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Kalitsounakis P, Zacharakis G, Tserevelakis GJ. Towards affordable biomedical imaging: Recent advances in low-cost, high-resolution optoacoustic microscopy. J Microsc 2025; 298:3-9. [PMID: 39655863 PMCID: PMC11891982 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2025]
Abstract
This short review discusses the recent developments in low-cost, high-resolution optoacoustic microscopy systems, integrating laser diodes for signal excitation, which are 20-40 times cheaper than the typically employed Q-switched nanosecond laser sources. The development of laser diode-based microscopes can substantially improve not only cost efficiency, but also multispectral capabilities, robustness, portability and overall imaging performance of the optoacoustic technique. To this end, we demonstrate relevant implementations in both time and frequency domain, highlighting their representative applications in biomedical research such as microvasculature imaging, oxygen saturation assessments, hybrid and multiview microscopy of model organisms and tissues and Doppler flow speed measurements. Finally, we analyse the benefits and limitations of each approach, identifying the respective application contexts where they achieve optimum performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Kalitsounakis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteVoutes University CampusHeraklionCreteGreece
| | - Giannis Zacharakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation for Research and Technology HellasHeraklionCreteGreece
| | - George J. Tserevelakis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteVoutes University CampusHeraklionCreteGreece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation for Research and Technology HellasHeraklionCreteGreece
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Yang M, Qu Z, Amjadian M, Tang X, Chen J, Wang L. All-fiber three-wavelength laser for functional photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2025; 42:100703. [PMID: 40084182 PMCID: PMC11905847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2025] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
Advanced multi-wavelength pulsed laser is a key technique for functional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). By utilizing the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect, we can generate various wavelengths from a single-wavelength pump laser, offering a simple and cost-effective solution for OR-PAM. However, existing multi-wavelength SRS lasers typically require fine alignment of many free-space optical components with single-mode fibers, which are susceptible to mechanical disturbances and temperature fluctuations, leading to high maintenance costs. To address this challenge, we develop an all-fiber three-wavelength SRS laser source for functional OR-PAM. A pump laser beam is launched into an optical fiber network, which splits and delays these laser pulses and generates different optical wavelengths in different fiber branches, and then merges them at the output end of the fiber network. This approach requires only one instance of fiber launching, dramatically simplifying the alignment and improving the laser stability. Using a decoding algorithm, we can separate the PA signals from different optical wavelengths and then calculate oxygen saturation (sO2) and flow speed. The SRS fiber network provides stable energy ratios among different optical wavelengths during long-time operation. We use the all-fiber OR-PAM system to monitor the brain function for four hours, demonstrating exceptional stability in functional imaging. The small size, simple structure, and low cost make it suitable for many preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zheng Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mohammadreza Amjadian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
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Liu X, Li W, Liu YH, Estrada H, Razansky D. Compact laser-diode-based optoacoustic mesoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:6865-68676867. [PMID: 39602770 DOI: 10.1364/ol.532067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Short-pulsed solid-state lasers (SSLs) are the most commonly employed light sources in optoacoustic imaging applications. However, their bulky size hinders compact and portable system implementations. Here we developed a compact laser diode (LD)-based optoacoustic mesoscopy (CoLD-OAM) scanner that employs a fiber-coupled laser diode source with 46 × 43 × 11 mm dimensions. CoLD-OAM features a scalable excitation pulse width in the 30-200 ns range, high pulse energies up to 6 µJ, and excellent pulse-to-pulse energy stability of 0.42%. Real-time imaging of the human wrist has been demonstrated with the system, achieving image quality similar to that of SSL-based systems. These advancements facilitate the development of portable optoacoustic systems with strong clinical translation and commercialization potential.
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Jiang D, Zhu L, Tong S, Shen Y, Gao F, Gao F. Photoacoustic imaging plus X: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11513. [PMID: 38156064 PMCID: PMC10753847 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic (PA) imaging (PAI) represents an emerging modality within the realm of biomedical imaging technology. It seamlessly blends the wealth of optical contrast with the remarkable depth of penetration offered by ultrasound. These distinctive features of PAI hold tremendous potential for various applications, including early cancer detection, functional imaging, hybrid imaging, monitoring ablation therapy, and providing guidance during surgical procedures. The synergy between PAI and other cutting-edge technologies not only enhances its capabilities but also propels it toward broader clinical applicability. Aim The integration of PAI with advanced technology for PA signal detection, signal processing, image reconstruction, hybrid imaging, and clinical applications has significantly bolstered the capabilities of PAI. This review endeavor contributes to a deeper comprehension of how the synergy between PAI and other advanced technologies can lead to improved applications. Approach An examination of the evolving research frontiers in PAI, integrated with other advanced technologies, reveals six key categories named "PAI plus X." These categories encompass a range of topics, including but not limited to PAI plus treatment, PAI plus circuits design, PAI plus accurate positioning system, PAI plus fast scanning systems, PAI plus ultrasound sensors, PAI plus advanced laser sources, PAI plus deep learning, and PAI plus other imaging modalities. Results After conducting a comprehensive review of the existing literature and research on PAI integrated with other technologies, various proposals have emerged to advance the development of PAI plus X. These proposals aim to enhance system hardware, improve imaging quality, and address clinical challenges effectively. Conclusions The progression of innovative and sophisticated approaches within each category of PAI plus X is positioned to drive significant advancements in both the development of PAI technology and its clinical applications. Furthermore, PAI not only has the potential to integrate with the above-mentioned technologies but also to broaden its applications even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohuai Jiang
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Fujian Normal University, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luyao Zhu
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangqing Tong
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Shen
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Gao
- ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
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Huang B, Wong TTW. Review of low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs in photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11503. [PMID: 37869479 PMCID: PMC10587694 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a promising imaging technique to provide structural, functional, and molecular information for preclinical and clinical studies. However, expensive and bulky lasers and motorized stages have limited the broad applications of conventional PAM systems. A recent trend is to use low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs to develop a compact PAM system and expand its applications from benchtop to bedside. Aim We provide (1) an overview of PAM systems and their limitations, (2) a comprehensive review of PAM systems with low-cost light sources and their applications, (3) a comprehensive review of PAM systems with miniaturized and handheld scanning designs, and (4) perspective applications and a summary of the cost-effective and miniaturized PAM systems. Approach Papers published before July 2023 in the area of using low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs in PAM were reviewed. They were categorized into two main parts: (1) low-cost light sources and (2) miniaturized or handheld designs. The first part was classified into two subtypes: pulsed laser diode and continuous-wave laser diode. The second part was also classified into two subtypes: galvanometer scanner and micro-electro-mechanical system scanner. Results Significant progress has been made in the development of PAM systems based on low-cost and compact light sources as well as miniaturized and handheld designs. Conclusions The review highlights the potential of these advancements to revolutionize PAM technology, making it more accessible and practical for various applications in preclinical studies, clinical practice, and long-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Huang
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Research Center for Medical Imaging and Analysis, Hong Kong, China
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Seeger M, Stylogiannis A, Prade L, Glasl S, Ntziachristos V. Overdriven laser diode optoacoustic microscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19542. [PMID: 37945920 PMCID: PMC10636104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser diodes are small and inexpensive but don't afford the pulse energy and beam profile required for optoacoustic (photoacoustic) microscopy. Using two novel modulation concepts, i.e. overdriving continuous-wave laser diodes (CWLD) and frequency-wavelength multiplexing (FWM) based on illumination pulse-trains, we demonstrate concurrent multi-wavelength optoacoustic microscopy with signal-to-noise ratios of > 17 dB, < 2 µm resolution at repetition rates of 1 MHz. This unprecedented performance based on an adaptable trigger engine allowed us to contrast FWM to wavelength alternating acquisition using identical optical components. We showcase this concept's superiority over conventional optoacoustic microscopes by visualizing vascular oxygenation dynamics and circulating tumor cells in mice. This work positions laser diodes as a technology allowing affordable, tunable, and miniaturizable optoacoustic microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seeger
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonios Stylogiannis
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Prade
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.
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Cheng Z, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Yang F, Zeng L, Ji X. Photoacoustic maximum amplitude projection microscopy by ultra-low data sampling. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1718-1721. [PMID: 37221749 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has attracted increasing research interest in the biomedical field due to its unique merit of combining light and sound. In general, the bandwidth of a photoacoustic signal reaches up to tens or even hundreds of MHz, which requires a high-performance acquisition card to meet the high requirement of precision of sampling and control. For most depth-insensitive scenes, it is complex and costly to capture the photoacoustic maximum amplitude projection (MAP) images. Herein, we propose a simple and low-cost MAP-PAM system based on a custom-made peak holding circuit to obtain the extremum values by Hz data sampling. The dynamic range of the input signal is 0.01-2.5 V, and the -6-dB bandwidth of the input signal can be up to 45 MHz. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we have verified that the system has the same imaging ability as conventional PAM. Owing to its compact size and ultra-low price (approximately $18), it provides a new performance paradigm for PAM and opens up a new way for an optimal photoacoustic sensing and imaging device.
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