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Furieri T, Bassi A, Bonora S. Large field of view aberrations correction with deformable lenses and multi conjugate adaptive optics. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300104. [PMID: 37556187 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopes can have limited resolution due to aberrations caused by samples and sample holders. Using deformable mirrors and wavefront sensorless optimization algorithms can correct these aberrations, but the correction is limited to a small area of the field of view. This study presents an adaptive optics method that uses a series of plug-and-play deformable lenses for large field of view wavefront correction. A direct wavefront measurement method using the spinning sub-pupil aberration measurement technique is combined with correction based on the deformable lenses. Experimental results using fluorescence microscopy with a wide field and a light sheet fluorescence microscope show that the proposed method can achieve detection and correction over an extended field of view with a compact transmissive module placed in the detection path of the microscope. This method could improve the resolution and accuracy of imaging in a variety of fields, including biology and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Furieri
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Council of Research of Italy, Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Bassi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Council of Research of Italy, Padova, Italy
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2
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Bukhari SSAS, Halder A, Lindinger A. Polarization enhanced two-photon excited fluorescence contrast by shaped laser pulses using a deformable phase plate. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8242-8247. [PMID: 38037926 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We utilize spatially and temporally tailored laser pulses for polarization enhanced two-photon excited fluorescence contrasts of dyes. The shaped laser pulses are produced by first passing through a temporal pulse shaper and then through a two-dimensional spatial pulse shaper with deformable phase plates. Different spatial beam profiles are presented that demonstrate the potential of the spatial pulse shaper. Particularly, a polarization enhanced fluorescence contrast between two dyes is reported by utilizing specific phase shaping in perpendicular polarization directions. The tailored laser pulses are further modified by the deformable phase plate, and a polarization increased depth-dependent contrast is achieved. This spatial shaping for all polarization directions demonstrates the advantage of deformable phase plate spatial shapers compared to liquid crystals, where only one polarization direction can spatially be modified. The described polarization contrast method allows for three-dimensional scanning of probes and provides perspectives for biophotonic applications.
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Daetwyler S, Fiolka RP. Light-sheets and smart microscopy, an exciting future is dawning. Commun Biol 2023; 6:502. [PMID: 37161000 PMCID: PMC10169780 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has transformed our ability to visualize and quantitatively measure biological processes rapidly and over long time periods. In this review, we discuss current and future developments in light-sheet fluorescence microscopy that we expect to further expand its capabilities. This includes smart and adaptive imaging schemes to overcome traditional imaging trade-offs, i.e., spatiotemporal resolution, field of view and sample health. In smart microscopy, a microscope will autonomously decide where, when, what and how to image. We further assess how image restoration techniques provide avenues to overcome these tradeoffs and how "open top" light-sheet microscopes may enable multi-modal imaging with high throughput. As such, we predict that light-sheet microscopy will fulfill an important role in biomedical and clinical imaging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Daetwyler
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reto Paul Fiolka
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Zhang Q, Hu Q, Berlage C, Kner P, Judkewitz B, Booth M, Ji N. Adaptive optics for optical microscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1732-1756. [PMID: 37078027 PMCID: PMC10110298 DOI: 10.1364/boe.479886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is widely used to visualize fine structures. When applied to bioimaging, its performance is often degraded by sample-induced aberrations. In recent years, adaptive optics (AO), originally developed to correct for atmosphere-associated aberrations, has been applied to a wide range of microscopy modalities, enabling high- or super-resolution imaging of biological structure and function in complex tissues. Here, we review classic and recently developed AO techniques and their applications in optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrong Zhang
- Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Caroline Berlage
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Judkewitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Furieri T, Ancora D, Calisesi G, Morara S, Bassi A, Bonora S. Aberration measurement and correction on a large field of view in fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:262-273. [PMID: 35154869 PMCID: PMC8803008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.441810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aberrations induced by the sample and/or by the sample holder limit the resolution of optical microscopes. Wavefront correction can be achieved using a deformable mirror with wavefront sensorless optimization algorithms but, despite the complexity of these systems, the level of correction is often limited to a small area in the field of view of the microscope. In this work, we present a plug and play module for aberration measurement and correction. The wavefront correction is performed through direct wavefront reconstruction using the spinning-pupil aberration measurement and controlling a deformable lens in closed loop. The lens corrects the aberrations in the center of the field of view, leaving residual aberrations at the margins, that are removed by anisoplanatic deconvolution. We present experimental results obtained in fluorescence microscopy, with a wide field and a light sheet fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that detection and correction over the full field of view can be achieved with a compact transmissive module placed in the detection path of the fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Furieri
- National Council of Research of Italy, Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, via Trasea 7, 35131, Padova, Italy
- University of Padova, Department of Information Engineering, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - D. Ancora
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G. Calisesi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S. Morara
- National Council of Research of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Bassi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S. Bonora
- National Council of Research of Italy, Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, via Trasea 7, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Wang J, Zhang Y. Adaptive optics in super-resolution microscopy. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2021; 7:267-279. [PMID: 37287764 PMCID: PMC10233472 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2021.210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has become a routine tool in biology for interrogating life activities with minimal perturbation. While the resolution of fluorescence microscopy is in theory governed only by the diffraction of light, the resolution obtainable in practice is also constrained by the presence of optical aberrations. The past two decades have witnessed the advent of super-resolution microscopy that overcomes the diffraction barrier, enabling numerous biological investigations at the nanoscale. Adaptive optics, a technique borrowed from astronomical imaging, has been applied to correct for optical aberrations in essentially every microscopy modality, especially in super-resolution microscopy in the last decade, to restore optimal image quality and resolution. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamental concepts of adaptive optics and the operating principles of the major super-resolution imaging techniques. We highlight some recent implementations and advances in adaptive optics for active and dynamic aberration correction in super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Efstathiou C, Draviam VM. Electrically tunable lenses - eliminating mechanical axial movements during high-speed 3D live imaging. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271866. [PMID: 34409445 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful investigation of photosensitive and dynamic biological events, such as those in a proliferating tissue or a dividing cell, requires non-intervening high-speed imaging techniques. Electrically tunable lenses (ETLs) are liquid lenses possessing shape-changing capabilities that enable rapid axial shifts of the focal plane, in turn achieving acquisition speeds within the millisecond regime. These human-eye-inspired liquid lenses can enable fast focusing and have been applied in a variety of cell biology studies. Here, we review the history, opportunities and challenges underpinning the use of cost-effective high-speed ETLs. Although other, more expensive solutions for three-dimensional imaging in the millisecond regime are available, ETLs continue to be a powerful, yet inexpensive, contender for live-cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Efstathiou
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique that corrects for optical aberrations. It was originally proposed to correct for the blurring effect of atmospheric turbulence on images in ground-based telescopes and was instrumental in the work that resulted in the Nobel prize-winning discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy. When AO is used to correct for the eye's imperfect optics, retinal changes at the cellular level can be detected, allowing us to study the operation of the visual system and to assess ocular health in the microscopic domain. By correcting for sample-induced blur in microscopy, AO has pushed the boundaries of imaging in thick tissue specimens, such as when observing neuronal processes in the brain. In this primer, we focus on the application of AO for high-resolution imaging in astronomy, vision science and microscopy. We begin with an overview of the general principles of AO and its main components, which include methods to measure the aberrations, devices for aberration correction, and how these components are linked in operation. We present results and applications from each field along with reproducibility considerations and limitations. Finally, we discuss future directions.
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Rajaeipour P, Dorn A, Banerjee K, Zappe H, Ataman Ç. Extended field-of-view adaptive optics in microscopy via numerical field segmentation. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3784-3791. [PMID: 32400506 DOI: 10.1364/ao.388000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sample-induced optical aberrations in microscopy are, in general, field dependent, limiting their correction via pupil adaptive optics (AO) to the center of the available field-of-view (FoV). This is a major hindrance, particularly for deep tissue imaging, where AO has a significant impact. We present a new wide-field AO microscopy scheme, in which the deformable element is located at the pupil plane of the objective. To maintain high-quality correction across its entirety, the FoV is partitioned into small segments, and a separate aberration estimation is performed for each via a modal-decomposition-based indirect wavefront sensing algorithm. A final full-field image is synthesized by stitching of the partitions corrected consecutively and independently via their respective measured aberrations. The performance and limitations of the method are experimentally explored on synthetic samples imaged via a custom-developed AO fluorescence microscope featuring an optofluidic refractive wavefront modulator.
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Rajaeipour P, Dorn A, Banerjee K, Zappe H, Ataman Ç. Fully refractive adaptive optics fluorescence microscope using an optofluidic wavefront modulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9944-9956. [PMID: 32225593 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) represents a powerful range of image correction technologies with proven benefits for many life-science microscopy methods. However, the complexity of adding a reflective wavefront modulator and in some cases a wavefront sensor into an already complicated microscope has made AO prohibitive for its widespread adaptation in microscopy systems. We present here the design and performance of a compact fluorescence microscope using a fully refractive optofluidic wavefront modulator, yielding imaging performance on par with that of conventional deformable mirrors, both in correction fidelity and articulation. We combine this device with a modal sensorless wavefront estimation algorithm that uses spatial frequency content of acquired images as a quality metric and thereby demonstrate a completely in-line adaptive optics microscope that can perform aberration correction up to 4th radial order of Zernike modes. This entirely new concept for adaptive optics microscopy may prove to extend the performance limits and widespread applicability of AO in life-science imaging.
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Spotts I, Leclerc CA, Collier CM. Scalable optical annealing of microfluidic droplets via whispering gallery mode geometry and infrared illumination. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7904-7908. [PMID: 31674479 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a solution to limitations on scalability in traditional on-chip optofluidic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods that are based on infrared annealing and droplet-based microfluidics. The scalability in these PCR optofluidic methods is limited by the optical penetration depth of light in a fluid droplet. Traditionally, such an implementation has minimal absorption when the droplet diameter is scaled well below the optical penetration depth due to the small interaction length. In the presented whispering gallery mode (WGM) optofluidic method, a WGM wave is created through total internal reflection, where light is trapped within a droplet. The effect of the trapped light can extend the interaction length beyond the penetration depth, even for small diameter droplets. Thus, this WGM wave permits the use of droplets with diameters scaled below the penetration depth of the light. A theoretical analysis of traditional optical annealing and of the WGM optofluidic method is conducted using finite-difference time-domain analyses. The WGM wave optofluidic method is also demonstrated experimentally, providing higher annealing temperatures than traditional optical annealing. It is envisioned that the presented work will allow for scalable PCR devices implemented on-chip.
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Wang QH, Xiao L, Liu C, Li L. Optofluidic variable optical path modulator. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7082. [PMID: 31068638 PMCID: PMC6506494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optofluidic devices including optofluidic lens, optical switch and liquid prism have found widespread applications in imaging, optical communication and lighting. Here, we report a novel optofluidic device called optofluidic variable optical path modulator. Our proposed modulator consists of two main chambers. The two chambers are connected by two tubes to form a closed-loop fluidic system. Two immiscible liquids are filled into the two chambers and form two L-L interfaces. A transparent sheet is placed between one L-L interface to get flat interface. When a voltage is applied on the device, the flat interface can move up and down. Thus, variable optical path can be obtained by applying a voltage. To prove the concept, we fabricate an optofluidic device whose largest movable distance of L-L interface is ~7.5 mm and the optical path length change is ~1.15 mm. The proposed optofluidic device has potential applications in imaging, adaptive optics, optical detection and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Rajaeipour P, Banerjee K, Zappe H, Ataman Ç. Optimization-based real-time open-loop control of an optofluidic refractive phase modulator. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:1064-1072. [PMID: 30874155 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel open-loop control method for an electrostatically actuated optofluidic refractive phase modulator, and demonstrate its performance for high-order aberration correction. Contrary to conventional electrostatic deformable mirrors, an optofluidic modulator is capable of bidirectional (push-pull) actuation through hydro-mechanical coupling. Control methods based on matrix pseudo-inversion, the common approach used for deformable mirrors, thus perform sub-optimally for such a device. Instead, we formulate the task of finding driving voltages for a given desired wavefront shape as an optimization problem with inequality constraints that can be solved using an interior-point method in real time. We show that this optimization problem is a convex one and that its solution represents a global minimum in residual wavefront error. We use the new method to control both the refractive phase modulator and a conventional electrostatic deformable mirror, and experimentally demonstrate improved correction fidelity for both.
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