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Lobach IA, Fotiadi AA, Yatseev VA, Konstantinov YA, Barkov FL, Claude D, Kambur DA, Belokrylov ME, Turov AT, Korobko DA. Newest Methods and Approaches to Enhance the Performance of Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5432. [PMID: 39205125 PMCID: PMC11359119 DOI: 10.3390/s24165432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the design of optical frequency-domain reflectometers (OFDRs), digital signal processing, and sensors based on special optical fibers. We discuss state-of-the-art approaches to improving metrological characteristics, such as spatial resolution, SNR, dynamic range, and the accuracy of determining back reflection coefficients. We also analyze the latest achievements in the OFDR-based sensors: the accuracy of spatial localization of the impact, the error in detecting temperatures, deformation, and other quantities, and the features of separate measurement of various physical quantities. We also pay attention to the trend of mutual integration of frequency-domain optical reflectometry methods with time-domain optical reflectometry, which provides completely new sensing possibilities. We believe that this review may be useful to engineers and scientists focused on developing a lab setup, complete measurement instrument, or sensing system with specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Lobach
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Andrei A. Fotiadi
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432970 Ulyanovsk, Russia;
| | - Vasily A. Yatseev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Science, 125009 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yuri A. Konstantinov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Fedor L. Barkov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
| | - D. Claude
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kambur
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
- Applied Mathematics Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Avenue 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Maxim E. Belokrylov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
- Optical Reflectometry Metrology and Sensing Laboratory, LLC, Komsomolsky Avenue 69, 614039 Perm, Russia
| | - Artem T. Turov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. Korolev Street, 614018 Perm, Russia; (F.L.B.); (D.C.); (D.A.K.); (M.E.B.); (A.T.T.)
- General Physics Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Avenue 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Korobko
- S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432970 Ulyanovsk, Russia;
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Belokrylov ME, Kambur DA, Konstantinov YA, Claude D, Barkov FL. An Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer's (OFDR) Performance Improvement via Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Frequency Filtration for Smart Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1253. [PMID: 38400410 PMCID: PMC10891973 DOI: 10.3390/s24041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe a method for reducing the cost of optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) hardware by replacing two reference channels, including an auxiliary interferometer and a gas cell, with a single channel. To extract useful information, digital signal processing methods were used: digital frequency filtering, as well as empirical mode decomposition. It is shown that the presented method helps to avoid the use of an unnecessary analog-to-digital converter and photodetector, while the OFDR trace is restored by the equal frequency resampling (EFR) algorithm without loss of high resolution and with good measurement repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E. Belokrylov
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13a Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (M.E.B.); (D.A.K.); (D.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kambur
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13a Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (M.E.B.); (D.A.K.); (D.C.); (F.L.B.)
- Applied Mathematics Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Avenue 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Yuri A. Konstantinov
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13a Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (M.E.B.); (D.A.K.); (D.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - D Claude
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13a Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (M.E.B.); (D.A.K.); (D.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Fedor L. Barkov
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13a Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (M.E.B.); (D.A.K.); (D.C.); (F.L.B.)
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Yao Z, Pan J, Yu C, Yuan Z, Chen Q, Sui X. A Universal Digital Lock-in Amplifier Design for Calibrating the Photo-Detector Responses with Standard Black-Bodies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8902. [PMID: 37960600 PMCID: PMC10648090 DOI: 10.3390/s23218902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The lock-in amplifier (LIA) is widely utilized to detect ultra-weak optical periodic signals based on the phase-sensitive and enhanced detecting theory. In this paper, we present an all-digital and universal embedded LIA platform that accurately and conveniently describes the spectrum generated by standard black bodies at various temperatures with different optical detectors. The proposed design significantly reduces the complexity and cost of traditional analog LIAs while maintaining accuracy. The LIA components are implemented using a single field programmable gate array (FPGA), offering flexibility to modify parameters for different situations. The normalized mean-square error (NMSE) of the captured spectra in the experiments is within 0.9% compared the theoretical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Yao
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jingpeng Pan
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
| | - Chang Yu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhewen Yuan
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiubao Sui
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.Y.)
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Dang H, Tian Y, Liu H, Cheng L, Chen J, Feng K, Cui J, Shum PP. Dynamic wavelength calibration based on synchrosqueezed wavelet transform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:46722-46733. [PMID: 36558617 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the developments of the tunable laser source (TLS), there are increasing demands for high-resolution dynamic wavelength calibration in recent years. Considering mutual constraints between wide measurement range and high calibration resolution, we propose a dynamic wavelength calibration method based on an auxiliary Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform (SSWT). Our proposed method can achieve a calibration resolution of 5 fm and a tuning range of 10 nm. Moreover, the measurement range and spatial resolution of the optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) system are improved to ∼80 m and ∼mm, respectively. Our proposed approach can substantially reduce the subtle spectrum distortion (tens of fm) in coherent optical spectrum analyzer (COSA) systems.
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