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Vilà N, Nguyen L, Lacroix JC, Sun X, Walcarius A, Mbomekallé I. Assessing the Influence of Confinement on the Stability of Polyoxometalate-Functionalized Surfaces: A Soft Sequential Immobilization Approach for Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26521-26536. [PMID: 38713480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A functionalization process has been developed and the experimental conditions optimized allowing the immobilization of first-row transition metal (Mn+) containing polyoxometalates (POMs) with the formula [M(H2O)P2W17O61](10-n)- on transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes for electrochromic applications. Both flat ITO grafted with 4-sulfophenyl moieties and sulfonate-functionalized vertically oriented silica films on ITO have been used as electrode supports to evaluate possible confinement effects provided by the mesoporous matrix on the stability of the modified surfaces and their electrochromic properties. Functionalization involved a two-step sequential process: (i) the immobilization of hexaaqua metallic ions, such as Fe(H2O)63+, onto the sulfonate-functionalized materials achieved through hydrogen bonding interactions between the sulfonate functions and aqua ligands (water molecules) coordinated to the metallic ions facilitating and stabilizing the attachment of the metallic ions to the sulfonated surfaces; (ii) their coordination to [P2W17O61]10- species to generate "in situ" the target [Fe(H2O)P2W17O61]7- moieties. Comparison of the characterized surfaces clearly evidenced a significant improvement in the long-term stability of the nanostructured [Fe(H2O)P2W17O61]7--functionalized silica films compared to the less constrained flat [Fe(H2O)P2W17O61]7--modified ITO electrodes for which a rapid loss of [P2W17O61]10- species was observed. Concordantly, the [Fe(H2O)P2W17O61]7- POM confined in the mesoporous films coated on ITO gave rise to much better and stable electrochromic properties, with a transmittance modulation of 40% at 515 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Vilà
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, Paris F-75, France
| | | | - Xiaonan Sun
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, Paris F-75, France
| | | | - Israël Mbomekallé
- Université Paris Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique,Orsay F-91405, France
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2
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Chin KLO, Ong PJ, Zhu Q, Xu J, Chua MH. Electrofluorochromic Switching of Heat-Induced Cross-Linkable Multi-Styryl-Terminated Triphenylamine and Tetraphenylethylene Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:2340. [PMID: 38792201 PMCID: PMC11123742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-performance electrochromic (EC) and electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials have garnered considerable interest due to their diverse applications in smart windows, optoelectronics, optical displays, military camouflage, etc. While many different EC and EFC polymers have been reported, their preparation often requires multiple steps, and their polymer molecular weights are subjected to batch variation. In this work, we prepared two triphenylamine (TPA)-based and two tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based derivatives functionalized with terminal styryl groups via direct Suzuki coupling with (4-vinylphenyl)boronic acid and vinylboronic acid pinacol ester. The two novel TPE derivatives exhibited green-yellow aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The EC and EFC properties of pre- and post-thermally treated derivatives spin-coated onto ITO-glass substrates were studied. While all four derivatives showed modest absorption changes with applied voltages up to +2.4 V, retaining a high degree of optical transparency, they exhibited obvious EFC properties with the quenching of blue to yellow fluorescence with IOFF/ON contrast ratios of up to 7.0. The findings therefore demonstrate an elegant approach to preparing optically transparent, heat-induced, cross-linkable styryl-functionalized EFC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Le Osmund Chin
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Pin Jin Ong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
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3
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Hui BYK, Chin KLO, Lim JJL, Soo XYD, Lu X, Zhu Q, Liu X, Xu J, Chua MH. Strategies to Enhance the Electrochromic Properties of Conjugated Polymers Bearing Pyromellitic Diimide Acceptors. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400236. [PMID: 38679783 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A series of conjugated polymers bearing thiophene-based donors and pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) acceptor were prepared, and their electrochromic (EC) properties were studied via using fabricated thin-film EC devices. It was observed that structurally regular alternating polymers with fewer (1 and 2) thiophene donors do not exhibit any EC properties while increasing the number of donors eventually led to the emergence of orange-red-to-green colour switching. On this basis, two more random co-polymers containing higher donor-to-acceptor ratios were synthesized to further improve EC switching properties. The two polymers, which bear a PMDI-to-thiophene ratio of ca. 1 : 7 and 1 : 8, revealed orange red-to-blue colour switching and generally improved optical contrasts and switching speeds in both the visible and near infra-red (NIR) region. In addition, the subtle modulation of polymer colour and hue via variation of the number of thiophene donors was evident through colorimetric study. This work therefore demonstrates the potential and possibility of using the PMDI acceptor unit to construct EC-active conjugated polymers, and considerations for future tuning of colour and switching performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Yat Kit Hui
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
- Science, Math and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372
| | - Kang Le Osmund Chin
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
| | - Jovan Jun Long Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Science, Math and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
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Zhang R, Zhou Q, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wen RT. Capturing ion trapping and detrapping dynamics in electrochromic thin films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2294. [PMID: 38480724 PMCID: PMC10937924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion trapping has been found to be responsible for the performance degradation in electrochromic oxide thin films, and a detrapping procedure was proved to be effective to rejuvenate the degraded films. Despite of the studies on ion trapping and detrapping, its dynamics remain largely unknown. Moreover, coloration mechanisms of electrochromic oxides are also far from clear, limiting the development of superior devices. Here, we visualize ion trapping and detrapping dynamics in a model electrochromic material, amorphous WO3. Specifically, formation of orthorhombic Li2WO4 during long-term cycling accounts for the origin of shallow traps. Deep traps are multiple-step-determined, composed of mixed W4+-Li2WO4, amorphous Li2WO4 and W4+-Li2O. The non-decomposable W4+-Li2WO4 couple is the origin of the irreversible traps. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, besides the typical small polaron hopping between W5+ ↔ W6+ sites, bipolaron hopping between W4+ ↔ W6+ sites gives rise to optical absorption in the short-wavelength region. Overall, we provide a general picture of electrochromism based on polaron hopping. Ion trapping and detrapping were demonstrated to also prevail in other cathodic electrochromic oxides. This work not only provides the ion trapping and detrapping dynamics of WO3, but also open avenues to study other cathodic electrochromic oxides and develop superior electrochromic devices with great durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qinqi Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Liu Y, Yuan J, Wang Y, Zheng R, Liu Q, Shang X, Shao J, Wan Z, Luo J, Jia C. Approach to Significantly Enhancing the Electrochromic Performance of PANi by In Situ Electrodeposition of the PANi@MXene Composite Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58940-58954. [PMID: 38055846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic materials (ECMs) are capable of reversibly adjusting their transmittance or reflectance properties in response to changes in the external biasing voltages. In this study, we enhanced the electrochromic and electrochemical properties of polyaniline (PANi) effectively through the incorporation of MXene Ti2CTx using an in situ composite strategy. This improvement in the electrochromic and electrochemical properties observed can be attributed to the intermolecular forces between the aniline group of PANi and the terminal groups of MXene Ti2CTx sheets. The presence of hydrogen bonds between the PANi monomers and the MXene sheets was confirmed through theoretical calculations and photoluminescence results, which effectively improved the composite interfaces. Additionally, the PANi@MXene composite films were successfully prepared through a simple one-step in situ polymerization process, as verified by SEM and XPS characterization. The electrochemical studies revealed enhanced electronic conductivity, a high ion diffusion coefficient, and a narrow energy redox gap, all contributing to the excellent electrochemical properties observed. Overall, our results demonstrate that the MXene Ti2CTx composition effectively enhances the electrochromic performance of PANi. The PANi@MXene composite films exhibited a high optical modulation range, rapid switching response time, good thermal radiation regulation, and excellent operational stability. This composite strategy significantly improves the performance and practical applicability of ECMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongzong Zheng
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Qibin Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiaojing Shao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhongquan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Junsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Chunyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
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6
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Jiang C, Ge R, Bian C, Chen L, Wang X, Zheng Y, Xu G, Cai G, Xiao X. Multicolored inorganic electrochromic materials: status, challenge, and prospects. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15450-15471. [PMID: 37721398 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of advocacy for green and low-carbon development, electrochromism has attracted academic and industrial attention as an intelligent and energy-saving applied technology due to its optical switching behavior and its special principles of operation. Inorganic electrochromic materials, represented by transition metal oxides, are considered candidates for the next generation of large-scale electrochromic applied technologies due to their excellent stability. However, the limited color diversity and low color purity of these materials greatly restrict their development. Starting from the multicolor properties of inorganic electrochromic materials, this review systematically elaborates on recent progress in the aspects of the intrinsic multicolor of electrochromic materials, and structural multicolor based on the interaction between light and microstructure. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of inorganic electrochromic technology in the field of multicolor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Jiang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Ge
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lirong Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingru Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guofa Cai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiudi Xiao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Ran X, Ren J, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wu S. Multicolor Electrochromic Display and Patterned Device Based on Hollow-SiO 2-Supported WO 3 Photonic Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41763-41771. [PMID: 37608572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic photonic crystals (PCs) have been intensively studied in the field of display, sensors, and intelligent materials due to their tunable brilliant structural colors. The mostly studied electrochromic PCs are based on the tunable lattice parameter after electrifying; namely, the electrochromic process is caused by the structural change of PCs. Besides the lattice parameter, the refractive index is another key factor to determine the structural color of PCs. Here, a kind of hollow-SiO2-supported WO3 (H-SiO2/WO3) PCs is designed, where the refractive index of the WO3 portion is changeable under charging. Benefiting from the support effect and tunable thickness of H-SiO2, large-area PC samples with good surface morphology and bright multicolor output are prepared. The reflection peaks of these composite PCs can shift by 30-90 nm, and their corresponding colors changed obviously after the voltage was applied. After being pixelated by laser-marking, the H-SiO2/WO3 PCs can dynamically display different numeric and alphabetic patterns in an electric-driven writing and erasing process. Not only does this composite PC structure broaden the color change range of WO3-based materials but also avoids the structural change in the electrochromic process. This work provides more possibilities for electrochromic PCs in the field of color-changing pattern displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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9
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Nuroldayeva G, Balanay MP. Flexing the Spectrum: Advancements and Prospects of Flexible Electrochromic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2924. [PMID: 37447568 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The application potential of flexible electrochromic materials for wearable devices, smart textiles, flexible displays, electronic paper, and implantable biomedical devices is enormous. These materials offer the advantages of conformability and mechanical robustness, making them highly desirable for these applications. In this review, we comprehensively examine the field of flexible electrochromic materials, covering topics such as synthesis methods, structure design, electrochromic mechanisms, and current applications. We also address the challenges associated with achieving flexibility in electrochromic materials and discuss strategies to overcome them. By shedding light on these challenges and proposing solutions, we aim to advance the development of flexible electrochromic materials. We also highlight recent advances in the field and present promising directions for future research. We intend to stimulate further innovation and development in this rapidly evolving field and encourage researchers to explore new opportunities and applications for flexible electrochromic materials. Through this review, readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, design, mechanisms, and applications of flexible electrochromic materials. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals looking to harness the potential of these materials for various technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzat Nuroldayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Batteries LLC, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mannix P Balanay
- Department of Chemistry, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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10
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Ganesha MK, Mondal I, Singh AK, Kulkarni GU. Fabrication of Large-Area, Affordable Dual-Function Electrochromic Smart Windows by Using a Hybrid Electrode Coated with an Oxygen-Deficient Tungsten Oxide Ultrathin Porous Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19111-19120. [PMID: 37016773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) devices are not commercialized extensively owing to their high cost. The best large-area devices in the market suffer from not reaching a distinct dark-colored state. These devices appear more like a blue tinted glass. While a better performance demands the use of appropriate components, the cost-effectiveness of such components is crucial for commercialization. Specifically, the utilization of cost-effective electrodes, thin WO3 coatings, and inexpensive electrolytes are essential for reducing the cost of EC devices. Here, we report a high-performing porous WO3 thin film (∼130 nm) achieved by optimizing the DC sputtering process parameters. This way, an affordable dual-function EC energy-storage device was fabricated, showing 84% transmittance modulation and a high power density of 3036 mW/m2, thus functioning simultaneously as a transparency switching energy-storage device. With a large-area (900 cm2) device, we have demonstrated that the need for expensive ITO electrodes and Li+ ion-based electrolytes can be eliminated by using a hybrid electrode (ITO/Al-mesh) and multivalent Al3+ ion-based electrolytes while not compromising the device performance. The findings of this study may revolutionize the EC device industry and their commercialization owing to inexpensive ingredients and scalable processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhesh K Ganesha
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrajit Mondal
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ashutosh K Singh
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Giridhar U Kulkarni
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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11
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Zhao Q, Pan Z, Liu B, Bao C, Liu X, Sun J, Xie S, Wang Q, Wang J, Gao Y. Electrochromic-Induced Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries: An Integrated Multifunctional System for Cross-Domain Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:87. [PMID: 37029252 PMCID: PMC10082149 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries (MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources. Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However, MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review, the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Changyuan Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Ximeng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
| | - Shaorong Xie
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*Star, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, People's Republic of China.
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12
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From electrochromic phenomena to energy harvesting and storage—an overview of solid state ionics research at the Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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13
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Hopmann E, Zhang W, Li H, Elezzabi AY. Advances in electrochromic device technology through the exploitation of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic effects. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:637-657. [PMID: 36844468 PMCID: PMC9945060 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding electrochromic (EC) materials, such materials that change their color upon application of an electrochemical stimulus, has been conducted for centuries. However, most recently, increasing efforts have been put into developing novel solutions to utilize these on-off switching materials in advanced nanoplasmonic and nanophotonic devices. Due to the significant change in dielectric properties of oxides such as WO3, NiO, Mn2O3 and conducting polymers like PEDOT:PSS and PANI, EC materials have transcended beyond simple smart window applications and are now found in plasmonic devices for full-color displays and enhanced modulation transmission and photonic devices with ultra-high on-off ratios and sensing abilities. Advancements in nanophotonic ECDs have further decreased EC switching speed by several orders of magnitude, allowing integration in real-time measurement and lab-on-chip applications. The EC nature of such nanoscale devices promises low energy consumption with low operating voltages paired with bistability and long lifetimes. We summarize these novel approaches to EC device design, lay out the current short comings and draw a path forward for future utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhang
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Haizeng Li
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266273, China
| | - Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
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14
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Rusu RD, Damaceanu MD, Ursache S, Constantin CP. Tuning the main electrochromic features by polymer backbone variation of triphenylamine-based polyamides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Wei T, Shi Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Cui J, Wu L, Zhang B, Wang J, Han Y. Realization of multiple luminescence manipulation in tungsten bronze oxides based on photochromism toward real-time, reversible, and fast processes. Inorg Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qi00335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple luminescence manipulation in tungsten bronze oxides based on photochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yongchao Shi
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yingqiu Xu
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jiao Cui
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yingdong Han
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
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16
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Zhao F, Cheng Z, Xu G, Liu Y, Han G. A facile electrochemical lithiation method to prepare porous nickel oxide electrodes with high electrochromic performance. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Zheng JY, Sun Q, Cui J, Yu X, Li S, Zhang L, Jiang S, Ma W, Ma R. Review on recent progress in WO 3-based electrochromic films: preparation methods and performance enhancement strategies. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:63-79. [PMID: 36468697 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04761f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides have drawn tremendous interest due to their unique physical and chemical properties. As one of the most promising electrochromic (EC) materials, tungsten trioxide (WO3) has attracted great attention due to its exceptional EC characteristics. This review summarizes the background and general concept of EC devices, and key criteria for evaluation of WO3-based EC materials. Special focus is placed on preparation techniques and performance enhancement of WO3 EC films. Specifically, four methods - nanostructuring, regulating crystallinity, fabricating hybrid films, and preparing multilayer composite structures - have been developed to enhance the EC performance of WO3 films. Finally, we offer some important recommendations and perspectives on potential research directions for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin You Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qimeng Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jiameizi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Songjie Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Suyu Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Renzhi Ma
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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18
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Xu K, Wang L, Xiong S, Ge C, Wang L, Wang B, Wang W, Chen M, Liu G. Hydrothermally Prepared Ultra-stable Multilayer Nanoflake NiO-based Electrochromic Films. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Dong X, Lu Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Tong Y. Nanostructured tungsten oxide as photochromic material for smart devices, energy conversion, and environmental remediation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Wang B, Zhang W, Zhao F, Yu WW, Elezzabi AY, Liu L, Li H. An overview of recent progress in the development of flexible electrochromic devices. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Photocatalytic Performance Study of Organophosphorus-Doped Tungsten Trioxide and Composite Materials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study successfully produced a highly effective and stable organ phosphorus-doped tungsten trioxide (P-WO3) photocatalyst by a combination of hydrothermal and postcalcination methods. The crystallites, morphologies, and optical properties of the produced WO3 and P-WO3 crystals were investigated. The results indicated that P was consistently doped into the WO3 lattice in a pentavalent-oxidation state (P5+). Additionally, charge carrier traps capable of accepting photoelectrons were created. Additionally, the optical band gap was reduced from 2.4 to 2.33 eV. The degradation of methyl blue by photocatalysts was utilized to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized P-WO3 samples at varied P concentrations (MB). The sample containing 6% -P-WO3 exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, degrading 96 percent of MB in 120 minutes, which was more than four times faster than the pure WO3 sample. The practicality of the synthesized P-WO3 was determined using samples from two residential wastewater treatment plants. When treating real wastewater with low organic matter concentrations, the P-WO3 demonstrated strong photodegradation performance. The creation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and photography-created holes (h+) could be the key protagonists of photocatalytic activity in the P-WO3.
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22
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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23
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Lerond M, Raj AM, Wu V, Skene WG, Cicoira F. An intrinsically stretchable and bendable electrochromic device. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:405706. [PMID: 35704978 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac78f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrochromic devices (ECDs) were fabricated from electrospun PEDOT:PSS (poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate) fibers. Stretchable and transparent electrodes with a sheet resistance of 1200 Ω sq-1were prepared by depositing the conductive fibers on elastomeric substrates that were prepared from polydimethylsiloxane. The conductive substrates replaced the ITO coated glass electrodes that are typically used in ECDs. The functioning device was prepared from a flexible chitosan electrolytic gel and a 4, 7-bis(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-2, 1, 3-benzothiaziazole (TPA-BZT-TPA) electrochrome that were deposited on the streatchable transparent electrodes. The assembled device could be stretched to 150% its original length and bent to a curvature of 0.1. The device could be operated and switched between its yellow (off) and blue (on) states while being stretched and bent with a maximum contrast ΔT ≈ 30% at 805 nm and a coloration efficiency of 168 cm2C-1. The stretchable device had an electrochromic contrast that was 30% greater than its counterpart that was prepared from conventional ITO-glass electrodes. The critical composition required for making devices truly stretchable was possible by evaluating the performance of five types of devices consisting of different layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lerond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Veronica Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - W G Skene
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Lin TC, Jheng BJ, Yen HM, Huang WC. Thermal Annealing Effects of V2O5 Thin Film as an Ionic Storage Layer for Electrochromic Application. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134598. [PMID: 35806721 PMCID: PMC9267838 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin film with thermal annealing as an ionic storage layer for electrochromic devices is presented in our study. The V2O5 thin film was deposited on an ITO glass substrate by an RF magnetron sputtering. The electrochromic properties of the film were evaluated after various thermal annealing temperatures. The structural analysis of the film was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structure of the V2O5 thin film transformed from an amorphous to polycrystalline structure with directions of (110) and (020) after 400 °C thermal annealing. The electrochromic properties of the film improved compared with the unannealed V2O5 thin film. We obtained a charge capacity of 97.9 mC/cm2 with a transparent difference ΔT value of 31% and coloration efficiency of 6.3 cm2/C after 400 °C thermal annealing. The improvement was due to the polycrystalline orthorhombic structure formation of V2O5 film by the rearrangement of atoms from thermal energy. Its laminate structure facilitates Li+ ion intercalation and increases charge capacity and transparent difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Chai Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yongkang, Tainan 710303, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (B.-J.J.)
| | - Bai-Jhong Jheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yongkang, Tainan 710303, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (B.-J.J.)
| | - Hui-Min Yen
- Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kun Shan University, Yongkang, Tainan 710303, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chang Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yongkang, Tainan 710303, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (B.-J.J.)
- Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kun Shan University, Yongkang, Tainan 710303, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Ortiz J, Acosta D, Magaña C. Long-term cycling and stability of crystalline WO3 electrochromic thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Sun B, He J, Kang S, Hua Z, Tian C. Surface modification of WO3 nanoparticles with Pt and Ru for VOCs sensors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Lin CC, Chen PH, Chen MC, Wang MC, Yang CC, Huang HC, Wu CW, Chou SY, Tsai TM, Chang TC. Improved diffusion and storage of lithium ions via recrystallization induced conducting pathways in a Li:Ta 2O 5-based electrolyte for all-solid-state electrochromic devices with enhanced performance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:275711. [PMID: 35272278 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5ca8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the improvements in the performance of an all-solid-state complementary electrochromic device (ECD) by using the proposed high pressure treatment (HPT). The Li:Ta2O5electrolyte layer was recrystallized by the HPT utilizing pressurized CO2gas (∼200 atm) and at low temperature (<60 °C), which enhanced the coloration performance of the WO3/Li:Ta2O5/NiO complementary ECD by ∼20%. The reliability and durability of the ECD were confirmed by long term transmittance retention measurements, which indicated an improvement in the coloration performance by ∼14% upon the release of the bias voltages. The ability of the devices that were fabricated with and without the HPT process to withstand high temperature environments was also verified. In addition, photoluminescence (PL) and transmittance measurements were carried out to examine the effects of the bonding between WO3and NiO. To determine the differences in lithium-ion (Li+) injection, electrical measurements were performed by utilizing varying pulse rising speeds to confirm device characteristics. The materials were characterized in terms of their composition and structure using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Finally, a mechanistic model has been proposed to explain the improved EC characteristics based on the amorphous to crystalline transition accompanying the HPT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chu Lin
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Po-Hsun Chen
- Department of Applied Science, R.O.C. Naval Academy, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Min-Chen Chen
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Min-Chuan Wang
- Department of Physics Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Chih-Cheng Yang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Chung-Wei Wu
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Sheng-Yao Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Tsung-Ming Tsai
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Department of Physics, and also with the Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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28
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Bera MK, Mohanty S, Kashyap SS, Sarmah S. Electrochromic coordination nanosheets: Achievements and future perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Nanocomposites of Fe(II)-Based Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer and a Layered Inorganic–Organic Hybrid for Improved Electrochromic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050915. [PMID: 35267738 PMCID: PMC8912828 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe-based metallo-supramolecular polymer (polyFe), composed of Fe(II) ions and bis(terpyridyl)benzene, is known as a good electrochromic (EC) material. For the first time, to improve the EC properties, we prepared nanocomposites comprising polyFe and a layered inorganic–imidazoline covalently bonded hybrid (LIIm) by simply mixing them in methanol and then examined the effect of the nanocomposition on EC properties. The obtained blue/purple-colored composites (polyFe/LIIm composites) were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to comprise a structure of LIIm nanoparticles coated with amorphous polyFe. Interestingly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements suggested that there was no intercalation of polyFe in the interlayer space of LIIm. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that light absorption close to 600 nm was attributed to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) from the Fe(II) ion to the bisterpyridine ligand and was influenced by LIIm in the composites. The composites exhibited a pair of redox waves, assigned to the redox between Fe(II) and Fe(III), in the cyclic voltammograms; moreover, the composites were estimated to be diffusion controlled. Thin composite films demonstrated reversible EC changes, triggered by the redox reaction of the metal. Furthermore, the results show that the nano-scale composition of the metallo-supramolecular polymers with LIIm can effectively improve the memory properties without reducing the contrast in transmittance (ΔT) of 70–76% in EC changes after applying 1.2 V vs. Ag/Ag+. The EC properties varied with varying ratios (3/0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5) of the polyFe/LIIm, and the ratio of 3/1 exhibited the longest memory and largest MLCT absorption peak among composites. The results show that the polyFe/LIIm composites are useful EC materials for dimming glass applications, such as smart windows.
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30
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Zhang S, Zheng L, Lv Y, Niu C, Yang M, Wang L, Jiang Z, Zhang R, Liu T, Lin K. Reflective Structural Color Tunability of Inorganic Electrochromic Devices by Interferometric Modulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x2150054x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the multicolor regulation of visible-light band, the inorganic electrochromic multicolor modulation has always been the bottleneck of expanding the application of inorganic electrochromic reflection display. An electrochromic device (ECD) based on an ultracompact unsymmetric Fabry–Perot resonator was designed. Electrochromic oxides such as tungsten oxide, offer the possibility to tune their refractive index and extinction coefficient upon ion insertion, allowing active control over resonance conditions for Fabry–Perot cavity-type devices. The spectrum colors of red, yellow, green and blue can be obtained by adjusting the thickness of tungsten oxide in the W/(WO[Formula: see text]H2O) electrode. The optical constants of tungsten oxide can be adjusted reversibly by using electrochemical ion insertion/stripping, and the reflection peak of W/(WO[Formula: see text]H2O) electrode in the visible-light band can be adjusted. The dynamic color control of the ECDs can be achieved finely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Luyi Zheng
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lv
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Niu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Mingqing Yang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Zikang Jiang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Ruixian Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology, University Beijing 100192, P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Science and Technology on Electro-Optical Information, Security Control Laboratory, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Kai Lin
- Fishery Research Center for Information Technology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, P. R. China
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31
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Li L, Zhang Q, He B, Pan R, Wang Z, Chen M, Wang Z, Yin K, Yao Y, Wei L, Sun L. Advanced Multifunctional Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries Design: From Materials and Devices to Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104327. [PMID: 34693565 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional aqueous rechargeable batteries (MARBs) are regarded as safe, cost-effective, and scalable electrochemical energy storage devices, which offer additional functionalities that conventional batteries cannot achieve, which ideally leads to unprecedented applications. Although MARBs are among the most exciting and rapidly growing topics in scientific research and industrial development nowadays, a systematic summary of the evolution and advances in the field of MARBs is still not available. Therefore, the review presented comprehensively and systematically summarizes the design principles and the recent advances of MARBs by categories of smart ARBs and integrated systems, together with an analysis of their device design and configuration, electrochemical performance, and diverse smart functions. The two most promising strategies to construct novel MARBs may be A) the introduction of functional materials into ARB components, and B) integration of ARBs with other functional devices. The ongoing challenges and future perspectives in this research and development field are outlined to foster the future development of MARBs. Finally, the most important upcoming research directions in this rapidly developing field are highlighted that may be most promising to lead to the commercialization of MARBs and to a further broadening of their range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nanchang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Bing He
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rui Pan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mengxiao Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yagang Yao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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32
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Fletcher‐Charles J, Ferreira RR, Abraham M, Romito D, Oppel M, González L, Bonifazi D. Oxygen‐Doped PAH Electrochromes: Difurano, Dipyrano, and Furano‐Pyrano Containing Naphthalene‐Cored Molecules. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rúben R. Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Abraham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Deborah Romito
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Oppel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
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33
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Benhaddouch TE, Bhansali S, Dong D. Aqueous/non-aqueous electrolyte tradeoffs in charge transfer and electrochromics of pseudocapacitive oxide films. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31264-31275. [PMID: 36349045 PMCID: PMC9623560 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05851k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sustainability, safety, cost, and performance are the driving metrics for modern technological developments. Progress in these realms has been made for electrochromic (EC) devices by optimizing anode/cathode electrode materials. Yet, by these standards, the role of the electrolyte has remained unexplored. This investigation on charge transfer mechanisms at the electrolyte/electrode interface facilitates a contrast of the aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes studied. A classic EC, high-performing, non-aqueous, lithium chlorine oxide in propylene carbonate (PC-LiClO4) is examined against a non-flammable, low reactive, cost-effective, aqueous, potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte; to strengthen the understanding of electrochromics the electrolytes are referenced against the anodic EC nickel oxide (NiO) thin films. The KOH presents as a diffusion dominant response, supported by the findings of the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemistry impedance data (b = 0.56, 45°∠), respectively, compared to the more surface capacitive PC-LiClO4 (b = 0.68, 60°∠). Interestingly, despite the KOH full redox potential window being half the PC-LiClO4, the KOH system's current density reached more than 3 times higher than PC-LiClO4. Additionally, realizing the same current density (2 mA cm−2) in multi-step chronoamperometry, the required potential is ∼5 times lower for KOH than for PC-LiClO4 electrolyte, albeit the KOH has a longer response time. Inherent tradeoffs in the systems are considered for theoretical analysis of these phenomena, i.e., molar mass, ionization energy, viscosity, etc. The chemical nature of the electrolyte shows a profound effect on electrochemical kinetics at the NiO/electrolyte interface, pointing to the significance of all aspects in an electrochemical cell. The coupled effect of the electrolyte composition/electrode material pairing dictates the charge-storage mechanisms (and subsequently, EC properties). Furthermore, knowledge of contrasts in electrolyte type is of great interest to the scientific community for the modern metric-based optimizations of many other clean energy systems. Environmental sustainability, safety, cost, and performance are the driving metrics for modern technological developments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dongmei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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34
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Chua MH, Toh SHG, Ong PJ, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xiong S, Xu J. Towards modulating the colour hues of isoindigo-based electrochromic polymers through variation of thiophene-based donor groups. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrated that the hues of both neutral and oxidised colours of isoindigo-based donor–acceptor polymers could be tuned subtly by means of variation of the number and type of donor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Sheng Heng Gerald Toh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Pin Jin Ong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Shanxin Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
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35
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Wang JL, Liu JW, Sheng SZ, He Z, Gao J, Yu SH. Manipulating Nanowire Assemblies toward Multicolor Transparent Electrochromic Device. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9203-9209. [PMID: 34677062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assembling various nanowires together, enabling the assemblies with tailored optical, electrical, and multifunctional properties, represents a promising technology for next generation multifunctional electronics. Here we demonstrate a novel multicolor electrochromic device by coassembling W18O49 and V2O5 nanowires using solution-based Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The transparent W18O49 nanowire film became orange with the increasing addition of V2O5 nanowires and the film underwent a dynamic color change (orange, green, and gray) on application of different electrochemical biases of 2, 0, and -0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Both the transmittance and color of the device can be easily controlled by manipulating the layers of coassembled nanowires and the ratios between the two nanowires. On the basis of this approach, different patterns can be easily fabricated with the addition of corresponding masks, and the solid electrochromic device is assembled, suggesting its significant potentials in smart windows and multicolor electrochromic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Wang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Si-Zhe Sheng
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen He
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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36
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Pai MH, Hu CC, Tan WS, Yang JS, Liou GS. Preparation and Characterization of Intrinsic Porous Polyamides Based on Redox-Active Aromatic Diamines with Pentiptycene Scaffolds. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1210-1215. [PMID: 35549038 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrochromic (EC) polyamides (Ether-PentiTPA1 and Ether-PentiTPA8) from the electroactive pentiptycene-derived triphenylaminediamine monomers (PentiTPA1 and PentiTPA8) were designed and prepared via polycondensation. The incorporation of rigid and contorted H-shaped pentiptycene scaffolds could restrain polymer chains from close packing and further form intrinsic microporosity in the polymer matrix which could be confirmed by the measurements of WXRD, BET, and PALS. With the existence of intrinsic microporosity, the diffusion rate of counterions between the electroactive polymer film and electrolyte can be promoted during the electrochemical procedure. Therefore, the prepared polyamide Ether-PentiTPA1 exhibits enhanced EC behaviors, such as lower driving potential (1.11 V), smaller redox potential difference ΔE (0.24 V), and shorter switching response time (3.6/5.2 s for coloring/bleaching). Consequently, the formation of intrinsic microporosity can be a useful approach for the enhancement of EC response performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hao Pai
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chieh Hu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Wei Shyang Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Sheng Liou
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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37
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Sarkar M, Dutta TK, Patra A. Two-dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electrochromic Switching. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3055-3067. [PMID: 34403570 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electrochromic materials have received immense attention for the fabrication of smart optoelectronic devices. The alteration of the redox states of the electroactive functionalities results in the color change in response to electrochemical potential. Even though transition metal oxides, redox-active small organic molecules, conducting polymers, and metallopolymers are known for electrochromism, advanced materials demonstrating multicolor switching with fast response time and high durability are of increasing demand. Recently, two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have been demonstrated as electrochromic materials due to their tunable redox functionalities with highly ordered structure and large specific surface area facilitating fast ion transport. Herein, we have discussed the mechanistic insights of electrochromism in 2D COFs and their structure-property relationship in electrochromic performance. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art knowledge for developing the electrochromic 2D COFs and their potential application in next-generation display devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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38
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Shchegolkov AV, Jang SH, Shchegolkov AV, Rodionov YV, Sukhova AO, Lipkin MS. A Brief Overview of Electrochromic Materials and Related Devices: A Nanostructured Materials Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092376. [PMID: 34578692 PMCID: PMC8472674 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exactly 50 years ago, the first article on electrochromism was published. Today electrochromic materials are highly popular in various devices. Interest in nanostructured electrochromic and nanocomposite organic/inorganic nanostructured electrochromic materials has increased in the last decade. These materials can enhance the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of devices related to them. This article describes electrochromic materials, proposes their classification and systematization for organic inorganic and nanostructured electrochromic materials, identifies their advantages and shortcomings, analyzes current tendencies in the development of nanomaterials used in electrochromic coatings (films) and their practical use in various optical devices for protection from light radiation, in particular, their use as light filters and light modulators for optoelectronic devices, as well as methods for their preparation. The modern technologies of “Smart Windows”, which are based on chromogenic materials and liquid crystals, are analyzed, and their advantages and disadvantages are also given. Various types of chromogenic materials are presented, examples of which include photochromic, thermochromic and gasochromic materials, as well as the main physical effects affecting changes in their optical properties. Additionally, this study describes electrochromic technologies based on WO3 films prepared by different methods, such as electrochemical deposition, magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis, sol–gel, etc. An example of an electrochromic “Smart Window” based on WO3 is shown in the article. A modern analysis of electrochromic devices based on nanostructured materials used in various applications is presented. The paper discusses the causes of internal and external size effects in the process of modifying WO3 electrochromic films using nanomaterials, in particular, GO/rGO nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Viktorovich Shchegolkov
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 346428 Novocherkassk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Jang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.-H.J.)
| | | | - Yuri Viktorovich Rodionov
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Graphics, Tambov State Technical University, 392000 Tambov, Russia;
| | - Anna Olegovna Sukhova
- Department of Nature Management and Environment Protection, Tambov State Technical University, 392000 Tambov, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Semenovich Lipkin
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 346428 Novocherkassk, Russia;
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39
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Jeong CY, Watanabe H, Tajima K. Adhesive electrochromic WO3 thin films fabricated using a WO3 nanoparticle-based ink. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Masturah binti Fakhruddin S, Ino K, Inoue KY, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Bipolar Electrode‐based Electrochromic Devices for Analytical Applications – A Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Engineering Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research University of Yamanashi Kofu 400-8511 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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41
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Boosting the electrochromic performance of TiO2 nanowire film via successively evolving surface structure. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Cui Y, Wang Q, Yang G, Gao Y. Electronic properties, optical properties and diffusion behavior of WO3 with H+, Li+ and Na+ intercalated ions: A first-principles study. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Chen J, Wang Z, Liu C, Chen Z, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhang S, Song G, Cong S, Chen Q, Zhao Z. Mimicking Nature's Butterflies: Electrochromic Devices with Dual-Sided Differential Colorations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007314. [PMID: 33634919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Some butterfly species such as the orange oakleaf (Kallima inachus) have strikingly different colors on the dorsal (front) sides of their wings compared to those on the ventral (back) sides of their wings, which helps camouflage the butterflies from predators and attract potential mates. However, few human-made materials, devices, and technologies can mimic such differential coloring for a long time. Here, a new type of Janus-structured two-sided electrochromic device is developed that, upon application of different voltages, exhibits a coloration state on one side that is distinctly different from that on the other side. This is achieved by inserting an optically thin (4-8 nm) metallic layer with a complex refractive index, such as a layer composed of tungsten, titanium, copper or silver, into typical electrochromic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xueqing Tang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
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44
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Han W, Shi Q, Hu R. Advances in Electrochemical Energy Devices Constructed with Tungsten Oxide-Based Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:692. [PMID: 33802013 PMCID: PMC8000231 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide-based materials have drawn huge attention for their versatile uses to construct various energy storage devices. Particularly, their electrochromic devices and optically-changing devices are intensively studied in terms of energy-saving. Furthermore, based on close connections in the forms of device structure and working mechanisms between these two main applications, bifunctional devices of tungsten oxide-based materials with energy storage and optical change came into our view, and when solar cells are integrated, multifunctional devices are accessible. In this article, we have reviewed the latest developments of tungsten oxide-based nanostructured materials in various kinds of applications, and our focus falls on their energy-related uses, especially supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrochromic devices, and their bifunctional and multifunctional devices. Additionally, other applications such as photochromic devices, sensors, and photocatalysts of tungsten oxide-based materials have also been mentioned. We hope this article can shed light on the related applications of tungsten oxide-based materials and inspire new possibilities for further uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- The Key Lab of Guangdong for Modern Surface Engineering Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Qian Shi
- The Key Lab of Guangdong for Modern Surface Engineering Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Renzong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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Synthesis and characteristics of novel TPA-containing electrochromic poly(ether sulfone)s with dimethylamino substituents. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li FW, Yen TC, Liou GS. Synthesis of high-performance electrochromic material for facile fabrication of truly black electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vilà N, Walcarius A. Bis(terpyridine) Iron(II) Functionalized Vertically-Oriented Nanostructured Silica Films: Toward Electrochromic Materials. Front Chem 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 33094099 PMCID: PMC7523427 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent and potential applications of electrochromic materials include smart windows, optoelectronic devices, and energy conversion. In this study, we have incorporated bis(terpyridine) iron (II) complexes into vertically-oriented silica thin films deposited on indium-tin oxide (ITO) and their electrochromic behavior has been investigated. If 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine is commonly used as a ligand for forming metallo-supramolecular assemblies, with the objective to get metal-terpyridine complexes with multiple stable redox states, their simple and reliable arrangement into linear structures enabling effective electronic communication is however more challenging. We propose to overcome this difficulty by generating such complexes within vertical nanochannels on electrode. Terpyridine ligands were firstly immobilized by combining a click chemistry azide/alkyne approach with an electrochemically-assisted self-assembly (EASA) method used to grow an oriented mesoporous silica membrane bearing azide groups which were further derivatized with 4′-ethynyl-terpyridine ligands. The resulting terpyridine-functionalized films were consecutively dipped in an aqueous solution of Fe(BF4)2 and then in a solution of terpyridine in acetonitrile to form the bis(terpyridine) iron (II) complexes in situ. The electrochromic properties of the films functionalized at various levels were examined by monitoring the changes in their UV/Vis spectra upon electrochemical oxidation at controlled potential of +1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Due to facile charge delocalization during the Fe2+ to Fe3+ redox process, the bis(terpyridine) iron (II) functionalized silica films exhibited electrochromic properties by changing from violet to non-colored using TBABF4 in acetonitrile as an electrolyte. The bis(terpyridine) iron(II) film experienced reversible electrochromic switching by applying +0.5 V in a reverse reduction electrochemical process. The Fe(tpy)2-functionalized silica thin films displayed a good contrast ratio (ΔT%) of 47% and relatively high coloration efficiency (CE) of about 245 cm2/C with a response time of coloring and bleaching of a few seconds (< 4 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Vilà
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
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48
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Roy S, Chakraborty C. Interfacial Coordination Nanosheet Based on Nonconjugated Three-Arm Terpyridine: A Highly Color-Efficient Electrochromic Material to Converge Fast Switching with Long Optical Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35181-35192. [PMID: 32657568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An electrochromic (EC) hyperbranched coordination nanosheet (CONASH) comprising a three-arm terpyridine (3tpy)-based ligand and Fe(II) ion has been synthesized by interfacial complexation at the liquid-liquid interface. The film can be easily deposited on the desired substrate such as indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. Characterization of CONASH deposited on ITO by microscopic methods reveals the homogeneous nanosheet film with an ∼350 nm thickness after 48 h of reaction. The fabricated solid-state EC device (ECD) undergoes a reversible redox reaction (Fe2+ → Fe3+) in the potential range of +3 to -2 V in ECDs accompanied with a distinct color change from intense pink to colorless for several switching cycles with a coloration time of 1.15 s and a bleaching time of 2.49 s along with a high coloration efficiency of 470.16 cm2 C-1. Besides, the nonconjugated 3tpy ligand restricts the easy electron redox conduction inside the EC film to enhance the EC memory in open-circuit condition as it shows 50% retention of its colorless state until 25 min. The long EC memory compared to other metallo-supramolecular polymers having a conjugated ligand suggests the potentiality of the 3tpy-Fe CONASH film to be used as a power-efficient EC material for modern display device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Chanchal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Chiu YW, Pai MH, Liou GS. Facile Approach of Porous Electrochromic Polyamide/ZrO 2 Films for Enhancing Redox Switching Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35273-35281. [PMID: 32664729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous redox-active polyamide hybrid films have been successfully prepared to enhance the electrochromic (EC) properties in this report comparing with salt-caused porous films and hybrid films obtained via in situ sol-gel reaction of hydroxyl groups and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). With the assistance of porous and hybrid structures, the diffusion rate of counterions between electrolyte and EC species could be effectively increased, and the charges could be delivered and stored between the donor-acceptor system constructed by the organic-inorganic hybrid during the electrochemical process. Furthermore, there would be a synergistic effect while combining the porous structure and hybrid system together, which can improve the EC behaviors much more obviously; that is, the enhancement of porous hybrid films is more than that of porous films and hybrid films individually. For further application, the porous hybrid films were fabricated into devices, which exhibit a lower oxidation potential (from 1.07 to 0.94 V) and shorter switching response time (from 81.3 to 9.7 s for coloring time and from 44.7 to 20.8 s for bleaching time) with good electrochemical stability. Consequently, these results indicate that the EC properties could be enhanced and improved dramatically by the facile approach of merging the porous structure and hybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chiu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, 4th Sec., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hao Pai
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, 4th Sec., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Sheng Liou
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, 4th Sec., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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50
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Lu F, Tan P, Han Y. Variable infrared emissivity based on polyaniline electrochromic device influenced by porous substrate. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Peiyu Tan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yuge Han
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
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