Robust functional imaging of taste sensation with a Bessel beam

Glia-like taste cells mediate an intercellular mode of peripheral sweet adaptation

The sense of taste generally shows diminishing sensitivity to prolonged sweet stimuli, referred to as sweet adaptation. Yet, its mechanistic landscape remains incomplete. Here, we report that glia-like type I cells provide a distinct mode of sweet adaptation via intercellular crosstalk with chemosensory type II cells. Using the microfluidic-based intravital tongue imaging system, we found that sweet adaptation is facilitated along the synaptic transduction from type II cells to gustatory afferent nerves, while type I cells display temporally delayed and prolonged activities. We identified that type I cells receive purinergic input from adjacent type II cells via P2RY2 and provide inhibitory feedback to the synaptic transduction of sweet taste. Aligning with our cellular-level findings, purinergic activation of type I cells attenuated sweet licking behavior, and P2RY2 knockout mice showed decelerated adaptation behavior. Our study highlights a veiled intercellular mode of sweet adaptation, potentially contributing to the efficient encoding of prolonged sweetness.

Advances in Optical Tools to Study Taste Sensation

Taste sensation is the process of converting chemical identities in food into a neural code of the brain. Taste information is initially formed in the taste buds on the tongue, travels through the afferent gustatory nerves to the sensory ganglion neurons, and finally reaches the multiple taste centers of the brain. In the taste field, optical tools to observe cellular-level functions play a pivotal role in understanding how taste information is processed along a pathway. In this review, we introduce recent advances in the optical tools used to study the taste transduction pathways.

Single optical element to generate a meter-scale THz diffraction-free beam

Diffraction-free electromagnetic beam propagates in free space without change in its two-dimensional transverse profile. Elongating diffraction-free length can benefit the practical application of this beam. Here, we demonstrate that a THz diffraction-free beam with meter-scale length can be achieved by using only one optical element. By circumscribing the line-shape of spherical harmonic function on a traditional axicon, such optical element is designed, and then can be fabricated by 3D-printing technique. Simulated, experimental, and theoretical results all show that the diffraction-free length of generated beam is over 1000 mm. Further analysis based on Fourier optics theory indicates that the spatial frequency of this beam has a comb distribution, which plays a key role during the beam generation process. Moreover, such distribution also demonstrates the beam generated by our invented optical element is not the Bessel beam, but a new diffraction-free beam. It is believed that this meter-scale THz diffraction-free beam can be useful in a non-contact and non-destructive THz imaging system for large objects.

Implantable acousto-optic window for monitoring ultrasound-mediated neuromodulation in vivo

Significance: Ultrasound has recently received considerable attention in neuroscience because it provides noninvasive control of deep brain activity. Although the feasibility of ultrasound stimulation has been reported in preclinical and clinical settings, its mechanistic understanding remains limited. While optical microscopy has become the "gold standard" tool for investigating population-level neural functions in vivo, its application for ultrasound neuromodulation has been technically challenging, as most conventional ultrasonic transducers are not designed to be compatible with optical microscopy. Aim: We aimed to develop a transparent acoustic transducer based on a glass coverslip called the acousto-optic window (AOW), which simultaneously provides ultrasound neuromodulation and microscopic monitoring of neural responses in vivo. Approach: The AOW was fabricated by the serial deposition of transparent acoustic stacks on a circular glass coverslip, comprising a piezoelectric material, polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, and indium-tin-oxide electrodes. The fabricated AOW was implanted into a transgenic neural-activity reporter mouse after open craniotomy. Two-photon microscopy was used to observe neuronal activity in response to ultrasonic stimulation through the AOW. Results: The AOW allowed microscopic imaging of calcium activity in cortical neurons in response to ultrasound stimulation. The optical transparency was ∼ 40 % over the visible and near-infrared spectra, and the ultrasonic pressure was 0.035 MPa at 10 MHz corresponding to 10    mW / cm 2 . In anesthetized Gad2-GCaMP6-tdTomato mice, we observed robust ultrasound-evoked activation of inhibitory cortical neurons at depths up to 200    μ m . Conclusions: The AOW is an implantable ultrasonic transducer that is broadly compatible with optical imaging modalities. The AOW will facilitate our understanding of ultrasound neuromodulation in vivo.