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Sensing Hydrogen Seeps in the Subsurface for Natural Hydrogen Exploration. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of natural hydrogen seeps in sedimentary basin settings has triggered significant interest in the exploration of this promising resource. If large economical resources exist and can be extracted from the sub-surface, this would provide an opportunity for natural hydrogen to contribute to the non-carbon-based energy mix. The detection and exploration of hydrogen gas in the sub-surface is a significant challenge that requires costly drilling, sophisticated instrumentation, and reliable analytical/sampling methods. Here, we propose the application of a commercial-based sensor that can be used to detect and monitor low levels of hydrogen gas emissions from geological environments. The sensitivity, selectivity (K > 1000), and stability (<1 ppm/day) of the sensor was evaluated under various conditions to determine its suitability for geological field monitoring. Calibration tests showed that the hydrogen readings from the sensor were within ±20% of the expected values. We propose that chemical sensing is a simple and feasible method for understanding natural hydrogen seeps that emanate from geological systems and formations. However, we recommend using this sensor as part of a complete geological survey that incorporates an understanding of the geology along with complementary techniques that provide information on the rock properties.
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Zhang Y, Su Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, He M. 氢气传感器的进展与展望. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Spiske F, Dirauf MP, Braeuer AS. Aerogel-Lined Capillaries for Raman Signal Gain of Aqueous Mixtures. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124388. [PMID: 35746173 PMCID: PMC9228469 DOI: 10.3390/s22124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental study on the gain of the Raman signal of aqueous mixtures and liquid water when confined in aerogel-lined capillaries of various lengths of up to 20 cm and various internal diameters between 530 and 1000 µm. The lining was made of hydrophobised silica aerogel, and the carrier capillary body consisted of fused silica or borosilicate glass. Compared to the Raman signal detected from bulk liquid water with the same Raman probe, a Raman signal 27 times as large was detected when the liquid water was confined in a 20 cm-long capillary with an internal diameter of 700 µm. In comparison with silver-lined capillaries of the same length and same internal diameter, the aerogel-lined capillaries featured a superior Raman signal gain and a longer gain stability when exposed to mixtures of water, sugar, ethanol and acetic acid.
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Sugimoto S, Asahi I, Shiina T. Hydrogen gas concentration measurement in small area using raman lidar measurement technnology. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817601019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When change of hydrogen(H2) gas concentration in a certain point is measured, non-contact measurement technology with high temporal and spatial resolution is necessary. In this study, H2 concentration in the small area of <1cm2 under the gas flow was measured by using a Raman lidar. Raman scattering light at the measurement point of 750mm ahead was detected by the Raman lidar. As a result, it was proved that the H2 concentration of more than 100ppm could be successfully measured.
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Friss AJ, Limbach CM, Yalin AP. Cavity-enhanced rotational Raman scattering in gases using a 20 mW near-infrared fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3193-3196. [PMID: 27420493 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel cavity-enhanced laser diagnostic has been developed to perform point measurements of spontaneous rotational Raman scattering. A narrow linewidth fiber laser source (1064 nm) is frequency locked to a high-finesse cavity containing the sample gas. Intracavity powers of 22 W are generated from 3.7 mW of incident laser power, corresponding to a buildup factor of 5900. A triple monochromator and a photomultiplier tube in counting mode are used to disperse and measure the scattering spectra. The system is demonstrated with rotational Raman spectra of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure. The approach will allow temporally and spatially resolved Raman measurements for combustion diagnostics and, by extending to higher power, Thomson scattering for diagnostics of low-density plasmas.
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Park KS, Kim YH, Eom JB, Park SJ, Park MS, Jang JH, Lee BH. Compact and multiplexible hydrogen gas sensor assisted by self-referencing technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:18190-18198. [PMID: 21935185 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.018190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally implemented a multiplexible but compact fiber sensor system suitable for multipoint sensing of hydrogen gas leakage. By making dual cavities along an optical fiber and coating a palladium film only at the end of the fiber tip, the measurement errors induced by the optical source power fluctuation and the mechanical perturbation in the lead fiber could be compensated. By adjusting the length of the dual-cavity, the capability of multiplexing several hydrogen sensors could be achieved. The experiment results showed that the response speed of the sensor was increasing with temperature, but at a low temperature the response amplitude became large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Seob Park
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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Yang Z, Zhang M, Liao Y, Tian Q, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhuang Z. Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber hydrogen detection system. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:2736-2740. [PMID: 20490232 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.002736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a new hydrogen sensor system based on the use of an optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer coated with palladium silver (Pd-Ag) film. The sensing mechanism of such a sensor is based on the mechanical stress that is induced in the Pd-Ag film when it absorbs hydrogen. To obtain the absolute length of the air gap, a modified cross-correlation signal processing method is introduced. Results are presented for a comparison between two Pd-Ag films of different thicknesses. A temperature compensation method based on an optical switch is presented. The sensor is suitable for monitoring concentrations of hydrogen below the lower explosive limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments,Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Hori M, Hayano RS, Fukuta M, Koyama T, Nobusue H, Tanaka J. Large-area imager of hydrogen leaks in fuel cells using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:103104. [PMID: 19895051 DOI: 10.1063/1.3244089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a simple device, which utilized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to image H2 gas leaking from the surfaces of hydrogen fuel cells to ambient air. Nanosecond laser pulses of wavelength lambda=532 nm emitted from a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser were first compressed to a pulse length Deltat<1 ns using a stimulated Brillouin backscattering cell. Relay-imaging optics then focused this beam onto the H(2) leak and initiated the breakdown plasma. The Balmer-alpha (H-alpha) emission that emerged from this was collected with a 2-m-long macrolens assembly with a 90-mm-diameter image area, which covered a solid angle of approximately 1 x 10(-3)pi steradians seen from the plasma. The H-alpha light was isolated by two 100-mm-diameter interference filters with a 2 nm bandpass, and imaged by a thermoelectrically cooled charge-coupled device camera. By scanning the position of the laser focus, the spatial distribution of H2 gas over a 90-mm-diameter area was photographed with a spatial resolution of < or = 5 mm. Photoionization of the water vapor in the air caused a strong H-alpha background. By using pure N2 as a buffer gas, H2 leaks with rates of <1 cc/min were imaged. We also studied the possibilities of detecting He, Ne, or Xe gas leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hori
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Li X, Xia Y, Zhan L, Huang J. Near-confocal cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for multitrace-gas detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2143-2145. [PMID: 18794958 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of multitrace gas is still a challenge. Near-confocal cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous detection of multitrace gas. With a 200 mW incident laser, the excitation power of >9 W forms at two foci of the near-confocal cavity owing to the beam being reflected 50 times. High-power excitation light greatly enhances the detection sensitivity of the Raman system. Using this cavity-enhancing technique, high-sensitivity detection of the mixture of eight gases with same volume ratio has been achieved. This technique may be applied for detecting multitrace gas in many areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pearman WF, Carter JC, Angel SM, Chan JWJ. Quantitative measurements of CO2 and CH4 using a multipass Raman capillary cell. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:4627-4632. [PMID: 18758534 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Raman measurements of two common gases are made using a simple multipass capillary Raman cell (MCC) coupled to an unfiltered 18 around 1 fiber-optic Raman probe. The MCC, which is fabricated by chemical deposition of silver on the inner walls of a 2 mm inner diameter glass capillary tube, gives up to 20-fold signal enhancements for nonabsorbing gases. The device is relatively small and suitable for remote and in situ Raman measurements with optical fibers. The optical behavior of the MCC is similar to previously described liquid-core waveguides and hollow metal-coated waveguides used for laser transmission, but unlike the former devices, the MCC is generally applicable to a very wide range of nonabsorbing gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Pearman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Pearman WF, Carter JC, Angel SM, Chan JWJ. Multipass capillary cell for enhanced Raman measurements of gases. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:285-289. [PMID: 18339235 DOI: 10.1366/000370208783759650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple Raman multipass capillary cell (MCC) is described that gives 12- to 30-fold signal enhancements for non-absorbing gases. The cell is made by coating the inside of 2-mm inner diameter silica capillary tubes with silver. The device is very small and suitable for remote and in situ Raman measurements with optical fibers. Application of the MCC is similar to previously described liquid core waveguides but, unlike the latter devices, the MCC is generally more applicable to a wide range of non-absorbing gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Pearman
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Barmenkov YO, Ortigosa-Blanch A, Diez A, Cruz JL, Andrés MV. Time-domain fiber laser hydrogen sensor. OPTICS LETTERS 2004; 29:2461-2463. [PMID: 15584261 DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel scheme for a fiber-optic hydrogen sensor based on an erbium-doped fiber laser with a palladium-coated tapered fiber within the laser cavity. The tapered fiber acts as a hydrogen-sensing element. When the sensing element is exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere, its attenuation decreases, changing the cavity losses and leading to a modification of the laser transient. The hydrogen concentration is obtained by simple measurement of the buildup time of the laser. This technique translates the measurement of hydrogen concentration into the time domain, and it can be extended to many intensity-based fiber sensors. Relative variations in the buildup time of up to 55% at an increase of the hydrogen concentration from 0 to 10% are achieved with a resolution of better than 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu O Barmenkov
- Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, León, Guanajuato 37150, México
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pelletier
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA
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