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Zhao M, Zhou M, Cao X, Feng J, Pogue BW, Paulsen KD, Jiang S. Stable tissue-mimicking phantoms for longitudinal multimodality imaging studies that incorporate optical, CT, and MRI contrast. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:046006. [PMID: 37091909 PMCID: PMC10118137 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.4.046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance Tissue phantoms that mimic the optical and radiologic properties of human or animal tissue play an important role in the development, characterization, and evaluation of imaging systems. Phantoms that are easily produced and stable for longitudinal studies are highly desirable. Aim A new type of long-lasting phantom was developed with commercially available materials and was assessed for fabrication ease, stability, and optical property control. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and x-ray computed tomography (CT) contrast properties were also evaluated. Approach A systematic investigation of relationships between concentrations of skin-like pigments and composite optical properties was conducted to realize optical property phantoms in the red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range that also offered contrast for CT and MRI. Results Phantom fabrication time was < 1 h and did not involve any heating or cooling processes. Changes in optical properties were < 2 % over a 12-month period. Phantom optical and spectral features were similar to human soft tissue over the red to NIR wavelength ranges. Pigments used in the study also had CT and MRI contrasts for multimodality imaging studies. Conclusions The phantoms described here mimic optical properties of soft tissue and are suitable for multimodality imaging studies involving CT or MRI without adding secondary contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Mingwei Zhou
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jinchao Feng
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Shudong Jiang,
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Dinh J, Yamashita A, Kang H, Gioux S, Choi HS. Optical Tissue Phantoms for Quantitative Evaluation of Surgical Imaging Devices. ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2023; 4:2200194. [PMID: 36643020 PMCID: PMC9838008 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical tissue phantoms (OTPs) have been extensively applied to the evaluation of imaging systems and surgical training. Due to their human tissue-mimicking characteristics, OTPs can provide accurate optical feedback on the performance of image-guided surgical instruments, simulating the biological sizes and shapes of human organs, and preserving similar haptic responses of original tissues. This review summarizes the essential components of OTPs (i.e., matrix, scattering and absorbing agents, and fluorophores) and the various manufacturing methods currently used to create suitable tissue-mimicking phantoms. As photobleaching is a major challenge in OTP fabrication and its feedback accuracy, phantom photostability and how the photobleaching phenomenon can affect their optical properties are discussed. Consequently, the need for novel photostable OTPs for the quantitative evaluation of surgical imaging devices is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dinh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- Intuitive Surgical Sàrl, 1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
- ICube Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Schädel-Ebner S, Hirsch O, Gladytz T, Gutkelch D, Licha K, Berger J, Grosenick D. 3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:074702. [PMID: 35711096 PMCID: PMC9201974 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.7.074702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases with indocyanine green (ICG) is an emerging technique with unique potential for diagnosis and therapy. Device characterization, monitoring of the performance, and further developments of the technique require tissue-equivalent fluorescent phantoms of high stability with appropriate anatomical shapes. AIM Our investigations aim at the development of a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to fabricate hand and finger models with appropriate optical properties in the near-infrared spectral range. These phantoms should have fluorescence properties similar to ICG, and excellent photostability and durability over years. APPROACH We modified a 3D printing methacrylate photopolymer by adding the fluorescent dye Lumogen IR 765 to the raw material. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients were adjusted to values representative of the human hand by incorporating titanium dioxide powder and black ink. The properties of printed phantoms of various compositions were characterized using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved measurements. Photostability and bleaching were investigated with a hand imager. For comparison, several phantoms with ICG as fluorescent dye were printed and characterized as well. RESULTS The spectral properties of Lumogen IR 765 are very similar to those of ICG. By optimizing the concentrations of Lumogen, titanium dioxide, and ink, anatomically shaped hand and vessel models with properties equivalent to in vivo investigations with a fluorescence hand imager could be printed. Phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 had an excellent photostability over up to 4 years. In contrast, phantoms printed with ICG showed significant bleaching and degradation of fluorescence over time. CONCLUSIONS 3D printing of phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 is a promising method for fabricating anatomically shaped fluorescent tissue models of excellent stability with spectral properties similar to ICG. The phantoms are well-suited to monitor the performance of hand imagers. Concepts can easily be transferred to other fluorescence imaging applications of ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Hirsch
- Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen (HAWK), Fakultät Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gladytz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Gutkelch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- FEW Chemicals GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Grosenick
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
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4
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Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging: An Emerging Depth-Varying and Wide-Field Technique for Optical Property Measurement of Biological Tissues. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of optical properties is critical for understanding light-tissue interaction, properly interpreting measurement data, and gaining better knowledge of tissue physicochemical properties. However, conventional optical measuring techniques are limited in point measurement, which partly hinders the applications on characterizing spatial distribution and inhomogeneity of optical properties of biological tissues. Spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as an emerging non-contact, depth-varying and wide-field optical imaging technique, is capable of measuring the optical properties in a wide field-of-view on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This review first describes the typical SFDI system and the principle for estimating optical properties using the SFDI technique. Then, the applications of SFDI in the fields of biomedicine, as well as food and agriculture, are reviewed, including burn assessment, skin tissue evaluation, tumor tissue detection, brain tissue monitoring, and quality evaluation of agro-products. Finally, a discussion on the challenges and future perspectives of SFDI for optical property estimation is presented.
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5
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Dan M, Liu M, Bai W, Gao F. Profile-based intensity and frequency corrections for single-snapshot spatial frequency domain imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12833-12848. [PMID: 33985031 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed the profile-based intensity and frequency corrections for single-snapshot spatial frequency domain (SFD) imaging to mitigate surface profile effects on the measured intensity and spatial frequency in extracting the optical properties. In the scheme, the spatially modulated frequency of the projected sinusoidal pattern is adaptively adjusted according to the sample surface profile, reducing distortions of the modulation amplitude in the single-snapshot demodulation and errors in the optical property extraction. The profile effects on both the measured intensities of light incident onto and reflected from the sample are then compensated using Minnaert's correction to obtain the true diffuse reflectance of the sample. We have validated the method by phantom experiments using a highly sensitive SFD imaging system based on the single-pixel photon-counting detection and assessed error reductions in extracting the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients by an average of 40% and 10%, respectively. Further, an in vivo topography experiment of the opisthenar vessels has demonstrated its clinical feasibility.
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Aguénounon E, Smith JT, Al-Taher M, Diana M, Intes X, Gioux S. Real-time, wide-field and high-quality single snapshot imaging of optical properties with profile correction using deep learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5701-5716. [PMID: 33149980 PMCID: PMC7587245 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of real-time, wide-field and quantitative diffuse optical imaging methods to visualize functional and structural biomarkers of living tissues is a pressing need for numerous clinical applications including image-guided surgery. In this context, Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) is an attractive method allowing for the fast estimation of optical properties using the Single Snapshot of Optical Properties (SSOP) approach. Herein, we present a novel implementation of SSOP based on a combination of deep learning network at the filtering stage and Graphics Processing Units (GPU) capable of simultaneous high visual quality image reconstruction, surface profile correction and accurate optical property (OP) extraction in real-time across large fields of view. In the most optimal implementation, the presented methodology demonstrates megapixel profile-corrected OP imaging with results comparable to that of profile-corrected SFDI, with a processing time of 18 ms and errors relative to SFDI method less than 10% in both profilometry and profile-corrected OPs. This novel processing framework lays the foundation for real-time multispectral quantitative diffuse optical imaging for surgical guidance and healthcare applications. All code and data used for this work is publicly available at www.healthphotonics.org under the resources tab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enagnon Aguénounon
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jason T. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mahdi Al-Taher
- Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, IHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Diana
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
- Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, IHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Research Institute against Digestive Cancer, IRCAD, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Intes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
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7
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Rogelj L, Pavlovčič U, Stergar J, Jezeršek M, Simončič U, Milanič M. Curvature and height corrections of hyperspectral images using built-in 3D laser profilometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:9002-9012. [PMID: 31873681 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.009002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging systems use a light source that illuminates a sample and a photodetector that detects light reflected from or transmitted through the sample. The sample surface curvature, surface-to-camera distance, and illumination-source-to-surface distance significantly affect the measured signal, resulting in image artifacts. To correct the images, a three-dimensional (3D) profilometry system was used to obtain 3D surface information. The 3D information enables image correction using Lambert cosine law and height correction. In this study, the feasibility of the correction method for push-broom hyperspectral imaging of three different objects is presented. Results show a significant reduction of image artifacts, making further image analysis more accurate and robust. The presented 3D profilometry method is applicable to all push-broom imaging systems and the described correction procedure can be applied to all spectral or monochromatic imaging systems.
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8
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Bentz BZ, Wu TC, Gaind V, Webb KJ. Diffuse optical localization of blood vessels and 3D printing for guiding oral surgery. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6649-6654. [PMID: 29047957 PMCID: PMC5652004 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging through centimeters of tissue has emerged as a powerful tool in biomedical research. However, applications in the operating theater have been limited in part due to data set requirements and computational burden. We present an approach that uses a small number of optical source-detector pairs that allows for the fast localization of arteries in the roof of the mouth and has the potential to reduce complications during oral surgery. The arteries are modeled as multiple-point absorbers, allowing localization of their complex shapes. The method is demonstrated using a printed tissue-simulating mouth phantom. Furthermore, we use the extracted position information to fabricate a custom surgical guide using 3D printing that could protect the arteries during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Z. Bentz
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wu
- Private Practice in Periodontology, Mountain View, California 94040, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Webb
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Corresponding author:
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9
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Kennedy GT, Lentsch GR, Trieu B, Ponticorvo A, Saager RB, Durkin AJ. Solid tissue simulating phantoms having absorption at 970 nm for diffuse optics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:76013. [PMID: 28727869 PMCID: PMC5518810 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.076013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue simulating phantoms can provide a valuable platform for quantitative evaluation of the performance of diffuse optical devices. While solid phantoms have been developed for applications related to characterizing exogenous fluorescence and intrinsic chromophores such as hemoglobin and melanin, we report the development of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) tissue phantom that mimics the spectral characteristics of tissue water. We have developed these phantoms to mimic different water fractions in tissue, with the purpose of testing new devices within the context of clinical applications such as burn wound triage. Compared to liquid phantoms, cured PDMS phantoms are easier to transport and use and have a longer usable life than gelatin-based phantoms. As silicone is hydrophobic, 9606 dye was used to mimic the optical absorption feature of water in the vicinity of 970 nm. Scattering properties are determined by adding titanium dioxide, which yields a wavelength-dependent scattering coefficient similar to that observed in tissue in the near-infrared. Phantom properties were characterized and validated using the techniques of inverse adding-doubling and spatial frequency domain imaging. Results presented here demonstrate that we can fabricate solid phantoms that can be used to simulate different water fractions
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T. Kennedy
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Griffin R. Lentsch
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Brandon Trieu
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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10
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Nguyen T, Bui V, Lam V, Raub CB, Chang LC, Nehmetallah G. Automatic phase aberration compensation for digital holographic microscopy based on deep learning background detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15043-15057. [PMID: 28788938 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a fully automatic technique to obtain aberration free quantitative phase imaging in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) based on deep learning. The traditional DHM solves the phase aberration compensation problem by manually detecting the background for quantitative measurement. This would be a drawback in real time implementation and for dynamic processes such as cell migration phenomena. A recent automatic aberration compensation approach using principle component analysis (PCA) in DHM avoids human intervention regardless of the cells' motion. However, it corrects spherical/elliptical aberration only and disregards the higher order aberrations. Traditional image segmentation techniques can be employed to spatially detect cell locations. Ideally, automatic image segmentation techniques make real time measurement possible. However, existing automatic unsupervised segmentation techniques have poor performance when applied to DHM phase images because of aberrations and speckle noise. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines a supervised deep learning technique with convolutional neural network (CNN) and Zernike polynomial fitting (ZPF). The deep learning CNN is implemented to perform automatic background region detection that allows for ZPF to compute the self-conjugated phase to compensate for most aberrations.
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11
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Cuplov V, Pain F, Jan S. Simulation of nanoparticle-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy using GATE. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1665-1681. [PMID: 28663855 PMCID: PMC5480570 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Application of nanotechnology for biomedicine in cancer therapy allows for direct delivery of anticancer agents to tumors. An example of such therapies is the nanoparticle-mediated near-infrared hyperthermia treatment. In order to investigate the influence of nanoparticle properties on the spatial distribution of heat in the tumor and healthy tissues, accurate simulations are required. The Geant4 Application for Emission Tomography (GATE) open-source simulation platform, based on the Geant4 toolkit, is widely used by the research community involved in molecular imaging, radiotherapy and optical imaging. We present an extension of GATE that can model nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermal therapy as well as simple heat diffusion in biological tissues. This new feature of GATE combined with optical imaging allows for the simulation of a theranostic scenario in which the patient is injected with theranostic nanosystems that can simultaneously deliver therapeutic (i.e. hyperthermia therapy) and imaging agents (i.e. fluorescence imaging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cuplov
- IMIV, CEA, Inserm, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, CEA/Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401, Orsay,
France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405, Orsay,
France
| | - Sébastien Jan
- IMIV, CEA, Inserm, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, CEA/Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401, Orsay,
France
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12
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Bentz BZ, Bowen AG, Lin D, Ysselstein D, Huston DH, Rochet JC, Webb KJ. Printed optics: phantoms for quantitative deep tissue fluorescence imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5230-5233. [PMID: 27842100 PMCID: PMC5650700 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for complex or physiologically realistic phantoms, useful, for example, in developing biomedical imaging methods and for calibrating measured data. However, available 3D printing materials provide a limited range of static optical properties. We overcome this limitation with a new method using stereolithography that allows tuning of the printed phantom's optical properties to match that of target tissues, accomplished by printing a mixture of polystyrene microspheres and clear photopolymer resin. We show that Mie theory can be used to design the optical properties, and demonstrate the method by fabricating a mouse phantom and imaging it using fluorescence optical diffusion tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Z. Bentz
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Anna G. Bowen
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Dergan Lin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Davin H. Huston
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Webb
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Corresponding author:
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13
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Bentz BZ, Chavan AV, Lin D, Tsai EHR, Webb KJ. Fabrication and application of heterogeneous printed mouse phantoms for whole animal optical imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:280-7. [PMID: 26835763 PMCID: PMC5652317 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the usefulness of 3D printing for optical imaging applications. Progress in developing optical imaging for biomedical applications requires customizable and often complex objects for testing and evaluation. There is therefore high demand for what have become known as tissue-simulating "phantoms." We present a new optical phantom fabricated using inexpensive 3D printing methods with multiple materials, allowing for the placement of complex inhomogeneities in complex or anatomically realistic geometries, as opposed to previous phantoms, which were limited to simple shapes formed by molds or machining. We use diffuse optical imaging to reconstruct optical parameters in 3D space within a printed mouse to show the applicability of the phantoms for developing whole animal optical imaging methods. This phantom fabrication approach is versatile, can be applied to optical imaging methods besides diffusive imaging, and can be used in the calibration of live animal imaging data.
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Corcoran A, Muyo G, van Hemert J, Gorman A, Harvey AR. Application of a wide-field phantom eye for optical coherence tomography and reflectance imaging. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2015; 62:1828-1838. [PMID: 26740737 PMCID: PMC4685623 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2015.1045309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance imaging are used in clinical practice to measure the thickness and transverse dimensions of retinal features. The recent trend towards increasing the field of view (FOV) of these devices has led to an increasing significance of the optical aberrations of both the human eye and the device. We report the design, manufacture and application of the first phantom eye that reproduces the off-axis optical characteristics of the human eye, and allows the performance assessment of wide-field ophthalmic devices. We base our design and manufacture on the wide-field schematic eye, [Navarro, R. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 1985,2.] as an accurate proxy to the human eye and enable assessment of ophthalmic imaging performance for a [Formula: see text] external FOV. We used multi-material 3D-printed retinal targets to assess imaging performance of the following ophthalmic instruments: the Optos 200Tx, Heidelberg Spectralis, Zeiss FF4 fundus camera and Optos OCT SLO and use the phantom to provide an insight into some of the challenges of wide-field OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corcoran
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Gonzalo Muyo
- Research Department, Optos PLC, Dunfermline, Scotland
| | | | | | - Andrew R. Harvey
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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15
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Verdun F, Racine D, Ott J, Tapiovaara M, Toroi P, Bochud F, Veldkamp W, Schegerer A, Bouwman R, Giron IH, Marshall N, Edyvean S. Image quality in CT: From physical measurements to model observers. Phys Med 2015; 31:823-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Diep P, Pannem S, Sweer J, Lo J, Snyder M, Stueber G, Zhao Y, Tabassum S, Istfan R, Wu J, Erramilli S, Roblyer D. Three-dimensional printed optical phantoms with customized absorption and scattering properties. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4212-20. [PMID: 26600987 PMCID: PMC4646531 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers the promise of fabricating optical phantoms with arbitrary geometry, but commercially available thermoplastics provide only a small range of physiologically relevant absorption (µa) and reduced scattering (µs`) values. Here we demonstrate customizable acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments for dual extrusion 3D printing of tissue mimicking optical phantoms. µa and µs` values were adjusted by incorporating nigrosin and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the filament extrusion process. A wide range of physiologically relevant optical properties was demonstrated with an average repeatability within 11.5% for µa and 7.71% for µs`. Additionally, a mouse-simulating phantom, which mimicked both the geometry and optical properties of a hairless mouse with an implanted xenograft tumor, was printed using dual extrusion methods. 3D printed tumor optical properties matched the live tumor with less than 3% error at a wavelength of 659 nm. 3D printing with user defined optical properties may provide a viable method for durable optically diffusive phantoms for instrument characterization and calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Diep
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sanjana Pannem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jordan Sweer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Justine Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriella Stueber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Syeda Tabassum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junjie Wu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shyamsunder Erramilli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Solomon J, Samei E. Quantum noise properties of CT images with anatomical textured backgrounds across reconstruction algorithms: FBP and SAFIRE. Med Phys 2015; 41:091908. [PMID: 25186395 DOI: 10.1118/1.4893497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantum noise properties of CT images are generally assessed using simple geometric phantoms with uniform backgrounds. Such phantoms may be inadequate when assessing nonlinear reconstruction or postprocessing algorithms. The purpose of this study was to design anatomically informed textured phantoms and use the phantoms to assess quantum noise properties across two clinically available reconstruction algorithms, filtered back projection (FBP) and sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE). METHODS Two phantoms were designed to represent lung and soft-tissue textures. The lung phantom included intricate vessel-like structures along with embedded nodules (spherical, lobulated, and spiculated). The soft tissue phantom was designed based on a three-dimensional clustered lumpy background with included low-contrast lesions (spherical and anthropomorphic). The phantoms were built using rapid prototyping (3D printing) technology and, along with a uniform phantom of similar size, were imaged on a Siemens SOMATOM Definition Flash CT scanner and reconstructed with FBP and SAFIRE. Fifty repeated acquisitions were acquired for each background type and noise was assessed by estimating pixel-value statistics, such as standard deviation (i.e., noise magnitude), autocorrelation, and noise power spectrum. Noise stationarity was also assessed by examining the spatial distribution of noise magnitude. The noise properties were compared across background types and between the two reconstruction algorithms. RESULTS In FBP and SAFIRE images, noise was globally nonstationary for all phantoms. In FBP images of all phantoms, and in SAFIRE images of the uniform phantom, noise appeared to be locally stationary (within a reasonably small region of interest). Noise was locally nonstationary in SAFIRE images of the textured phantoms with edge pixels showing higher noise magnitude compared to pixels in more homogenous regions. For pixels in uniform regions, noise magnitude was reduced by an average of 60% in SAFIRE images compared to FBP. However, for edge pixels, noise magnitude ranged from 20% higher to 40% lower in SAFIRE images compared to FBP. SAFIRE images of the lung phantom exhibited distinct regions with varying noise texture (i.e., noise autocorrelation/power spectra). CONCLUSIONS Quantum noise properties observed in uniform phantoms may not be representative of those in actual patients for nonlinear reconstruction algorithms. Anatomical texture should be considered when evaluating the performance of CT systems that use such nonlinear algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Solomon
- Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - Ehsan Samei
- Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
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18
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Dong E, Zhao Z, Wang M, Xie Y, Li S, Shao P, Cheng L, Xu RX. Three-dimensional fuse deposition modeling of tissue-simulating phantom for biomedical optical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:121311. [PMID: 26603611 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical optical devices are widely used for clinical detection of various tissue anomalies. However, optical measurements have limited accuracy and traceability, partially owing to the lack of effective calibration methods that simulate the actual tissue conditions. To facilitate standardized calibration and performance evaluation of medical optical devices, we develop a three-dimensional fuse deposition modeling (FDM) technique for freeform fabrication of tissue-simulating phantoms. The FDM system uses transparent gel wax as the base material, titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) powder as the scattering ingredient, and graphite powder as the absorption ingredient. The ingredients are preheated, mixed, and deposited at the designated ratios layer-by-layer to simulate tissue structural and optical heterogeneities. By printing the sections of human brain model based on magnetic resonance images, we demonstrate the capability for simulating tissue structural heterogeneities. By measuring optical properties of multilayered phantoms and comparing with numerical simulation, we demonstrate the feasibility for simulating tissue optical properties. By creating a rat head phantom with embedded vasculature, we demonstrate the potential for mimicking physiologic processes of a living system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbao Dong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zuhua Zhao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yanjun Xie
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shidi Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Liuquan Cheng
- 301th PLA Hospital, Department of Radiology, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, ChinacThe Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Ghassemi P, Wang J, Melchiorri AJ, Ramella-Roman JC, Mathews SA, Coburn JC, Sorg BS, Chen Y, Joshua Pfefer T. Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:121312. [PMID: 26662064 PMCID: PMC4881289 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technique of rapid prototyping with three-dimensional (3-D) printers provides a simple yet revolutionary method for fabricating objects with arbitrary geometry. The use of 3-D printing for generating morphologically biomimetic tissue phantoms based on medical images represents a potentially major advance over existing phantom approaches. Toward the goal of image-defined phantoms, we converted a segmented fundus image of the human retina into a matrix format and edited it to achieve a geometry suitable for printing. Phantoms with vessel-simulating channels were then printed using a photoreactive resin providing biologically relevant turbidity, as determined by spectrophotometry. The morphology of printed vessels was validated by x-ray microcomputed tomography. Channels were filled with hemoglobin (Hb) solutions undergoing desaturation, and phantoms were imaged with a near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system. Additionally, a phantom was printed incorporating two disjoint vascular networks at different depths, each filled with Hb solutions at different saturation levels. Light propagation effects noted during these measurements—including the influence of vessel density and depth on Hb concentration and saturation estimates, and the effect of wavelength on vessel visualization depth—were evaluated. Overall, our findings indicated that 3-D-printed biomimetic phantoms hold significant potential as realistic and practical tools for elucidating light–tissue interactions and characterizing biophotonic system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejhman Ghassemi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jianting Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anthony J. Melchiorri
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, E6 2610, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Scott A. Mathews
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, United States
| | - James C. Coburn
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Brian S. Sorg
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Address all correspondence to: T. Joshua Pfefer, E-mail:
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20
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Wang J, Coburn J, Liang CP, Woolsey N, Ramella-Roman JC, Chen Y, Pfefer TJ. Three-dimensional printing of tissue phantoms for biophotonic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3010-3. [PMID: 24978260 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential of tissue phantoms fabricated with thermosoftening- and photopolymerization-based three-dimensional (3D) printers for use in evaluation of biophotonic imaging systems. The optical properties of printed polymer samples were measured and compared to biological tissues. Phantoms with subsurface channels as small as 0.2 mm in diameter were fabricated and imaged with microscopy, x-ray microtomography, and optical coherence tomography to characterize morphology. These phantoms were then implemented to evaluate the penetration depth of a hyperspectral reflectance imaging system used in conjunction with a near-infrared contrast agent. Results indicated that 3D printing may provide a suitable platform for performance testing in biophotonics, although subsurface imaging is critical to mitigate printer-to-printer variability in matrix homogeneity and feature microstructure.
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Yang C, Hou V, Nelson LY, Seibel EJ. Color-matched and fluorescence-labeled esophagus phantom and its applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:26020. [PMID: 23403908 PMCID: PMC3569733 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.2.026020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable, reproducible three-dimensional optical phantom for the evaluation of a wide-field endoscopic molecular imaging system. This phantom mimicked a human esophagus structure with flexibility to demonstrate body movements. At the same time, realistic visual appearance and diffuse spectral reflectance properties of the tissue were simulated by a color matching methodology. A photostable dye-in-polymer technology was applied to represent biomarker probed "hot-spot" locations. Furthermore, fluorescent target quantification of the phantom was demonstrated using a 1.2 mm ultrathin scanning fiber endoscope with concurrent fluorescence-reflectance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Yang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 204 Fluke Hall, 4000 Mason Road, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gu RY, Lurie KL, Pipes M, Ellerbee AK. Variable-sized bar targets for characterizing three-dimensional resolution in OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2317-25. [PMID: 23024923 PMCID: PMC3447571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resolution is an important figure of merit for imaging systems. We designed, fabricated and tested an optical phantom that mimics the simplicity of an Air Force Test Chart but can characterize both the axial and lateral resolution of optical coherence tomography systems. The phantom is simple to fabricate, simple to use and functions in versatile environments.
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