shows its potent capacity in the repair of cartilage defects by recruiting autologous mesenchymal stem cells and promoting secretion of other growth factor clusters. In addition, some pioneering studies have already considered it as a potential target in the treatment of OA and RA. This article aims to summarize the current progress of TGF-β2 in cartilage development and diseases, which might provide new cues for remodelling of cartilage defect and intervention of cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Janečková E, Bíliková P, Matalová E. Osteogenic Potential of Caspases Related to Endochondral Ossification. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:47-58. [PMID: 29091523 PMCID: PMC5761947 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417739283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases have functions particularly in apoptosis and inflammation. Increasing evidence indicates novel roles of these proteases in cell differentiation, including those involved in osteogenesis. This investigation provides a complex screening of osteogenic markers affected by pan caspase inhibition in micromass cultures derived from mouse forelimbs. PCR Array analysis showed significant alterations in expression of 49 osteogenic genes after 7 days of inhibition. The largest change was a decrease in CD36 expression, which was confirmed at organ level by caspase inhibition in cultured mouse ulnae followed by CD36 immunohistochemical analysis. So far, available data point to osteogenic potential of pro-apoptotic caspases. Therefore, the expression of pro-apoptotic caspases (-3, -6, -7, -8, -9) within the growth plate of mouse forelimbs at the stage where the individual zones are clearly apparent was studied. Caspase-9 was reported in the growth plate for the first time as well as caspase-6 and -7 in the resting zone, caspase-7 in the proliferation, and caspase-6 and -8 in the ossification zone. For all caspases, there was a gradient increase in activation toward the ossification zone. The distribution of staining varied significantly from that of apoptotic cells, and thus, the results further support non-apoptotic participation of caspases in osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bíliková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalová
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
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Suntornsaratoon P, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Positive long-term outcomes from presuckling calcium supplementation in lactating rats and the offspring. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1010-22. [PMID: 25852004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adequate dietary calcium intake and the enhanced intestinal calcium absorption in lactating mothers have long been postulated to prevent maternal bone loss and benefit neonatal bone growth. We recently showed that calcium supplementation just before breastfeeding efficiently alleviated lactation-induced bone loss in dams as well as increased milk calcium concentration, which led to higher bone mineral density (BMD) in the newborns. Herein, we further elaborated in detail how presuckling calcium supplements worked in lactating rats and how they benefited bone growth in the offspring. As revealed by bone histomorphometry, presuckling supplement with calcium alone reduced the osteoclast surface and active erosion surface, leading to an increase in trabecular thickness without changes in trabecular separation or number in dams. The beneficial effects of presuckling calcium supplements, particularly the regimen containing glucose and galactose that enhanced intestinal calcium absorption, were found to last for 3 mo postweaning, although it could not restore estrogen-deficient osteopenia induced by ovariectomy. Regarding the neonatal benefits, pups nursed by calcium-supplemented dams exhibited increases in trabecular BMD, which could be observed even at the age of 27 wk. Bone elongation was also greater in pups of calcium-supplemented dams, which was due possibly to accelerated growth plate chondrocyte turnover. It could be concluded that calcium supplements markedly diminished the lactation-induced osteopenia in dams and positively affected BMD and bone elongation in growing rats. Therefore, presuckling calcium supplementation in lactating mothers is an effective strategy for promoting a long-lasting high bone density for both mother and the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nateetip Krishnamra
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhang L, Yang M, Yang D, Cavey G, Davidson P, Gibson G. Molecular interactions of MMP-13 C-terminal domain with chondrocyte proteins. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 51:230-9. [PMID: 20073988 DOI: 10.3109/03008200903288902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13 activity is necessary for normal skeletal development and plays a central role in cartilage degeneration associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The studies we described here examine the interactions of the hemopexin domain of MMP-13 with proteins secreted by human chondrocytes in culture. The hemopexin domain of the MMPs and many other proteins in which this structure is found mediates protein function by forming the primary site of interaction with other proteins. We have modified a tandem affinity expression tag (hTAP) to enable efficient expression of the tagged bait protein. In this case the MMP-13 C-terminal domain (CTD) comprises hinge and hemopexin domain, and we immobilized the fusion construct on a column of agarose bound immunoglobin G. The MMP-13 CTD affinity column so generated enabled the efficient and gentle isolation of interacting proteins from the culture medium of human articular chondrocytes. TIMP1 and alpha2-macroglobulin previously shown to interact with MMP-13 as well as several proteins, fibronectin, type VI collagen and xylosyltransferase 1 and several proteoglycans, decorin, syndecan 4 and serglycin not previously recognized as interacting with MMP-13 were identified by mass spectrometry. The interaction between isolated proteins and MMP-13 CTD was verified by yeast two hybrid analysis. We also demonstrated serglycin expression by chondrocytes for the first time and its co localization with MMP-13 in a cytoplasmic granular morphology. The consequence of these interactions remains to be demonstrated, however; binding to MMP-13 suggests a role in the regulation of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Transforming growth factor-beta1 stimulates chondrogenic differentiation of posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells in vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 122:1649-1659. [PMID: 19050517 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31818cbf44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal studies has associated transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling with both normal and premature cranial suture fusion. However, the mechanisms whereby this pleiotropic cytokine mediates suture fusion remain uncertain. The authors established cultures of suture-derived mesenchymal cells from normally fusing (posterofrontal) and patent (sagittal) sutures and examined the in vitro effects of TGF-beta1 on these distinct cell populations. METHODS Skulls were harvested from 80 5-day-old mice. Posterofrontal and sagittal sutures were dissected, and cultures of suture-derived mesenchymal cells were established. The mitogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic effects of recombinant TGF-beta1 were then assessed on posterofrontal and sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (1 to 10 ng/ml). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the effects of TGF-beta1 on gene expression. RESULTS TGF-beta1 significantly decreased proliferation of both posterofrontal and sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells, by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays (n = 6). TGF-beta1 also inhibited osteogenesis in both suture-derived mesenchymal cells determined by alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization (n = 3 for all assays). During chondrogenic differentiation, TGF-beta1 markedly increased expression of chondrocyte-specific gene markers in posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (Sox9, Col II, Aggrecan, and Col X) (p <or= 0.05). In contrast, TGF-beta1 did not increase chondrocyte-specific gene expression in sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells retain significant capability for both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. TGF-beta1 induces in vitro chondrogenesis in posterofrontal but not sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells. Future studies will focus on elucidating the mechanisms whereby TGF-beta signaling mediates chondrogenesis in posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells.
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Yang M, Wang X, Zhang L, Yu C, Zhang B, Cole W, Cavey G, Davidson P, Gibson G. Demonstration of the interaction of transforming growth factor beta 2 and type X collagen using a modified tandem affinity purification tag. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 875:493-501. [PMID: 18952512 PMCID: PMC2653427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Like other members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family of growth factors, the biological activity of TGF-beta2 is believed to be regulated by the formation and dissociation of multiprotein complexes. To isolate the molecular complex formed by TGF-beta2 secreted by hypertrophic chondrocytes we have used expression of TGF-beta2 fused with the humanized, tandem affinity purification (hTAP) tag and mass spectrometry for the identification of interacting proteins. The hTAP synthetic gene was assembled by systematically replacing the rare codons of the original TAP tag with codons most preferred in highly expressed human genes to circumvent the poor translation efficiency of the original TAP tag in animal cells. TGF-beta2 was shown to interact with Type X collagen and this interaction confirmed using V5 tagged TGF-beta2. Functional interaction was suggested by the inhibition of TGF-beta2 activity by type X collagen in culture and the influence of a mutation in type X collagen on the distribution of TGF-beta2 in growth cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhou Yang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
| | - Xinli Wang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
| | - Liang Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
| | - Chiyang Yu
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
| | - William Cole
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grey Cavey
- Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Paula Davidson
- Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Gary Gibson
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, 48202
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Han MS, Kim JE, Shin HI, Kim IS. Expression patterns of betaig-h3 in chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral ossification. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:453-60. [PMID: 18779658 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
betaig-h3 is a TGF-beta-induced extracellular matrix protein which is expressed in many tissues including bones and cartilages. In previous reports, we showed that betaig-h3 mediates cell adhesion and migration and, especially in bones, negatively regulates the mineralization in the end stage of endochondral ossification. Here, to elucidate the expression pattern and role of betaig-h3 in chondrocyte differentiation, ATDC5 chondrocytes and embryonic and postnatal mice were used for in vitro differentiation studies and in vivo studies, respectively. betaig-h3 was strongly induced by the treatment of TGF-beta1 and the expression level of betaig-h3 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in the early stages of differentiation but decreased in the late stages in ATDC5. Furthermore, the patterns of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 mRNA expression were concurrent with betaig-h3 in ATDC5. betaig-h3 was deeply stained in perichondrium (PC), periosteum (PO), and prehypertrophic chondrocytes (PH) through the entire period of endochondral ossification in mice. betaig-h3 was mainly expressed in PC and PH at embryonic days and obviously in PH in postnatal days. These results suggest that betaig-h3 may play a critical role as a regulator of chondrogenic differentiation in endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Han
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Giannoudis PV, Pountos I, Morley J, Perry S, Tarkin HI, Pape HC. Growth factor release following femoral nailing. Bone 2008; 42:751-7. [PMID: 18243089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether growth factors essential for fracture healing are substantially increased in the immediate aftermath following reaming of the intramedullary cavity for stabilisation of femoral shaft fractures. Consecutive adult patients whose femoral shaft fractures stabilised with either reamed (10 patients) or unreamed (10 patients) intramedullary nailing were studied. Peripheral blood samples and samples from the femoral canal before and after reaming and nail insertion were collected. Serum was extracted and using Elisa colorimetric assays the concentration of Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BetaBeta (PDGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was measured. The mean age of the twenty patients who participated in the study was 38 years (range 20-63). Reaming substantially increased all studied growth factors (p<0.05) locally in the femoral canal. VEGF and PDGF were increased after reaming by 111.2% and 115.6% respectively. IGF-I was increased by 31.5% and TGF-beta1 was increased by 54.2%. In the unreamed group the levels of PDGF-BB, VEGF, TGF-beta1 remained unchanged while the levels of IGF-I decreased by 10%. The levels of these mediators in the peripheral circulation were not altered irrespectively of the nail insertion technique used. BMP-2 levels during all time points were below the detection limit of the immunoassay. This study indicates that reaming of the intramedullary cavity is associated with increased liberation of growth factors. The osteogenic effect of reaming could be secondary not only to grafting debris but also to the increased liberation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
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Terry DE, Rees-Milton K, Pruss C, Hopwood J, Carran J, Anastassiades TP. Modulation of articular chondrocyte proliferation and anionic glycoconjugate synthesis by glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetyl GlcN (GlcNAc) GlcN sulfate salt (GlcN.S) and covalent glucosamine sulfates (GlcN-SO4). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:946-56. [PMID: 17400483 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate, in chondrocyte cultures under conditions for maximizing responses in proliferation and proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, the effects of glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN.HCl) and glucosamine sulfate (GlcN.S) salts, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), and covalently substituted GlcN-X,Y,Z(SO(4))(n) (general formula). METHODS Bovine articular chondrocytes (BAC) were studied under anchorage-independent (AI, alginate beads) and anchorage-dependent (AD, plastic surface) conditions. Differentiation markers were evaluated (e.g., cartilage-specific (V+C)(-) fibronectin). Varying concentrations of GlcN.HCl, GlcN.S, GlcNAc and GlcN sulfated at positions -2, -3, -6, (-2,3), (-3,6) and (-3,4,6), were tested. Cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation into newly synthesized PG were determined. RESULTS Increasing GlcN.HCl or GlcN.S concentrations gave decreasing net PG synthesis. Compounds showed more pronounced effects in AD cultures (expressing the V(-)C(+) fibronectin isoform) compared to AI cultures ((V+C)(-) isoform). Addition of GlcN.HCl or GlcN.S gave a concentration-dependent decrease in BAC proliferation, partially prevented by glucose (Glc). GlcNAc was not inhibitory. Addition of GlcN-2-SO(4) or GlcN-2,6-diSO(4) did not affect proliferation or DNA synthesis. The other GlcN-sulfates gave varying inhibitory effects, which for GlcN-3-SO(4) were reversed by inosine. CONCLUSIONS The free amino group of GlcN seems responsible for inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and PG synthesis. These effects were greater under higher concentrations of GlcN in AD vs AI conditions. GlcN.HCl behaves similarly to GlcN.S, but differential effects with GlcN-X,Y,Z(SO(4))(n) isomers were observed. Acetylation or sulfation of the GlcN amino group reverses or partially reverses, respectively, anti-proliferative effects of GlcN. Sulfation of GlcN, at positions 3 and 6 results in complex effects on AC proliferation and PG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Terry
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Middleton FA, Horton JA, Pritchard M, Spadaro JA, Farnum CE, Damron TA. Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Show Upregulation in Early Growth Plate Radiorecovery Response following Irradiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 186:192-203. [PMID: 17630476 DOI: 10.1159/000105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The growth plate response following radiotherapy is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the changes in growth plate growth factors and cytokines following irradiation. The hypothesis was that a limited number of growth factors and cytokines play a role in growth plate proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocyte radio-recovery. METHODS The right limbs of 6 rats were irradiated (17.5 Gy), leaving the left limbs as controls. Limbs were harvested 1 (n = 3) and 2 (n = 3) weeks later. Microarrays were constructed from chondrocytes obtained by laser microdissection from the proliferative zone (PZ) and the hypertrophic zone (HZ) of normal and irradiated tibia growth plates. Real-time PCR was used to confirm the expression of parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (Pthr1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2), interleukin 17beta (IL17b) and chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS IGF2 is upregulated in the PZ and CTGF is upregulated in both the PZ and HZ 1 week after irradiation, prior to the histomorphometric appearance of growth plate recovery in this immature animal radiation model, supporting their role in stimulating early return of the growth plate. By 2 weeks after irradiation, a number of growth factors and cytokines, including CTGF and Pthr1 in both zones, CXCL12 and its receptor in the PZ, and IL17b and bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the HZ, show upregulation, suggesting a possible later role in radiorecovery. The effects of irradiation on Pthr1, CTGF, IGF2 and CXCL12 in PZ and Pthr1, CTGF, IL17b and IGF1R in the HZ determined by microarray and real-time RT-PCR was highly correlated (r = 0.797, p < 0.05 in the PZ and r = 0.875, p < 0.01 in the HZ, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Musculoskeletal Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
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Hendriks J, Riesle J, Vanblitterswijk CA. Effect of Stratified Culture Compared to Confluent Culture in Monolayer on Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Articular Chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2397-405. [PMID: 16995774 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With conventional tissue culture of cells, it is generally assumed that when the available 2D substrate is fully occupied, growth ceases or is greatly reduced.However, in nature wound repair mostly involves proliferation of cells that are attracted to the defect site in a 3D environment.Hence, proliferation continues in 3D until the defect site is filled with cells contributing to repair tissue. With this in mind,we examined the growth behavior of human articular chondrocytes during stratified culture as opposed to routine culture to confluency. Additionally, we studied the influence of growth factors on proliferation during stratified culture and differentiation thereafter. Chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer on tissue culture plastic to confluency or stratified for an additional 7 days. Culture medium was based on DMEM with 10% serum and either supplemented with high concentrations of nonessential amino acids (NEAA) and ascorbic acid (AsAP), or instead with basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDBF-BB), and/or transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta). After expansion, cells were harvested, counted, and their differentiation capacity was examined in pellet culture assay. It was shown that chondrocytes, cultured stratified proliferate exponentially for up to an additional 4 days and that cell yield increased 5-fold. Furthermore, during stratified culture the number of cells increased further in the presence of bFGF, PDBF-BB, and TGFbeta1 or high concentrations of NEAA and AsAP. Depending on donor variation and factors supplemented the cell yield ranged from 0.06 up to 1.1 million cells/cm2 at the second passage. During stratified culture in the presence of either bFGF and PDGF or high concentrations of NEAA and AsAP, exponential growth continued for up to 7 days. Finally, cells maintained their differentiation capacity when cultured stratified with or without growth factors (bFGF, TGF-beta, and PDGF), but not when cultured with high levels of AsAP and NEAA. In contrast to other 3D culture techniques like microcarrier or suspension culture, nutrient consumption remained the same as with conventional expansion. Because this allows culturing of clinically relevant amounts of chondrocytes without increasing the amount of serum, chondrocytes can be fully expanded in the presence autologous serum, avoiding the risk of viral and/or prion disease transmission associated with the use of animal-derived serum or serum replacers with animal-derived constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Hendriks
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Twente University, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Pizauro Junior JM, Ciancaglini P, Macari M. Discondroplasia tibial: mecanismos de lesão e controle. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2002000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A discondroplasia tibial (DT) é atribuída a uma assincronia no processo de diferenciação dos condrócitos, levando à formação de uma camada de condrócitos pré-hipertróficos e de uma cartilagem na tíbia proximal que não é calcificada, mas é resistente à invasão vascular. Além disso, tem sido proposto que, na discondroplasia tíbial, a etapa final do processo de calcificação não ocorre devido ao fato de que os efetores de alguns genes, relacionados com o mecanismo de calcificação do disco de crescimento podem apresentar algumas de suas propriedades químicas ou biológicas alteradas e/ou não serem expressos. Nesse sentido, a compreensão do mecanismo de ação e o papel das biomoléculas e dos minerais relacionados com a discondroplasia tibial poderão contribuir para o conhecimento de doenças do tecido ósseo e estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e tratamento.
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