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Krafft L, Senée P, Gofas E, Thouvenin O, Atlan M, Paques M, Meimon S, Mecê P. Multimodal high-resolution retinal imaging using a camera-based DMD-integrated adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscope. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3785-3788. [PMID: 37450750 DOI: 10.1364/ol.495515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of a multimodal adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscope, able to provide both bright-field and dark-field images (such as phase contrast). The multimodality was made possible by integrating a digital micromirror device (DMD) at the illumination path to project a sequence of complementary high-resolution patterns into the retina. Through a versatile post-processing method that digitally selects backscattered or multiply scattered photons, we were able: (1) to achieve up to four-fold contrast increase of bright-field images when imaging the photoreceptor mosaic and nerve fibers; and (2) to visualize translucent retinal features such as capillaries, red blood cells, vessel walls, ganglion cells, and photoreceptor inner segments through phase contrast.
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2
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Williams DR, Burns SA, Miller DT, Roorda A. Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1307-1338. [PMID: 36950228 PMCID: PMC10026580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the progress that has been achieved since adaptive optics (AO) was incorporated into the ophthalmoscope a quarter of a century ago, transforming our ability to image the retina at a cellular spatial scale inside the living eye. The review starts with a comprehensive tabulation of AO papers in the field and then describes the technological advances that have occurred, notably through combining AO with other imaging modalities including confocal, fluorescence, phase contrast, and optical coherence tomography. These advances have made possible many scientific discoveries from the first maps of the topography of the trichromatic cone mosaic to exquisitely sensitive measures of optical and structural changes in photoreceptors in response to light. The future evolution of this technology is poised to offer an increasing array of tools to measure and monitor in vivo retinal structure and function with improved resolution and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics and the Center for
Visual Science, University of Rochester,
Rochester NY, USA
| | - Stephen A. Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Donald T. Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and
Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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3
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Morgan JIW, Chui TYP, Grieve K. Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:387-428. [PMID: 36698659 PMCID: PMC9841996 DOI: 10.1364/boe.472274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, adaptive optics (AO) was combined with fundus photography, thereby initiating a new era in the field of ophthalmic imaging. Since that time, clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy to investigate visual system structure and function in both health and disease abound. To date, AO ophthalmoscopy has enabled visualization of most cell types in the retina, offered insight into retinal and systemic disease pathogenesis, and been integrated into clinical trials. This article reviews clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy and addresses remaining challenges for AO ophthalmoscopy to become fully integrated into standard ophthalmic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Toco Y. P. Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, and CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France
- Contributed equally
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4
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Cai Y, Grieve K, Mecê P. Characterization and Analysis of Retinal Axial Motion at High Spatiotemporal Resolution and Its Implication for Real-Time Correction in Human Retinal Imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:868217. [PMID: 35903318 PMCID: PMC9320321 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.868217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution ophthalmic imaging devices including spectral-domain and full-field optical coherence tomography (SDOCT and FFOCT) are adversely affected by the presence of continuous involuntary retinal axial motion. Here, we thoroughly quantify and characterize retinal axial motion with both high temporal resolution (200,000 A-scans/s) and high axial resolution (4.5 μm), recorded over a typical data acquisition duration of 3 s with an SDOCT device over 14 subjects. We demonstrate that although breath-holding can help decrease large-and-slow drifts, it increases small-and-fast fluctuations, which is not ideal when motion compensation is desired. Finally, by simulating the action of an axial motion stabilization control loop, we show that a loop rate of 1.2 kHz is ideal to achieve 100% robust clinical in-vivo retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cai
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- *Correspondence: Pedro Mecê
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5
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Gu B, Zhang Y. Adaptive optics wavefront correction using a damped transpose matrix of the influence function. PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2022; 10:1777-1786. [PMID: 37153536 PMCID: PMC10162714 DOI: 10.1364/prj.452364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess the performance of adaptive optics and predict an optimal wavefront correction, we built a wavefront reconstructor with a damped transpose matrix of the influence function. Using an integral control strategy, we tested this reconstructor with four deformable mirrors in an experimental system, an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and an adaptive optics near-confocal ophthalmoscope. Testing results proved that this reconstructor could ensure a stable and precise correction for wavefront aberration compared to a conventional optimal reconstructor formed by the inverse matrix of the influence function. This method may provide a helpful tool for testing, evaluating, and optimizing adaptive optics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Gu
- Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N Orange Grove Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California - Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N Orange Grove Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California - Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Krafft L, Gofas-Salas E, Lai-Tim Y, Paques M, Mugnier L, Thouvenin O, Mecê P, Meimon S. Partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope: improving the contrast of a camera-based retinal imager. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:9951-9956. [PMID: 34807185 DOI: 10.1364/ao.428048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective and accurate in vivo diagnosis of retinal pathologies requires high performance imaging devices, combining a large field of view and the ability to discriminate the ballistic signal from the diffuse background in order to provide a highly contrasted image of the retinal structures. Here, we have implemented the partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope, a patterned illumination modality, integrated to a high pixel rate adaptive optics full-field microscope. This non-invasive technique enables us to mitigate the low signal-to-noise ratio, intrinsic of full-field ophthalmoscopes, by partially illuminating the retina with complementary patterns to reconstruct a wide-field image. This new, to the best of our knowledge, modality provides an image contrast spanning from the full-field to the confocal contrast, depending on the pattern size. As a result, it offers various trade-offs in terms of contrast and acquisition speed, guiding the users towards the most efficient system for a particular clinical application.
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7
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Bakker E, Dikland FA, van Bakel R, Andrade De Jesus D, Sánchez Brea L, Klein S, van Walsum T, Rossant F, Farías DC, Grieve K, Paques M. Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: a systematic review of vascular biomarkers. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:369-387. [PMID: 34090882 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases are a leading cause for blindness and partial sight certifications. By applying adaptive optics (AO) to conventional imaging modalities, the microstructures of the retinal vasculature can be observed with high spatial resolution, hence offering a unique opportunity for the exploration of the human microcirculation. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the current state of retinal vascular biomarkers imaged by AO flood illumination ophthalmoscopy (FIO) and AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). A literature research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases on July 9, 2020. From 217 screened studies, 42 were eligible for this review. All studies underwent a quality check regarding their content. A meta-analysis was performed for the biomarkers reported for the same pathology in at least three studies using the same modality. The most frequently studied vascular biomarkers were the inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), parietal thickness (PT), wall cross-sectional area (WCSA), and wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR). The applicability of AO vascular biomarkers has been mostly explored in systemic hypertension using AO FIO and in diabetes using AO SLO. The result of the meta-analysis for hypertensive patients showed that WLR, PT, and ID were significantly different when compared to healthy controls, while WCSA was not (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, and P = 0.070, respectively). The presented review shows that, although a substantial number of retinal vascular biomarkers have been explored in AO en face imaging, further clinical research and standardization of procedures is needed to validate such biomarkers for the longitudinal monitoring of arterial hypertension and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bakker
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Anne Dikland
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roan van Bakel
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo Andrade De Jesus
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa Sánchez Brea
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van Walsum
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Rossant
- ISEP, Institut Supérieur d'Electronique de Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Daniela Castro Farías
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
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8
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Mecê P, Gofas-Salas E, Rui Y, Zhang M, Sahel JA, Rossi EA. Spatial-frequency-based image reconstruction to improve image contrast in multi-offset adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1085-1088. [PMID: 33649663 PMCID: PMC9202470 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Off-axis detection methods in adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy can enhance image contrast of translucent retinal structures such as cone inner segments and retinal ganglion cells. Here, we propose a 2D optical model showing that the phase contrast produced by these methods depends on the offset orientation. While one axis provides an asymmetric light distribution, hence high phase contrast, the perpendicular axis provides a symmetric one, thus substantially lower contrast. We support this model with in vivo human data acquired with a multi-offset AO scanning light ophthalmoscope. Then, using this finding, we provide a post-processing method, named spatial-frequency-based image reconstruction, to optimally combine images from different off-axis detector orientations, significantly increasing the structural cellular contrast of in vivo human retinal neurons such as cone inner segment, putative rods, and retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elena Gofas-Salas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Rui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ethan A. Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique that corrects for optical aberrations. It was originally proposed to correct for the blurring effect of atmospheric turbulence on images in ground-based telescopes and was instrumental in the work that resulted in the Nobel prize-winning discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy. When AO is used to correct for the eye's imperfect optics, retinal changes at the cellular level can be detected, allowing us to study the operation of the visual system and to assess ocular health in the microscopic domain. By correcting for sample-induced blur in microscopy, AO has pushed the boundaries of imaging in thick tissue specimens, such as when observing neuronal processes in the brain. In this primer, we focus on the application of AO for high-resolution imaging in astronomy, vision science and microscopy. We begin with an overview of the general principles of AO and its main components, which include methods to measure the aberrations, devices for aberration correction, and how these components are linked in operation. We present results and applications from each field along with reproducibility considerations and limitations. Finally, we discuss future directions.
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10
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Scholler J, Groux K, Grieve K, Boccara C, Mecê P. Adaptive-glasses time-domain FFOCT for wide-field high-resolution retinal imaging with increased SNR. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5901-5904. [PMID: 33137028 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The highest three-dimensional (3D) resolution possible in in vivo retinal imaging is achieved by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics. However, this combination brings important limitations, such as small field-of-view and complex, cumbersome systems, preventing so far the translation of this technology from the research lab to clinics. In this Letter, we mitigate these limitations by combining our compact time-domain full-field OCT (FFOCT) with a multi-actuator adaptive lens positioned just in front of the eye, in a technique we call the adaptive-glasses wavefront sensorless approach. Through this approach, we demonstrate that ocular aberrations can be corrected, increasing the FFOCT signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and enabling imaging of different retinal layers with a 3D cellular resolution over a 5∘×5∘ field-of-view, without apparent anisoplanatism.
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11
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Mecê P, Groux K, Scholler J, Thouvenin O, Fink M, Grieve K, Boccara C. Coherence gate shaping for wide field high-resolution in vivo retinal imaging with full-field OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4928-4941. [PMID: 33014591 PMCID: PMC7510855 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Allying high-resolution with a large field-of-view (FOV) is of great importance in the fields of biology and medicine, but it is particularly challenging when imaging non-flat living samples such as the human retina. Indeed, high-resolution is normally achieved with adaptive optics (AO) and scanning methods, which considerably reduce the useful FOV and increase the system complexity. An alternative technique is time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT), which has already shown its potential for in-vivo high-resolution retinal imaging. Here, we introduce coherence gate shaping for FF-OCT, to optically shape the coherence gate geometry to match the sample curvature, thus achieving a larger FOV than previously possible. Using this instrument, we obtained high-resolution images of living human photoreceptors close to the foveal center without AO and with a 1 mm × 1 mm FOV in a single shot. This novel advance enables the extraction of photoreceptor-based biomarkers with ease and spatiotemporal monitoring of individual photoreceptors. We compare our findings with AO-assisted ophthalmoscopes, highlighting the potential of FF-OCT, as a compact system, to become a routine clinical imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kassandra Groux
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jules Scholler
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Thouvenin
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Fink
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Claude Boccara
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Mecê P, Gofas-Salas E, Paques M, Grieve K, Meimon S. Optical Incoherence Tomography: a method to generate tomographic retinal cross-sections with non-interferometric adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4069-4084. [PMID: 32923029 PMCID: PMC7449754 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present Optical Incoherence Tomography (OIT): a completely digital method to generate tomographic retinal cross-sections from en-face through-focus image stacks acquired by non-interferometric imaging systems, such as en-face adaptive optics (AO)-ophthalmoscopes. We demonstrate that OIT can be applied to different imaging modalities using back-scattered light, including systems without inherent optical sectioning and, for the first time, multiply-scattered light, revealing a distinctive cross-sectional view of the retina. The axial dimension of OIT cross-sections is given in terms of focus position rather than optical path, as in OCT. We explore this property to guide focus position in cases where the user is "blind" focusing, allowing precise plane selection for en-face imaging of retinal pigment epithelium, the vascular plexuses and translucent retinal neurons, such as photoreceptor inner segments and retinal ganglion cells, using respectively autofluorescence, motion contrast and split detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elena Gofas-Salas
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Serge Meimon
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay F-91123 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Laforest T, Künzi M, Kowalczuk L, Carpentras D, Behar-Cohen F, Moser C. Transscleral Optical Phase Imaging of the Human Retina. NATURE PHOTONICS 2020; 14:439-445. [PMID: 32607125 PMCID: PMC7326609 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-0608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo observation of the human retina at the cellular level is crucial to detect the first signs of retinal diseases and properly treat them. Despite the phenomenal advances in adaptive optics (AO) systems, clinical imaging of many retinal cells is still elusive due to the low signal-to-noise ratio induced by transpupillary illumination. We present a transscleral optical phase imaging (TOPI) method, which relies on high-angle oblique illumination of the retina, combined with AO, to enhance cell contrast. Examination of eleven healthy volunteer eyes, without pupil dilation, shows the ability of this method to produce in-vivo images of retinal cells, from the retinal pigment epithelium to the nerve fibre layer. This method also allows the generation of high-resolution label-free ex-vivo phase images of flat-mounted retinas. The 4.4°x 4.4° field-of-view in-vivo images are recorded in less than 10 seconds, opening new avenues in the exploration of healthy and diseased retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Laforest
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- EarlySight SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Künzi
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- EarlySight SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Carpentras
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, USPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical developments, F-75006 Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C. Moser
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Materials and Correspondence: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
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14
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Mecê P, Scholler J, Groux K, Boccara C. High-resolution in-vivo human retinal imaging using full-field OCT with optical stabilization of axial motion. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:492-504. [PMID: 32010530 PMCID: PMC6968740 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Time-domain full-field OCT (FF-OCT) represents an imaging modality capable of recording high-speed en-face sections of a sample at a given depth. One of the biggest challenges to transfer this technique to image in-vivo human retina is the presence of continuous involuntary head and eye axial motion during image acquisition. In this paper, we demonstrate a solution to this problem by implementing an optical stabilization in an FF-OCT system. This was made possible by combining an FF-OCT system, an SD-OCT system, and a high-speed voice-coil translation stage. B-scans generated by the SD-OCT were used to measure the retina axial position and to drive the position of the high-speed voice coil translation stage, where the FF-OCT reference arm is mounted. Closed-loop optical stabilization reduced the RMS error by a factor of 7, significantly increasing the FF-OCT image acquisition efficiency. By these means, we demonstrate the capacity of the FF-OCT to resolve cone mosaic as close as 1.5 o from the fovea center with high consistency and without using adaptive optics.
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15
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Lai-Tim Y, Mugnier LM, Orieux F, Baena-Gallé R, Paques M, Meimon S. Jointly super-resolved and optically sectioned Bayesian reconstruction method for structured illumination microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:33251-33267. [PMID: 31878398 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.033251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) is an imaging technique for achieving both super-resolution (SR) and optical sectioning (OS) in wide-field microscopy. It consists in illuminating the sample with periodic patterns at different orientations and positions. The resulting images are then processed to reconstruct the observed object with SR and/or OS. In this work, we present BOSSA-SIM, a general-purpose SIM reconstruction method, applicable to moving objects such as encountered in in vivo retinal imaging, that enables SR and OS jointly in a fully unsupervised Bayesian framework. By modeling a 2-layer object composed of an in-focus layer and a defocused layer, we show that BOSSA-SIM is able to jointly reconstruct them so as to get a super-resolved and optically sectioned in-focus layer. The achieved performance, assessed quantitatively by simulations for several noise levels, compares favorably with a state-of-the-art method. Finally, we validate our method on open-access experimental microscopy data.
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Gofas-Salas E, Mecê P, Mugnier L, Bonnefois AM, Petit C, Grieve K, Sahel J, Paques M, Meimon S. Near infrared adaptive optics flood illumination retinal angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2730-2743. [PMID: 31259047 PMCID: PMC6583347 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Image-based angiography is a well-adapted technique to characterize vasculature, and has been used in retinal neurovascular studies. Because the microvasculature is of particular interest, being the site of exchange between blood and tissue, a high spatio-temporal resolution is required, implying the use of adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes with a high frame rate. Creating the opportunity for decoupled stimulation and imaging of the retina makes the use of near infrared (NIR) imaging light desirable, while the need for a large field of view and a lack of distortion implies the use of a flood illumination-based setup. However, flood-illumination NIR video sequences of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBC), have a limited contrast compared to scanning systems and visible light. As a result, they cannot be processed via existing image-based angiography methods. We have therefore developed a new computational method relying on a spatio-temporal filtering of the sequence to isolate blood flow from noise in low-contrast sequences. Applying this computational approach enabled us to perform angiography with an adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscope (AO-FIO) using NIR light, both in bright-field and dark-field modalities. Finally, we demonstrate the capabilities of our system to differentiate blood flow velocity on a retinal capillary network in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gofas-Salas
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau,
France
- Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
| | - Pedro Mecê
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
- Quantel Medical, Cournon d’Auvergne,
France
| | - Laurent Mugnier
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau,
France
| | | | - Cyril Petit
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
- CIC 1423, INSERM, Quinze-Vingts Hospital, Paris,
France
| | - José Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris,
France
- Quantel Medical, Cournon d’Auvergne,
France
- CIC 1423, INSERM, Quinze-Vingts Hospital, Paris,
France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA
| | - Michel Paques
- Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
- CIC 1423, INSERM, Quinze-Vingts Hospital, Paris,
France
| | - Serge Meimon
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau,
France
- PARIS Group - Paris Adaptive-Optics for Retinal Imaging and Surgery, Paris,
France
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Mecê P, Gofas-Salas E, Petit C, Cassaing F, Sahel J, Paques M, Grieve K, Meimon S. Higher adaptive optics loop rate enhances axial resolution in nonconfocal ophthalmoscopes. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2208-2211. [PMID: 31042185 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a way to better understand the impact of dynamic ocular aberrations in the axial resolution of nonconfocal adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopes via a simulation of the 3D PSF in the retina for various AO-loop rates. We then use optical incoherence tomography, a method enabling the generation of tomographic retinal cross sections in incoherent imaging systems, to evaluate the benefits of a fast AO-loop rate on axial resolution and, consequently, on AO-corrected retinal image quality. We used the PARIS AO flood-illumination ophthalmoscope for this study, where retinal images from different focal planes at an AO-loop rate of 10 and 50 Hz were acquired.
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Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: Application to age-related macular degeneration and vascular diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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