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Shangguan M, Liao Z, Guo Y. Simultaneous sensing profiles of beam attenuation coefficient and volume scattering function at 180° using a single-photon underwater elastic-Raman lidar. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8189-8204. [PMID: 38439482 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lidar has emerged as a promising technique for vertically profiling optical parameters in water. The application of single-photon technology has enabled the development of compact oceanic lidar systems, facilitating their deployment underwater. This is crucial for conducting ocean observations that are free from interference at the air-sea interface. However, simultaneous inversion of the volume scattering function at 180° at 532 nm (βm) and the lidar attenuation coefficient at 532 nm (K l i d a r m) from the elastic backscattered signals remains challenging, especially in the case of near-field signals affected by the geometric overlap factor (GOF). To address this challenge, this work proposes adding a Raman channel, obtaining Raman backscattered profiles using single-photon detection. By normalizing the elastic backscattered signals with the Raman signals, the sensitivity of the normalized signal to variations in the lidar attenuation coefficient is significantly reduced. This allows for the application of a perturbation method to invert βm and subsequently obtain the K l i d a r m. Moreover, the influence of GOF and fluctuations in laser power on the inversion can be reduced. To further improve the accuracy of the inversion algorithm for stratified water bodies, an iterative algorithm is proposed. Additionally, since the optical telescope of the lidar adopts a small aperture and narrow field of view design, K l i d a r m tends to the beam attenuation coefficient at 532 nm (cm). Using Monte Carlo simulation, a relationship between cm and K l i d a r m is established, allowing cm derivation from K l i d a r m. Finally, the feasibility of the algorithm is verified through inversion error analysis. The robustness of the lidar system and the effectiveness of the algorithm are validated through a preliminary experiment conducted in a water tank. These results demonstrate that the lidar can accurately profile optical parameters of water, contributing to the study of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the ocean.
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2
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Shangguan M, Guo Y, Liao Z, Lee Z. Sensing profiles of the volume scattering function at 180° using a single-photon oceanic fluorescence lidar. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40393-40410. [PMID: 38041342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel oceanic fluorescence lidar technique has been proposed and demonstrated for remotely sensing the volume scattering function at 180° (βf), which can be used to further retrieve the profiles of the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton (aph) at 532 nm and chlorophyll concentration (Chl). This scheme has these features. 1) The single-photon detection technology is employed to enhance the detection sensitivity to the single-photon level, enabling the oceanic lidar to obtain fluorescence backscatter profiles. 2) In terms of algorithms, the Raman backscattered signals of the water are utilized to normalize the backscattered signals of chlorophyll fluorescence, effectively minimizing the depth-dependent variation of the differential lidar attenuation coefficient (Δ K l i d a r f r). To reduce the contamination of fluorescence signals in the Raman backscatter signals, a Raman filter with a bandwidth of 6 nm was chosen. Subsequently, a perturbation method is utilized to invert the βf of the fluorescence lidar. Finally, aph and Chl profiles can be inverted based on empirical models. 3) The value of Δ K l i d a r f r used in inversion is obtained through a semi-analytic Monte Carlo simulation. According to theoretical analysis, the maximum relative error of βf for Chl ranging from 0.01 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3 is less than 13 %. To validate this approach, a field experiment was conducted aboard the R/V Tan Kah Kee in the South China Sea from September 4th to September 5th, 2022, resulting in continuous subsurface profiles of βf, aph, and Chl. These measurements confirm the robustness and reliability of the oceanic single-photon fluorescence lidar system and the inversion algorithm.
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3
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English CM, Kitzhaber ZB, Sanim KRI, Vitzilaios N, Hodgson ME, Richardson TL, Myrick ML. Filter Fluorometer Calibration Without the Fluorometer. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1053-1063. [PMID: 37350765 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231181593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
We recently described a lightweight, low-power, waterproof filter fluorometer using a 180° backscatter geometry for chlorophyll-a (chl-a) detection. Before it was constructed it was modeled to ensure it would have satisfactory performance. This manuscript repeats the modeling process that allows the calibration slope and detection limit for a fluorescent analyte in water to be estimated from system component performance and conventional spectrofluorometry alone. These values are validated by comparison to the experimental result of calibration from the completed instrument. Our model yields a calibration slope of 8.22 mV-L/µg for dissolved chl-a, consistent with the experimentally measured slope of 8.21 mV-L/µg. The detection limit modeled from this slope and an estimate of the baseline noise of the instrument was 0.15 µg/L chl-a, while the measured detection limit using real blank samples was 0.18 µg/L, in 0.1 s differential measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M English
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Zechariah B Kitzhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kazi Ragib I Sanim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Nikolaos Vitzilaios
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael E Hodgson
- Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael L Myrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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4
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Shangguan M, Liao Z, Guo Y, Lee Z. Sensing the profile of particulate beam attenuation coefficient through a single-photon oceanic Raman lidar. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:25398-25414. [PMID: 37710428 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A lidar technique has been proposed and demonstrated for remotely sensing particulate beam attenuation coefficient (cp) profiles using the Raman backscattered signal from water. In Raman lidar, the backscatter coefficient at 180° can be considered constant, allowing for the determination of the lidar attenuation coefficient (Klidar) from the Raman backscattered signal. This scheme has these features. 1) The bandwidth of the filter that used to extract the Raman component from the backscattered signal of the lidar was optimized to ensure sufficient lidar signal strength while minimizing the influence of chlorophyll fluorescence on inversion. 2) A receiving telescope with narrow field of view (FOV) and small aperture was utilized to suppress multi-scattering components in the backscattered signal. 3) A relationship between the beam attenuation coefficient (c) and Klidar was established after simulations via a semi-analytic Monto Carlo. 4) The value of cp was obtained by subtracting the attenuation coefficient of pure seawater (cw) from c. According to the theoretical analysis, the maximum relative error of cp is less than 15% for chlorophyll concentrations up to 10 mg/m3. Due to the water Raman backscattered signal being several orders of magnitude lower than the elastic backscattered signal, a single-photon detector is required to significantly improve the detection sensitivity to the single-photon level. To validate this approach, a field experiment was conducted aboard the R/V Tan Kah Kee in the South China Sea from September 4th to September 5th, 2022, and continuous subsurface profiles of cp were obtained. These measurements confirm the robustness and reliability of the oceanic single-photon Raman lidar system and the inversion method.
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wu B, Zhang S, Zhu K, Liu CH, Yu X, Alfano RR. A Handheld Visible Resonance Raman Analyzer Used in Intraoperative Detection of Human Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061752. [PMID: 36980638 PMCID: PMC10046110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still a lack of reliable intraoperative tools for glioma diagnosis and to guide the maximal safe resection of glioma. We report continuing work on the optical biopsy method to detect glioma grades and assess glioma boundaries intraoperatively using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer, which is based on the visible resonance Raman spectroscopy (VRR) technique. A total of 2220 VRR spectra were collected during surgeries from 63 unprocessed fresh glioma tissues using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer. After the VRR spectral analysis, we found differences in the native molecules in the fingerprint region and in the high-wavenumber region, and differences between normal (control) and different grades of glioma tissues. A principal component analysis–support vector machine (PCA-SVM) machine learning method was used to distinguish glioma tissues from normal tissues and different glioma grades. The accuracy in identifying glioma from normal tissue was over 80%, compared with the gold standard of histopathology reports of glioma. The VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer may be a new label-free, real-time optical molecular pathology tool aiding in the intraoperative detection of glioma and identification of tumor boundaries, thus helping to guide maximal safe glioma removal and adjacent healthy tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Binlin Wu
- Physics Department and CSCU Center for Nanotechnology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | | | - Ke Zhu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liu
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Robert R. Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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Hassanain WA, Johnson CL, Faulds K, Graham D, Keegan N. Recent advances in antibiotic resistance diagnosis using SERS: focus on the “ Big 5” challenges. Analyst 2022; 147:4674-4700. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SERS for antibiotic resistance diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A. Hassanain
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Christopher L. Johnson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Neil Keegan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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7
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Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of a Radiative Transfer Numerical Model for Turbid Lake Water. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Remote sensing can detect and map algal blooms. The HydroLight (Sequoia Scientific Inc., Bellevue, Washington, DC, USA) model generates the reflectance profiles of various water bodies. However, the influence of model parameters has rarely been investigated for inland water. Moreover, the simulation time of the HydroLight model increases as the amount of input data increases, which limits the practicality of the HydroLight model. This study developed a graphical user interface (GUI) software for the sensitivity analysis of the HydroLight model through multiple executions. The GUI software stably performed parameter sensitivity analysis and substantially reduced the simulation time by up to 92%. The GUI software results for lake water show that the backscattering ratio was the most important parameter for estimating vertical reflectance profiles. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, parameter calibration of the HydroLight model was performed. The reflectance profiles obtained using the optimized parameters agreed with observed profiles, with R2 values of over 0.98. Thus, a strong relationship between the backscattering coefficient and the observed cyanobacteria genera cells was identified.
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Wang S, Yang DS, Yang F. Nitrogen-induced shift of photoluminescence from green to blue emission for xylose-derived carbon dots. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/aba771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of carbon dots opens a new avenue to the applications of nanomaterials in biosensing and bioimaging. In this work, we develop simple methods to prepare carbon nanoparticles from xylose and to tune the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the xylose-derived carbon nanoparticles via the combination of three different processes: hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), annealing at 850 °C and laser ablation (LA) in a NH4OH solution. The HTC-synthesized carbon dots (CDs) exhibit green emission under the 365 nm UV excitation, the annealing of the HTC-synthesized CDs leads to complete loss of the PL characteristics, and the LA processing of the annealed carbon nanoparticles recovers the PL characteristics with blue shift in comparison to the HTC-synthesized CDs under the same UV excitation. the PL characteristics of the HTC-CDs and the LA-CDs are dependent on the π-π* transition of C-containing surface-functional groups and π-π* and n-π* transitions of N-containing surface-functional groups, respectively, which are responsible for the difference in the PL characteristics between the HTC-synthesized CDs and the LA-processed CDs. The approaches demonstrated in this work provide a viable method to introduce and tune surface-functional groups on the surface of carbon nanoparticles.
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Churnside JH, Shaw JA. Lidar remote sensing of the aquatic environment: invited. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:C92-C99. [PMID: 32400573 DOI: 10.1364/ao.59.000c92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a review of lidar remote sensing of the aquatic environment. The optical properties of seawater relevant to lidar remote sensing are described. The three main theoretical approaches to understanding the performance of lidar are considered (the time-dependent radiative transfer equation, Monte Carlo simulations, and the quasi-single-scattering assumption). Basic lidar instrument design considerations are presented, and examples of lidar studies from surface vessels, aircraft, and satellites are given.
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Wang S, Sun W, Yang DS, Yang F. Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:606-619. [PMID: 32318321 PMCID: PMC7155895 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon dots (CDs) are biocompatible and have potential for a variety of applications, including bioimaging and biosensing. In this work, we use ground soybean residuals to synthesize carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), annealing at high temperature, and laser ablation (LA) in a NH4OH solution. The carbon nanoparticles synthesized with the HTC process (HTC-CDs) exhibit photoluminescent characteristics with strong blue emission. The annealing of the HTC-processed carbon particles in the range of 250 to 850 °C causes a loss of the photoluminescent characteristics of the CDs without any significant change in the microstructure (amorphous structure) of the carbon particles. The LA processing of the annealed HTC-processed carbon particles introduces nitrogen-containing surface-functional groups and leads to the recovery of the photoluminescent features that are different from those of the HTC-CDs and dependent on the fraction of nitrogen in the surface-functional groups. The photoluminescence of both the HTC-CDs and LA-CDs is largely due to the presence of N-containing surface-functional groups. The quantum yield of the LA-CDs is more constant than that of the HTC-CDs under continuous UV excitation and does not exhibit a significant reduction after 150 min of excitation. The methods used in this work provide a simple and green strategy to introduce N-surface-functional groups to carbon nanoparticles made from biomass and biowaste and to produce stable photoluminescent CDs with excellent water-wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, China
| | - Dong-sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
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11
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Hou M, He D, Bu H, Wang H, Huang J, Gu J, Wu R, Li HW, He X, Wang K. A sandwich-type surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor using dual aptamers and gold nanoparticles for the detection of tumor extracellular vesicles. Analyst 2020; 145:6232-6236. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich-type surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor using dual aptamers and gold-enhanced Raman signal probes has been successfully constructed for the detection of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles.
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12
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Piacenza E, Presentato A, Ambrosi E, Speghini A, Turner RJ, Vallini G, Lampis S. Physical-Chemical Properties of Biogenic Selenium Nanostructures Produced by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SeITE02 and Ochrobactrum sp. MPV1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3178. [PMID: 30619230 PMCID: PMC6306038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SeITE02 and Ochrobactrum sp. MPV1 were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the selenium-hyperaccumulator legume Astragalus bisulcatus and waste material from a dumping site for roasted pyrites, respectively. Here, these bacterial strains were studied as cell factories to generate selenium-nanostructures (SeNS) under metabolically controlled growth conditions. Thus, a defined medium (DM) containing either glucose or pyruvate as carbon and energy source along with selenite () was tested to evaluate bacterial growth, oxyanion bioconversion and changes occurring in SeNS features with respect to those generated by these strains grown on rich media. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show extra- or intra-cellular emergence of SeNS in SeITE02 or MPV1 respectively, revealing the presence of two distinct biological routes of SeNS biogenesis. Indeed, the stress exerted by upon SeITE02 cells triggered the production of membrane vesicles (MVs), which surrounded Se-nanoparticles (SeNPsSeITE02-G_e and SeNPsSeITE02-P_e with average diameter of 179 ± 56 and 208 ± 60 nm, respectively), as highlighted by TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), strongly suggesting that MVs might play a crucial role in the excreting mechanism of the SeNPs in the extracellular environment. On the other hand, MPV1 strain biosynthesized intracellular inclusions likely containing hydrophobic storage compounds and SeNPs (123 ± 32 nm) under pyruvate conditioning, while the growth on glucose as the only source of carbon and energy led to the production of a mixed population of intracellular SeNPs (118 ± 36 nm) and nanorods (SeNRs; average length of 324 ± 89). SEM, fluorescence spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the biogenic SeNS were enclosed in an organic material containing proteins and amphiphilic molecules, possibly responsible for the high thermodynamic stability of these nanomaterials. Finally, the biogenic SeNS extracts were photoluminescent upon excitation ranging from 380 to 530 nm, whose degree of fluorescence emission (λem = 416–640 nm) was comparable to that from chemically synthesized SeNPs with L-cysteine (L-cys SeNPs). This study offers novel insights into the formation, localization, and release of biogenic SeNS generated by two different Gram-negative bacterial strains under aerobic and metabolically controlled growth conditions. The work strengthens the possibility of using these bacterial isolates as eco-friendly biocatalysts to produce high quality SeNS targeted to possible biomedical applications and other biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piacenza
- Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Ambrosi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University, Venezia, Italy
| | - Adolfo Speghini
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona and INSTM, Verona, Italy
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giovanni Vallini
- Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Shokair IR, Johnson MS, Schmitt RL, Sickafoose SM. Concept for maritime near-surface surveillance using water Raman scattering. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:4858-4864. [PMID: 30118103 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.004858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a maritime surveillance and detection concept based on Raman scattering of water molecules. Using a range-gated scanning lidar that detects Raman scattered photons from water, the absence or change of signal indicates the presence of a non-water object. With sufficient spatial resolution, a two-dimensional outline of the object can be generated by the scanning lidar. Because Raman scattering is an inelastic process with a relatively large wavelength shift for water, this concept avoids the often problematic elastic scattering for objects at or very close to the water surface or from the bottom surface for shallow waters. The maximum detection depth for this concept is limited by the attenuation of the excitation and return Raman light in water. If excitation in the UV is used, fluorescence can be used for discrimination between organic and non-organic objects. In this paper, we present a lidar model for this concept and discuss results of proof-of-concept measurements. Using published cross section values, the model and measurements are in reasonable agreement and show that a sufficient number of Raman photons can be generated for modest lidar parameters to make this concept useful for near-surface detection.
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14
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Werdell PJ, McKinna LI, Boss E, Ackleson SG, Craig SE, Gregg WW, Lee Z, Maritorena S, Roesler CS, Rousseaux CS, Stramski D, Sullivan JM, Twardowski MS, Tzortziou M, Zhang X. An overview of approaches and challenges for retrieving marine inherent optical properties from ocean color remote sensing. PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2018; 160:186-212. [PMID: 30573929 PMCID: PMC6296493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean color measured from satellites provides daily global, synoptic views of spectral waterleaving reflectances that can be used to generate estimates of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). These reflectances, namely the ratio of spectral upwelled radiances to spectral downwelled irradiances, describe the light exiting a water mass that defines its color. IOPs are the spectral absorption and scattering characteristics of ocean water and its dissolved and particulate constituents. Because of their dependence on the concentration and composition of marine constituents, IOPs can be used to describe the contents of the upper ocean mixed layer. This information is critical to further our scientific understanding of biogeochemical oceanic processes, such as organic carbon production and export, phytoplankton dynamics, and responses to climatic disturbances. Given their importance, the international ocean color community has invested significant effort in improving the quality of satellite-derived IOP products, both regionally and globally. Recognizing the current influx of data products into the community and the need to improve current algorithms in anticipation of new satellite instruments (e.g., the global, hyperspectral spectroradiometer of the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission), we present a synopsis of the current state of the art in the retrieval of these core optical properties. Contemporary approaches for obtaining IOPs from satellite ocean color are reviewed and, for clarity, separated based their inversion methodology or the type of IOPs sought. Summaries of known uncertainties associated with each approach are provided, as well as common performance metrics used to evaluate them. We discuss current knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future investment for upcoming missions whose instrument characteristics diverge sufficiently from heritage and existing sensors to warrant reassessing current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lachlan I.W. McKinna
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Go2Q Pty Ltd, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | | | - Susanne E. Craig
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Watson W. Gregg
- NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Zhongping Lee
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Collin S. Roesler
- Department of Earth and Oceanographic Science, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - Cécile S. Rousseaux
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
- NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Dariusz Stramski
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James M. Sullivan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Michael S. Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Maria Tzortziou
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science and Policy, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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15
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Zhai PW, Knobelspiesse K, Ibrahim A, Franz BA, Hu Y, Gao M, Frouin R. Water-leaving contribution to polarized radiation field over ocean. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:A689-A708. [PMID: 29041040 PMCID: PMC5774342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.00a689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation field from a coupled atmosphere-ocean system (CAOS) includes contributions from the atmosphere, surface, and water body. Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery is to retrieve water-leaving radiance from the TOA measurement, from which ocean bio-optical properties can be obtained. Knowledge of the absolute and relative magnitudes of water-leaving signal in the TOA radiation field is important for designing new atmospheric correction algorithms and developing retrieval algorithms for new ocean biogeochemical parameters. In this paper we present a systematic sensitivity study of water-leaving contribution to the TOA radiation field, from 340 nm to 865 nm, with polarization included. Ocean water inherent optical properties are derived from bio-optical models for two kinds of waters, one dominated by phytoplankton (PDW) and the other by non-algae particles (NDW). In addition to elastic scattering, Raman scattering and fluorescence from dissolved organic matter in ocean waters are included. Our sensitivity study shows that the polarized reflectance is minimized for both CAOS and ocean signals in the backscattering half plane, which leads to numerical instability when calculating water leaving relative contribution, the ratio between polarized water leaving and CAOS signals. If the backscattering plane is excluded, the water-leaving polarized signal contributes less than 9% to the TOA polarized reflectance for PDW in the whole spectra. For NDW, the polarized water leaving contribution can be as much as 20% in the wavelength range from 470 to 670 nm. For wavelengths shorter than 452 nm or longer than 865 nm, the water leaving contribution to the TOA polarized reflectance is in general smaller than 5% for NDW. For the TOA total reflectance, the water-leaving contribution has maximum values ranging from 7% to 16% at variable wavelengths from 400 nm to 550 nm from PDW. The water leaving contribution to the TOA total reflectance can be as large as 35% for NDW, which is in general peaked at 550 nm. Both the total and polarized reflectances from water-leaving contributions approach zero in the ultraviolet and near infrared bands. These facts can be used as constraints or guidelines when estimating the water leaving contribution to the TOA reflectance for new atmospheric correction algorithms for ocean color imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wang Zhai
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | | | - Amir Ibrahim
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
| | - Bryan A. Franz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Yongxiang Hu
- MS 475 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-2199, USA
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Robert Frouin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0224, USA
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16
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Voss KJ, Gordon HR, Flora S, Johnson BC, Yarbrough M, Feinholz M, Houlihan T. A method to extrapolate the diffuse upwelling radiance attenuation coefficient to the surface as applied to the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY). JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2017; 34:1423-1432. [PMID: 28804202 PMCID: PMC5548494 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-16-0235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The upwelling radiance attenuation coefficient (KLu) in the upper 10 m of the water column can be significantly influenced by inelastic scattering processes, and thus will vary even with homogeneous water properties. The Marine Optical BuoY (MOBY), the primary vicarious calibration site for many ocean color sensors, makes measurements of the upwelling radiance (Lu) at 1 m, 5 m, and 9 m and uses these values to determine KLu and propagate the upwelling radiance directed toward the zenith, Lu, at 1 m to and through the surface. Inelastic scattering causes the KLu derived from the arm measurements to be an underestimate of the true KLu from 1 m to the surface at wavelengths greater than 575 nm, thus the derived water leaving radiance is underestimated at wavelengths longer than 575 nm. A method to correct this KLu, based on a model of the upwelling radiance including Raman scattering and chlorophyll fluorescence has been developed which corrects this bias. The model has been experimentally validated, and this technique can be applied to the MOBY data set to provide new, more accurate products at these wavelengths. When applied to a 4 month MOBY deployment, the corrected water leaving radiance, Lw, can increase by 5 % (600 nm), 10 % (650 nm) and 50 % (700 nm). This method will be used to provide additional more accurate products in the MOBY data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Voss
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. 33124
| | - Howard R Gordon
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fl. 33124
| | - Stephanie Flora
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, San Jose State University, 95039
| | - B Carol Johnson
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20877
| | - Mark Yarbrough
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, San Jose State University, 95039
| | - Michael Feinholz
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, San Jose State University, 95039
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17
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Kalita A, Deka K, Kalita MPC. On the influence of Raman scattering of water in the photoluminescence measurement of water dispersed ZnO nanocrystals. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:027001. [PMID: 28367835 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa6ab8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We present our investigation on the photoluminescence properties of water dispersed ZnO nanocrystals at various excitation wavelengths, and show that one peak in the emission spectrum (recorded by spectrofluorometer) changes its position when the excitation wavelength is changed. The relationship between the peak position and the excitation wavelength is found to be linear. Recording of the emission spectra (by spectrofluorometer) of water at different excitation wavelengths reveals that the linearly varying peak is present in them as well. It could be recognized that the excitation wavelength dependent peak originates because of Raman scattering of water and it is not intrinsically related to the ZnO nanocrystals. The present work thus highlights the importance of considering Raman scattering of water while interpreting the emission spectrum (recorded by spectrofluorometer) of water dispersed ZnO nanocrystals, which otherwise may lead to misinterpretation such as UV emission and violation of the Kasha's rule, which actually may not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjyoti Kalita
- Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
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18
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Zhai PW, Hu Y, Winker DM, Franz BA, Werdell J, Boss E. Vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems including inelastic sources in ocean waters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:A223-A239. [PMID: 28437917 PMCID: PMC7780532 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.00a223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Inelastic scattering plays an important role in ocean optics. The main inelastic scattering mechanisms include Raman scattering, fluorescence by colored dissolved organic matter (FDOM), and fluorescence by chlorophyll. This paper reports an implementation of all three inelastic scattering mechanisms in the exact vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean Systems (CAOS). Simulation shows that FDOM contributes to the water radiation field in the broad visible spectral region, while chlorophyll fluorescence is limited in a narrow band centered at 685 nm. This is consistent with previous findings in the literature. The fluorescence distribution as a function of depth and viewing angle is presented. The impacts of fluorescence to the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and orientation of the polarization ellipse (OPE) are studied. The DoLP is strongly influenced by inelastic scattering at wavelengths with strong inelastic scattering contribution. The OPE is less affected by inelastic scattering but it has a noticeable impact, in terms of the angular region of positive polarization, in the backward direction. This effect is more apparent for deeper water depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wang Zhai
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Yongxiang Hu
- MS 475 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-2199, USA
| | - David M. Winker
- MS 475 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-2199, USA
| | - Bryan A. Franz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Jeremy Werdell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 616, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04401, USA
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19
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Li L, Stramski D, Reynolds RA. Effects of inelastic radiative processes on the determination of water-leaving spectral radiance from extrapolation of underwater near-surface measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:7050-7067. [PMID: 27607282 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapolation of near-surface underwater measurements is the most common method to estimate the water-leaving spectral radiance, Lw(λ) (where λ is the light wavelength in vacuum), and remote-sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), for validation and vicarious calibration of satellite sensors, as well as for ocean color algorithm development. However, uncertainties in Lw(λ) arising from the extrapolation process have not been investigated in detail with regards to the potential influence of inelastic radiative processes, such as Raman scattering by water molecules and fluorescence by colored dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll-a. Using radiative transfer simulations, we examine high-depth resolution vertical profiles of the upwelling radiance, Lu(λ), and its diffuse attenuation coefficient, KLu (λ), within the top 10 m of the ocean surface layer and assess the uncertainties in extrapolated values of Lw(λ). The inelastic processes generally increase Lu and decrease KLu in the red and near-infrared (NIR) portion of the spectrum. Unlike KLu in the blue and green spectral bands, KLu in the red and NIR is strongly variable within the near-surface layer even in a perfectly homogeneous water column. The assumption of a constant KLu with depth that is typically employed in the extrapolation method can lead to significant errors in the estimate of Lw. These errors approach ∼100% at 900 nm, and the desired threshold of 5% accuracy or less cannot be achieved at wavelengths greater than 650 nm for underwater radiometric systems that typically take measurements at depths below 1 m. These errors can be reduced by measuring Lu within a much shallower surface layer of tens of centimeters thick or even less at near-infrared wavelengths longer than 800 nm, which suggests a requirement for developing appropriate radiometric instrumentation and deployment strategies.
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20
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McKinna LIW, Werdell PJ, Proctor CW. Implementation of an analytical Raman scattering correction for satellite ocean-color processing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:A1123-A1137. [PMID: 27410899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.0a1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering of photons by seawater molecules is an inelastic scattering process. This effect can contribute significantly to the water-leaving radiance signal observed by space-borne ocean-color spectroradiometers. If not accounted for during ocean-color processing, Raman scattering can cause biases in derived inherent optical properties (IOPs). Here we describe a Raman scattering correction (RSC) algorithm that has been integrated within NASA's standard ocean-color processing software. We tested the RSC with NASA's Generalized Inherent Optical Properties algorithm (GIOP). A comparison between derived IOPs and in situ data revealed that the magnitude of the derived backscattering coefficient and the phytoplankton absorption coefficient were reduced when the RSC was applied, whilst the absorption coefficient of colored dissolved and detrital matter remained unchanged. Importantly, our results show that the RSC did not degrade the retrieval skill of the GIOP. In addition, a time-series study of oligotrophic waters near Bermuda showed that the RSC did not introduce unwanted temporal trends or artifacts into derived IOPs.
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21
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Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in SERS and its potential to detect multiple biomolecules in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Laing
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
| | - Kirsten Gracie
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
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22
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Zhai PW, Hu Y, Winker DM, Franz BA, Boss E. Contribution of Raman scattering to polarized radiation field in ocean waters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:23582-23596. [PMID: 26368456 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.023582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented Raman scattering in a vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems. A sensitivity study shows that the Raman scattering contribution is greatest in clear waters and at longer wavelengths. The Raman scattering contribution may surpass the elastic scattering contribution by several orders of magnitude at depth. The degree of linear polarization in water is smaller when Raman scattering is included. The orientation of the polarization ellipse shows similar patterns for both elastic and inelastic scattering contributions. As polarimeters and multipolarization-state lidars are planned for future Earth observing missions, our model can serve as a valuable tool for the simulation and interpretation of these planned observations.
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23
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Sanchéz-Lozano M, Mandado M, Pérez-Juste I, Hermida-Ramón JM. Theoretical vibrational Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra of water interacting with silver clusters. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:4067-76. [PMID: 25263101 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the Raman spectrum of a water molecule adsorbed on a cluster of 20 silver atoms, and the plasmonic electromagnetic effect of the silver surface was also considered to give a theoretical prediction of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum. The calculations were performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level by using both frozen and unfrozen silver clusters. Two different models were used to consider the plasmonic enhancement; one of them was a modified classical (dipole) model and the other was the coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock method with excitation frequencies obtained from time-dependent DFT calculations and with proper detuning of these frequencies. The importance of small geometrical distortions of the silver surface in the orientation of the adsorbed water was shown. Moreover, it was shown how the symmetry of the transition dipole moment and the symmetry of the vibrational modes influence the Raman intensities of the SERS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchéz-Lozano
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo (Spain)
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24
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Gordon HR. Influence of Raman scattering on the light field in natural waters: a simple assessment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:3675-3683. [PMID: 24663659 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.003675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, surprisingly accurate, method for estimating the influence of Raman scattering on the upwelling light field in natural waters is developed. The method is based on the single (or quasi-single) scattering solution of the radiative transfer equation with the Raman source function. Given the light field at the excitation wavelength, accurate estimates (~1-10%) of the contribution of Raman scattering to the light field at the emission wavelength are obtained. The accuracy is only slightly degraded when typically measured aspects of the light field at the excitation are available.
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25
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Westberry TK, Boss E, Lee Z. Influence of Raman scattering on ocean color inversion models. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:5552-5561. [PMID: 23913078 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.005552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering can be a significant contributor to the emergent radiance spectrum from the surface ocean. Here, we present an analytical approach to directly estimate the Raman contribution to remote sensing reflectance, and evaluate its effects on optical properties estimated from two common semianalytical inversion models. For application of the method to ocean color remote sensing, spectral irradiance products in the ultraviolet from the OMI instrument are merged with MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in the visible. The resulting global fields of Raman-corrected optical properties show significant differences from standard retrievals, particularly for the particulate backscattering coefficient, b(bp), where average errors in clear ocean waters are ~50%. Given the interest in transforming b(bp) into biogeochemical quantities, Raman scattering must be accounted for in semianalytical inversion schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby K Westberry
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902, USA.
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26
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Bray A, Chapman R, Plakhotnik T. Accurate measurements of the Raman scattering coefficient and the depolarization ratio in liquid water. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:2503-2510. [PMID: 23670780 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite a long history, the Raman scattering coefficient of water has so far only been measured with 10% uncertainty using a 95% confidence interval. In this paper, we present an experiment where we have achieved 1.5% uncertainty by using a low concentration of Rhodamine 6G in ethanol as a reference along with accurate consideration of polarization-related effects and the geometry of the experimental setup. We have found that the photon-to-photon Raman scattering coefficient of the OH stretching band of liquid water is (1.84±0.03)×10(-4) m(-1) when integrated over the spectral frequency range from 620 to 700 nm while the exciting laser operates at 532 nm. We have also accurately measured the depolarization ratio across this band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bray
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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27
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Kattawar GW. Genesis and evolution of polarization of light in the ocean [invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:940-948. [PMID: 23400055 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The radiative transfer of sunlight through the deep oceans of the world is a complex and only partially solved environmental optical problem. Empirically, in situ systematic measurements of key parameters such as polarization of deep open seawater have been very sparse in recent decades. Although we have the necessary equation of transfer to solve this complex problem, until it can be solved explicitly, only approximations and partial analytic solutions are possible in addition to some successful computer modeling. Further complexity is added by the diversity of researchers' interests from academic to international policy making, as well as the ineffective communication between the different disciplines concerned, ranging from mathematics to endangered species. As a result, isolated focused pockets of good data and theory have been developed in recent decades without the needed breadth of understanding. This present review intends to bring together some visual biology and optical physics in order to understand the role of polarization in navigation, communication, and identification of marine animals as well as a possible tool for remotely sensing underwater objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Kattawar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA.
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28
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Shen SC, Kuo CY, Fang MC. Design and Analysis of an Underwater White LED Fish-Attracting Lamp and its Light Propagation. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2013. [DOI: 10.5772/56126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light emitting diodes (LED) are a new source for replacing traditional light sources including under water illumination. As traditional underwater light sources operate under a radiative transfer model, the luminous intensity is dispersed evenly at each emission angle, with the scattering factors included in the attenuation coefficient. By contrast, LED light sources are characterized by being highly directional, causing underwater luminous energy to vary with different emission angles. Thus, the traditional theory of underwater optical transfer becomes inapplicable when an underwater LED lighting module is designed. Therefore, to construct an underwater transfer model for LED light sources, this study employed the average cosine of the underwater light field, the method for light scattering probability, the LED luminous intensity distribution curve (LIDC) and axial luminous intensity. Afterwards, an underwater LED fish-attracting lamp was designed. Experimental results showed that, compared with the simulation values, the luminous intensity of the underwater LED lighting module at all emission angles had a percentage error of less than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chih Shen
- Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Yuan Kuo
- Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Fang
- Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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29
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Cruz RA, Filadelpho MC, Castro MPP, Andrade AA, Souza CMM, Catunda T. Very low optical absorptions and analyte concentrations in water measured by Optimized Thermal Lens Spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 85:850-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Cruz
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, C.P. 369, Brazil
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30
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Greszik D, Yang H, Dreier T, Schulz C. Laser-based diagnostics for the measurement of liquid water film thickness. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:A60-A67. [PMID: 21283221 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.000a60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three different diagnostic techniques are investigated for measurement of the thickness of liquid water films deposited on a transparent quartz plate. The methods are based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from low concentrations of a dissolved tracer substance and spontaneous Raman scattering of liquid water, respectively, both excited with 266 nm of radiation, and diode laser absorption spectroscopy (DLAS) in the near-infrared spectral region. Signal intensities are calibrated using liquid layers of known thickness between 0 and 1000 μm. When applied to evaporating liquid water films, the thickness values derived from the direct DLAS and Raman scattering measurements correlate well with each other as a function of time after the start of data recording, while the LIF signal derived thickness values decrease faster with time due to selective tracer evaporation from the liquid. The simultaneous application of the LIF with a tracer-free detection technique can serve as an in situ reference for quantitative film thickness measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Greszik
- Institute for Combustion and Gasdynamics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
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31
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Gordon HR, Lewis MR, McLean SD, Twardowski MS, Freeman SA, Voss KJ, Boynton GC. Spectra of particulate backscattering in natural waters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:16192-16208. [PMID: 19724619 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.016192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral profiles of downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance in natural waters (oligotrophic and mesotrophic) are combined with inverse radiative transfer to obtain high resolution spectra of the absorption coefficient (a) and the backscattering coefficient (b(b)) of the water and its constituents. The absorption coefficient at the mesotrophic station clearly shows spectral absorption features attributable to several phytoplankton pigments (Chlorophyll a, b, c, and Carotenoids). The backscattering shows only weak spectral features and can be well represented by a power-law variation with wavelength (lambda): b(b) approximately lambda(-n), where n is a constant between 0.4 and 1.0. However, the weak spectral features in b(b)b suggest that it is depressed in spectral regions of strong particle absorption. The applicability of the present inverse radiative transfer algorithm, which omits the influence of Raman scattering, is limited to lambda < 490 nm in oligotrophic waters and lambda < 575 nm in mesotrophic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Gordon
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
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32
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Cruz RA, Marcano A, Jacinto C, Catunda T. Ultrasensitive thermal lens spectroscopy of water. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:1882-4. [PMID: 19529735 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed dual-beam configuration that optimizes the thermal lens technique has been used to obtain the absorption spectrum of pure water from 350 to 528 nm. Our results indicate the minimum linear absorption coefficient smaller than 2 x 10(-5) cm(-1) between 360 and 400 nm. This value is lower than previous literature data, and it is blueshifted. Absorption coefficients as small as 2 x 10(-7) cm(-1) can be measured for water using 1 W of excitation power. A detection limit of approximately 6 x 10(-9) cm(-1)(P=1 W) for CCl(4) was estimated, which represents, to the best of our knowledge, the highest sensitivity obtained in small absorption measurements in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Antonio Cruz
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, C.P. 369, Brazil
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33
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Pastorczak M, Kozanecki M, Ulanski J. Raman Resonance Effect in Liquid Water. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10705-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805369p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pastorczak
- Department of Molecular Physics, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-324 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kozanecki
- Department of Molecular Physics, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-324 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Ulanski
- Department of Molecular Physics, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-324 Lodz, Poland
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34
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Wu DY, Duan S, Liu XM, Xu YC, Jiang YX, Ren B, Xu X, Lin SH, Tian ZQ. Theoretical study of binding interactions and vibrational Raman spectra of water in hydrogen-bonded anionic complexes: (H2O)n- (n = 2 and 3), H2O...X- (X = F, Cl, Br, and I), and H2O...M- (M = Cu, Ag, and Au). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1313-21. [PMID: 18215023 DOI: 10.1021/jp0722105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Binding interactions and Raman spectra of water in hydrogen-bonded anionic complexes have been studied by using the hybrid density functional theory method (B3LYP) and ab initio (MP2) method. In order to explore the influence of hydrogen bond interactions and the anionic effect on the Raman intensities of water, model complexes, such as the negatively charged water clusters ((H2O)n-, n = 2 and 3), the water...halide anions (H2O...X-, X = F, Cl, Br, and I), and the water-metal atom anionic complexes (H2O...M-, M = Cu, Ag, and Au), have been employed in the present calculations. These model complexes contained different types of hydrogen bonds, such as O-H...X-, O-H...M-, O-H...O, and O-H...e-. In particular, the last one is a dipole-bound electron involved in the anionic water clusters. Our results showed that there exists a large enhancement in the off-resonance Raman intensities of both the H-O-H bending mode and the hydrogen-bonded O-H stretching mode, and the enhancement factor is more significant for the former than for the latter. The reasons for these spectral properties can be attributed to the strong polarization effect of the proton acceptors (X-, M-, O, and e-) in these hydrogen-bonded complexes. We proposed that the strong Raman signal of the H-O-H bending mode may be used as a fingerprint to address the local microstructures of water molecules in the chemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People Republic of China.
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Huot Y, Brown CA, Cullen JJ. Retrieval of phytoplankton biomass from simultaneous inversion of reflectance, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and Sun-induced fluorescence in coastal waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Freeman JJ, Brewer PG, White SN, Peltzer ET, Malby GE. Raman spectroscopy in the deep ocean: successes and challenges. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 58:195A-208A. [PMID: 15282037 DOI: 10.1366/0003702041389319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Dill Pasteris
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, Campus Box 1169, St. Louis, MO 63132-4899, USA
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37
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Malinka AV, Zege EP. Retrieving seawater-backscattering profiles from coupling Raman and elastic lidar data. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:3925-3930. [PMID: 15250559 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.003925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a technique for retrieving seawater-backscattering profiles that is based on the joint use of elastic and Raman lidar returns. We suggest using two lidar channels: the Raman channel and the elastic channel with a light frequency equal to a half-sum of initial and Raman-shifted frequencies of the Raman channel. These specific wavelengths provide the same attenuation laws for elastic and Raman signals if absorption and scattering spectra can be approximated by a power law. In particular, seawater supplies such a possibility in the region of 400-500 nm if extremely bioproductive waters are not considered and the chlorophyll absorption peak at 440 nm does not come out of the background of dissolved organic matter absorption. With these specific initial wavelengths, the elastic and Raman lidar returns differ only in the backscattering coefficients. Because the Raman-backscattering coefficient is constant along the profile, the (elastic-to-Raman) ratio of these lidar returns directly produces the profile of the elastic-backscattering coefficient. This technique stays valid even under multiple-scattering conditions, which is of great importance for seawater sounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Malinka
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Scaryna Prospekt 68, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
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38
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Schroeder M, Barth H, Reuter R. Effect of inelastic scattering on underwater daylight in the ocean: model evaluation, validation, and first results. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:4244-4260. [PMID: 12921272 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A model based on a matrix-operator theory capable of simulating underwater daylight in the ocean is presented. The main focus is on gelbstoff and chlorophyll fluorscence as well as water Raman scattering as sources of inelastic scattering and their effect on underwater daylight and relevance for the remote sensing of ocean color. Any combination of inelastic sources can be investigated, including differences in simulated underwater daylight in the absence and the presence of these sources. To our knowledge, it is the first matrix-operator model to include all these inelastic source. The model allows simulations for case 1 and case 2 waters. Calculations can be done with highly anisotropic phase functions as they are observed in the ocean, and every order of multiple scattering is considered. A detailed mathematical description of inelastic sources is given, and a special treatment of the depth dependency of these sources is presented. The model is validated by comparison with depth-dependent and spectrally resolved measurements of downward irradiance in the open ocean. The differences between measured and simulated data are within the error of the radiometric measurements. Water Raman scattering has been found to contribute significantly to water-leaving radiance. The inelastic fraction depends on the water Raman scattering coefficient, on the ratio of the total attenuation coefficient at excitation and emission wavelengths, and on the spectral course of the irradiance incident on the ocean. For clear ocean waters the inelastic fraction can reach values of more than 17% [C = 0.08 mg m(-3), a(y) (440 nm) = 0.01 m(-1)] at wavelengths relevant for the remote sensing of ocean color. The inelastic fraction of gelbstoff fluorescence can reach or even exceed the relevance of water Raman scattering atshort wavelengths. In the water column, depending on optically active substances and on actual depth, water Raman scattering can provide 100% of the light field at wavelengths greater than 580 nm. The effect of gelbstoff fluorescence on depth-dependent irradiances is less significant than the effect of water Raman scattering in all cases considered, except for near surface levels and high gelbstoff concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schroeder
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften, Carl-Heinrich-Becker Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany
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Morel A, Antoine D, Gentili B. Bidirectional reflectance of oceanic waters: accounting for Raman emission and varying particle scattering phase function. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:6289-6306. [PMID: 12396179 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.006289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectionality of the upward radiance field in oceanic case 1 waters has been reinvestigated by incorporation of revised parameterizations of inherent optical properties as a function of the chlorophyll concentration (Chl), considering Raman scattering and making the particle phase function shape (beta(rho)) continuously varying along with the Chl. Internal consistency is thus reached, as the decrease in backscattering probability (for increasing Chl) translates into a correlative change in beta(rho). The single particle phase function (previously used) precluded a realistic assessment of bidirectionality for waters with Chl > 1 mg m(-3). This limitation is now removed. For low Chl, Raman emissions significantly affect the radiance field. For moderate Chl (0.1-1 mg m(-3)), new and previous bidirectional parameters remain close. The ocean reflectance anisotropy has implications in ocean color remote-sensing problems, in derivation of coherent water-leaving radiances, in associated calibration-validation activities, and in the merging of data obtained under various geometrical configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morel
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France.
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41
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Boynton GC, Gordon HR. Irradiance inversion algorithm for estimating the absorption and backscattering coefficients of natural waters: Raman-scattering effects. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:3012-3022. [PMID: 18345227 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We modify an algorithm for retrieving the absorption (a) and backscattering (b(b)) coefficient profiles in natural waters by inverting profiles of downwelling and upwelling irradiance so as to include the presence of Raman scattering. For a given wavelength of interest, lambda, the light field at the appropriate Raman excitation wavelength lambda(e) is first inverted to obtain the Raman source function at lambda. Starting from estimates of the inherent optical properties at lambda, the contribution to the irradiances at lambda from Raman scattering is then estimated and subtracted from the total irradiances to obtain the elastically scattered irradiances. We then inverted the elastically scattered irradiances to find new estimates of a and b(b) using our original method [Appl. Opt. 37, 3886 (1998)]. The algorithm then operates iteratively: The new estimates are used with the Raman source function to derive a new estimate of the Raman contribution, etc. Sample results are provided that demonstrate the working of the algorithm and show that the absorption and scattering coefficients can be retrieved with accuracies similar to those in the absence of Raman scattering down to depths at which the light field is significantly perturbed by it, e.g., with approximately 90% of the upwelling light field originating from Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Boynton
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248046, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-8046, USA
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Loisel H, Stramski D. Estimation of the inherent optical properties of natural waters from the irradiance attenuation coefficient and reflectance in the presence of Raman scattering. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:3001-3011. [PMID: 18345226 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By means of radiative transfer simulations we developed a model for estimating the absorption a, the scattering b, and the backscattering b(b) coefficients in the upper ocean from irradiance reflectance just beneath the sea surface, R(0-), and the average attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance, <K(d)>1, between the surface and the first attenuation depth. The model accounts for Raman scattering by water, and it does not require any assumption about the spectral shapes of a, b, and b(b). The best estimations are obtained for a and b(b) in the blue and green spectral regions, where errors of a few percent to <10% are expected over a broad range of chlorophyll concentration in water. The model is useful for satellite ocean color applications because the model input, R(0-) and <K(d)>1, can be retrieved from remote sensing and the model output, a and b(b), is the major determinant of remote-sensing reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Loisel
- Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0238, USA.
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Desiderio RA. Application of the Raman scattering coefficient of water to calculations in marine optics. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:1893-1894. [PMID: 18345085 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relation between the total Raman scattering coefficient of water (b(r)) and the Raman scattering cross section of liquid water is clarified. Consideration of the experimental configurations used to derive the Raman scattering cross section of water relative to benzene leads to a revised value of b(r) for water. In certain applications in marine optics it is necessary to scale b(r) to effect a change from implicit units of energy to quanta.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Desiderio
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503, USA.
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Gordon HR. Contribution of Raman scattering to water-leaving radiance: a reexamination. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:3166-3174. [PMID: 18319905 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have reexamined the contribution of Raman scattering to the water-leaving radiance in case 1 waters by carrying out radiative transfer simulations that combine the latest reported measurements of the absorption coefficient of pure water with direct measurements of the spectral variation of the Raman-scattering coefficient. The resulting contribution of Raman scattering is then compared with experimental measurements of the water-leaving radiance, and the fractional contribution of radiance produced by Raman scattering to the total radiance measured at a given wavelength is determined. The results show that (1) the contribution of Raman scattering to the water-leaving radiance in an ocean of pure seawater is as much as 50-100% larger than earlier predictions, and (2) the Raman contribution does not decay as rapidly with increasing concentrations of chlorophyllouslike pigments C as predicted earlier. In fact, the Raman fraction for C <or= 1 mg/m(3) is approximately >8% at wavelengths of interest in ocean color remote sensing and therefore cannot be ignored in ocean color modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Gordon
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA.
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