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Tomaszewska-Rolla D, Jaworski P, Wu D, Yu F, Foltynowicz A, Krzempek K, Soboń G. Mid-infrared optical frequency comb spectroscopy using an all-silica antiresonant hollow-core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10679-10689. [PMID: 38571273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We present the first mid-infrared optical frequency comb spectrometer employing an absorption cell based on self-fabricated, all-silica antiresonant hollow-core fiber (ARHCF). The spectrometer is capable of measuring sub-mL sample volumes with 26 m interaction length and noise equivalent absorption sensitivity of 8.3 × 10-8 cm-1 Hz-1/2 per spectral element in the range of 2900 cm-1 to 3100 cm-1. Compared to a commercially available multipass cell, the ARHCF offers a similar interaction length in a 1000 times lower gas sample volume and a 2.8 dB lower transmission loss, resulting in better absorption sensitivity. The broad transmission windows of ARHCFs, in combination with a tunable optical frequency comb, make them ideal for multispecies detection, while the prospect of measuring samples in small volumes makes them a competitive technique to photoacoustic spectroscopy along with the robustness and prospect of coiling the ARHCFs open doors for miniaturization and out-of-laboratory applications.
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Gomółka G, Stępniewski G, Pysz D, Buczyński R, Klimczak M, Nikodem M. Highly sensitive methane detection using a mid-infrared interband cascade laser and an anti-resonant hollow-core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:3685-3697. [PMID: 36785355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.479963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade hollow-core fibers have been used in optical gas sensors in the role of gas cells. However, very few examples of actual real-life applications of those sensors have been demonstrated so far. In this paper, we present a highly-sensitive hollow-core fiber based methane sensor. Mid-infrared distributed feedback interband cascade laser operating near 3.27 µm is used to detect gas inside anti-resonant hollow-core fiber. R(3) line near 3057.71 cm-1 located in ν3 band of methane is targeted. Compact, lens-free optical setup with an all-silica negative curvature hollow-core fiber as the gas cell is demonstrated. Using wavelength modulation spectroscopy and 7.5-m-long fiber the detection limit as low as 1.54 ppbv (at 20 s) is obtained. The demonstrated system is applied for a week-long continuous monitoring of ambient methane and water vapor in atmospheric air at ground level. Diurnal cycles in methane concentrations are observed, what proves the sensor's usability in environmental monitoring.
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3
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Review of Structural Health Monitoring Techniques in Pipeline and Wind Turbine Industries. APPLIED SYSTEM INNOVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/asi4030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There has been enormous growth in the energy sector in the new millennium, and it has enhanced energy demand, creating an exponential rise in the capital investment in the energy industry in the last few years. Regular monitoring of the health of industrial equipment is necessary, and thus, the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) comes into play. In this paper, the purpose is to highlight the importance of SHM systems and various techniques primarily used in pipelining industries. There have been several advancements in SHM systems over the years such as Point OFS (optical fiber sensor) for Corrosion, Distributed OFS for physical and chemical sensing, etc. However, these advanced SHM technologies are at their nascent stages of development, and thus, there are several challenges that exist in the industries. The techniques based on acoustic, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), etc. bring in various challenges, as it becomes daunting to monitor the deformations from both sides by employing only one technique. In order to determine the damages well in advance, it is necessary that the sensor is positioned inside the pipes and gives the operators enough time to carry out the troubleshooting. However, the mentioned technologies have been unable to indicate the errors, and thus, there is the requirement for a newer technology to be developed. The purpose of this review manuscript is to enlighten the readers about the importance of structural health monitoring in pipeline and wind turbine industries.
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Jaworski P. A Review of Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber-Assisted Spectroscopy of Gases. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165640. [PMID: 34451086 PMCID: PMC8402571 DOI: 10.3390/s21165640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fibers (ARHCFs), thanks to the excellent capability of guiding light in an air core with low loss over a very broad spectral range, have attracted significant attention of researchers worldwide who especially focus their work on laser-based spectroscopy of gaseous substances. It was shown that the ARHCFs can be used as low-volume, non-complex, and versatile gas absorption cells forming the sensing path length in the sensor, thus serving as a promising alternative to commonly used bulk optics-based configurations. The ARHCF-aided sensors proved to deliver high sensitivity and long-term stability, which justifies their suitability for this particular application. In this review, the recent progress in laser-based gas sensors aided with ARHCFs combined with various laser-based spectroscopy techniques is discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jaworski
- Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Le Camus A, Petit Y, Bérubé JP, Bellec M, Canioni L, Vallée R. Direct-laser-written integrated mid-IR directional couplers in a BGG glass. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8531-8541. [PMID: 33820299 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of coherent sources and other optical components for the mid-infrared has been hampered by the lack of sturdy materials that can withstand high power radiation or exposition to harsh environment. BGG glasses are robust materials transmitting over the 2.5-5 μm region. We report here the direct femtosecond laser fabrication of efficient directional couplers integrated in a BGG glass chip. The photonic components are characterized from 2.1 to 4.2 μm and compared to similar structures inscribed in silica glass samples. At 2.85 μm, a 99% relative cross transmission is reported in BGG glass. The experimental measurements are in good agreement with the coupled mode theory for wavelengths up to 3.5 μm.
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Kim HT, Hwang W, Liu Y, Yu M. Ultracompact gas sensor with metal-organic-framework-based differential fiber-optic Fabry-Perot nanocavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29937-29947. [PMID: 33114882 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Refractive-index (RI)-based sensing is a major optical sensing modality that can be implemented in various spectral ranges. While it has been widely used for sensing of biochemical liquids, RI-based gas sensing, particularly small-molecule gases, is challenging due to the extremely small RI change induced by gas concentration variations. We propose a RI-based ultracompact fiber-optic differential gas sensor that employs metal-organic-framework (MOF)-based dual Fabry-Perot (FP) nanocavities. A MOF is used as the FP cavity material to enhance the sensitivity as well as the selectivity to particular gas molecules. The differential sensing scheme leverages the opposite change in the cavity-length-dependent reflection of the two FP cavities, which further enhances the sensitivity compared with single FP cavity based sensing. For proof-of-concept, a fiber-optic CO2 sensor with ZIF-8-based dual FP nanocavities was fabricated. The effective footprint of the sensor was as small as 157 µm2 and the sensor showed an enhanced sensitivity of 48.5 mV/CO2Vol%, a dynamic range of 0-100 CO2Vol%, and a resolution of 0.019 CO2Vol% with 1 Hz low-pass filtering. Although the current sensor was only demonstrated for CO2 sensing, the proposed sensor concept can be used for sensing of a variety of gases when different kinds of MOFs are utilized.
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Zhang Z, Chang J, Sun J, Feng Y, Sun H, Zhang Q, Fan Y, Zhang Z. Dual-beam antiphase method to improve the WMS measurement limit in long-distance methane detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8217-8223. [PMID: 32976404 DOI: 10.1364/ao.402774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with second harmonic detection is an extremely effective technique to detect gases in site applications. However, the significant levels of nonlinear effects in a system give rise to high background signals that either limit detection sensitivity or distort the harmonic signals. This paper outlines the theory of WMS-involved background signals and focuses on the elimination of undesirable effects in the background. A real-time, long-distance methane sensor using a tunable diode laser near 1653.7 nm is developed to continuously monitor methane by using a variable optical attenuator to suppress the background. Trace methane detection experiments verify that the minimum detection limit of the system can be increased by 47.5 times compared to the traditional WMS method.
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Novo CC, Choudhury D, Siwicki B, Thomson RR, Shephard JD. Femtosecond laser machining of hollow-core negative curvature fibres. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25491-25501. [PMID: 32907069 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hollow core negative curvature fibres (NCFs) are a relatively new class of microstructured optical fibre with potential applications in areas such as the delivery of high power laser light and gas sensing. For sensing, it is necessary for the measurand to interact with the guided mode. To facilitate this, a novel femtosecond laser-based machining protocol has been developed that allows the precision sculpting of access slots into the NCF core along the length of the fibre. The process is a direct-write process using a digitally defined scanning strategy with no need for physical masks or additional processing such as wet etchants and/or focussed ion beam machining. Due to the inherent flexibility of the machining strategy and the high level of control over the depth of material removal, it is likely that this new technique will be transferable to a wide range of microstructured fibres.
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Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber-Based Dual Gas Sensor for Detection of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in the Near- and Mid-Infrared Regions. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143813. [PMID: 32650459 PMCID: PMC7412241 DOI: 10.3390/s20143813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present for the first time a laser-based dual gas sensor utilizing a silica-based Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber (ARHCF) operating in the Near- and Mid-Infrared spectral region. A 1-m-long fiber with an 84-µm diameter air-core was implemented as a low-volume absorption cell in a sensor configuration utilizing the simple and well-known Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) method. The fiber was filled with a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and a simultaneous detection of both gases was demonstrated targeting their transitions at 3.334 µm and 1.574 µm, respectively. Due to excellent guidance properties of the fiber and low background noise, the proposed sensor reached a detection limit down to 24 parts-per-billion by volume for CH4 and 144 parts-per-million by volume for CO2. The obtained results confirm the suitability of ARHCF for efficient use in gas sensing applications for over a broad spectral range. Thanks to the demonstrated low loss, such fibers with lengths of over one meter can be used for increasing the laser-gas molecules interaction path, substituting bulk optics-based multipass cells, while delivering required flexibility, compactness, reliability and enhancement in the sensor’s sensitivity.
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10
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Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Gas Sensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102996. [PMID: 32466269 PMCID: PMC7288133 DOI: 10.3390/s20102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fiber gas sensing techniques have been applied for a wide range of industrial applications. In this paper, the basic fiber gas sensing principles and the development of different fibers have been introduced. In various specialty fibers, hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) can overcome the fundamental limits of solid fibers and have attracted intense interest recently. Here, we focus on the review of HC-PCF gas sensing, including the light-guiding mechanisms of HC-PCFs, various sensing configurations, microfabrication approaches, and recent research advances including the mid-infrared gas sensors via hollow core anti-resonant fibers. This review gives a detailed and deep understanding of HC-PCF gas sensors and will promote more practical applications of HC-PCFs in the near future.
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11
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Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Microstructured Optical Fibers to Detect Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds-A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092555. [PMID: 32365856 PMCID: PMC7248757 DOI: 10.3390/s20092555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first publications related to microstructured optical fibers (MOFs), the development of optical fiber sensors (OFS) based on them has attracted the interest of many research groups because of the market niches that can take advantage of their specific features. Due to their unique structure based on a certain distribution of air holes, MOFs are especially useful for sensing applications: on one hand, the increased coupling of guided modes into the cladding or the holes enhances significantly the interaction with sensing films deposited there; on the other hand, MOF air holes enhance the direct interaction between the light and the analytes that get into in these cavities. Consequently, the sensitivity when detecting liquids, gasses or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is significantly improved. This paper is focused on the reported sensors that have been developed with MOFs which are applied to detection of gases and VOCs, highlighting the advantages that this type of fiber offers.
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12
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Jaworski P, Krzempek K, Dudzik G, Sazio PJ, Belardi W. Nitrous oxide detection at 5.26 µm with a compound glass antiresonant hollow-core optical fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1326-1329. [PMID: 32163956 DOI: 10.1364/ol.383861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based gas sensors utilizing various light-gas interaction phenomena have proved their capacity for detecting different gases. However, achieving reasonable sensitivity, especially in the mid-infrared, is crucial. Improving sensor detectivity usually requires incorporating multipass cells, which increase the light-gas interaction path length at a cost of reduced stability. An unconventional solution comes with the aid of hollow-core fibers. In such a fiber, light is guided inside an air-core which, when filled with the analyte gas can serve as a low-volume and robust absorption cell. Here we report on the use of a borosilicate antiresonant hollow-core fiber for laser-based gas sensing. Due to its unique structure and guidance, this fiber provides low-loss, single-mode transmission $ {\gt} {5}\;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}$>5µm. The feasibility of using the fiber as a gas cell was verified by detecting nitrous oxide at 5.26 µm with a minimum detection limit of 20 ppbv.
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Wright RF, Lu P, Devkota J, Lu F, Ziomek-Moroz M, Ohodnicki PR. Corrosion Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Oil and Natural Gas Infrastructure: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19183964. [PMID: 31540327 PMCID: PMC6767297 DOI: 10.3390/s19183964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion has been a great concern in the oil and natural gas industry costing billions of dollars annually in the U.S. The ability to monitor corrosion online before structural integrity is compromised can have a significant impact on preventing catastrophic events resulting from corrosion. This article critically reviews conventional corrosion sensors and emerging sensor technologies in terms of sensing principles, sensor designs, advantages, and limitations. Conventional corrosion sensors encompass corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic testing sensors, magnetic flux leakage sensors, electromagnetic sensors, and in-line inspection tools. Emerging sensor technologies highlight optical fiber sensors (point, quasi-distributed, distributed) and passive wireless sensors such as passive radio-frequency identification sensors and surface acoustic wave sensors. Emerging sensors show great potential in continuous real-time in-situ monitoring of oil and natural gas infrastructure. Distributed chemical sensing is emphasized based on recent studies as a promising method to detect early corrosion onset and monitor corrosive environments for corrosion mitigation management. Additionally, challenges are discussed including durability and stability in extreme and harsh conditions such as high temperature high pressure in subsurface wellbores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishu F Wright
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
- Leidos Research Support Team, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
| | - Ping Lu
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
- Leidos Research Support Team, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
| | - Jagannath Devkota
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
- Leidos Research Support Team, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
| | - Fei Lu
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
| | | | - Paul R Ohodnicki
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
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14
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Wideband Ge-Rich SiGe Polarization-Insensitive Waveguides for Mid-Infrared Free-Space Communications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of quantum cascade lasers, with room-temperature emission in the mid-infrared range, opened new opportunities for the implementation of ultra-wideband communication systems. Specifically, the mid-infrared atmospheric transparency windows, comprising wavelengths between 3–5 µm and 8–14 µm, have great potential for free-space communications, as they provide a wide unregulated spectrum with low Mie and Rayleigh scattering and reduced background noise. Despite the great efforts devoted to the development of mid-infrared sources and detectors, little attention is dedicated to the management of polarization for signal processing. In this work, we used Ge-rich SiGe alloys to build a wideband and polarization-insensitive mid-infrared photonic platform. We showed that the gradual index change in the SiGe alloys enabled the design of waveguides with remarkably low birefringence, below 2 × 10−4, over ultra-wide wavelength ranges within both atmospheric transparency windows, near wavelengths of 3.5 µm and 9 µm. We also report on the design of a polarization-independent multimode interference device achieving efficient power splitting in an unprecedented 4.5-µm bandwidth at around 10-µm wavelength. The ultra-wideband polarization-insensitive building blocks presented here pave the way for the development of high-performance on-chip photonic circuits for next-generation mid-infrared free-space communication systems.
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15
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Zheng H, Lou M, Dong L, Wu H, Ye W, Yin X, Kim CS, Kim M, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Canedy CL, Warren MV, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Tittel FK. Compact photoacoustic module for methane detection incorporating interband cascade light emitting device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16761-16770. [PMID: 28789177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic module (PAM) for methane detection was developed by combining a novel 3.2 μm interband cascade light emitting device (ICLED) with a compact differential photoacoustic cell. The ICLED with a 22-stage interband cascade active core emitted a collimated power of ~700 μW. A concave Al-coat reflector was positioned adjacent to the photoacoustic cell to enhance the gas absorption length. Assembly of the ICLED and reflector with the photoacoustic cell resulted in a robust and portable PAM without any moving parts. The PAM performance was evaluated in terms of operating pressure, sensitivity and linearity. A 1σ detection limit of 3.6 ppmv was achieved with a 1-s integration time.
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Lian Z, Segura M, Podoliak N, Feng X, White N, Horak P. Nanomechanical Optical Fiber with Embedded Electrodes Actuated by Joule Heating. MATERIALS 2014; 7:5591-5602. [PMID: 28788148 PMCID: PMC5456168 DOI: 10.3390/ma7085591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanical optical fibers with metal electrodes embedded in the jacket were fabricated by a multi-material co-draw technique. At the center of the fibers, two glass cores suspended by thin membranes and surrounded by air form a directional coupler that is highly temperature-dependent. We demonstrate optical switching between the two fiber cores by Joule heating of the electrodes with as little as 0.4 W electrical power, thereby demonstrating an electrically actuated all-fiber microelectromechanical system (MEMS). Simulations show that the main mechanism for optical switching is the transverse thermal expansion of the fiber structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Lian
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Martha Segura
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Nina Podoliak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Xian Feng
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Nicholas White
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Peter Horak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Schmidt M, Cubillas AM, Taccardi N, Euser TG, Cremer T, Maier F, Steinrück HP, Russell PSJ, Wasserscheid P, Etzold BJM. Chemical and (Photo)-Catalytical Transformations in Photonic Crystal Fibers. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Cubillas AM, Unterkofler S, Euser TG, Etzold BJM, Jones AC, Sadler PJ, Wasserscheid P, Russell PSJ. Photonic crystal fibres for chemical sensing and photochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8629-48. [PMID: 23753016 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cubillas
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Guenther-Scharowsky-Str. 1/Bldg. 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Williams GOS, Chen JSY, Euser TG, Russell PSJ, Jones AC. Photonic crystal fibre as an optofluidic reactor for the measurement of photochemical kinetics with sub-picomole sensitivity. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3356-3361. [PMID: 22767267 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal fibre constitutes an optofluidic system in which light can be efficiently coupled into a solution-phase sample, contained within the hollow core of the fibre, over long path-lengths. This provides an ideal arrangement for the highly sensitive monitoring of photochemical reactions by absorption spectroscopy. We report here the use of UV/vis spectroscopy to measure the kinetics of the photochemical and thermal cis-trans isomerisation of sub-picomole samples of two azo dyes within the 19-μm diameter core of a photonic crystal fibre, over a path length of 30 cm. Photoisomerisation quantum yields are the first reported for "push-pull" azobenzenes in solution at room temperature; such measurements are challenging because of the fast thermal isomerisation process. Rate constants obtained for thermal isomerisation are in excellent agreement with those established previously in conventional cuvette-based measurements. The high sensitivity afforded by this intra-fibre method enables measurements in solvents in which the dyes are too insoluble to permit conventional cuvette-based measurements. The results presented demonstrate the potential of photonic crystal fibres as optofluidic elements in lab-on-a-chip devices for photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth O S Williams
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, King's Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Batzias FA, Siontorou CG, Spanidis PMP. Designing a reliable leak bio-detection system for natural gas pipelines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:35-58. [PMID: 21177031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of natural gas (NG) pipelines is an important task for economical/safety operation, loss prevention and environmental protection. Timely and reliable leak detection of gas pipeline, therefore, plays a key role in the overall integrity management for the pipeline system. Owing to the various limitations of the currently available techniques and the surveillance area that needs to be covered, the research on new detector systems is still thriving. Biosensors are worldwide considered as a niche technology in the environmental market, since they afford the desired detector capabilities at low cost, provided they have been properly designed/developed and rationally placed/networked/maintained by the aid of operational research techniques. This paper addresses NG leakage surveillance through a robust cooperative/synergistic scheme between biosensors and conventional detector systems; the network is validated in situ and optimized in order to provide reliable information at the required granularity level. The proposed scheme is substantiated through a knowledge based approach and relies on Fuzzy Multicriteria Analysis (FMCA), for selecting the best biosensor design that suits both, the target analyte and the operational micro-environment. This approach is illustrated in the design of leak surveying over a pipeline network in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Batzias
- University Piraeus, Department of Industrial Management & Technology, Piraeus, Greece.
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Adler F, Masłowski P, Foltynowicz A, Cossel KC, Briles TC, Hartl I, Ye J. Mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with a broadband frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:21861-21872. [PMID: 20941086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.021861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a first implementation of optical-frequency-comb-based rapid trace gas detection in the molecular fingerprint region in the mid-infrared. Near-real-time acquisition of broadband absorption spectra with 0.0056 cm(-1) maximum resolution is demonstrated using a frequency comb Fourier transform spectrometer which operates in the 2100-to-3700-cm(-1) spectral region. We achieve part-per-billion detection limits in 30 seconds of integration time for several important molecules including methane, ethane, isoprene, and nitrous oxide. Our system enables precise concentration measurements even in gas mixtures that exhibit continuous absorption bands, and it allows detection of molecules at levels below the noise floor via simultaneous analysis of multiple spectral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Adler
- Department of Physics, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology,University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA.
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22
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Falk CI, Hald J, Petersen JC, Lyngsø JK. Transmission properties of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers in relation to molecular spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:3854-3859. [PMID: 20648156 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transmission properties of five types of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (HC-PBFs) are characterized in the telecom wavelength range around 1.5 microm. The variations in optical transmission are measured as a function of laser frequency over a 2 GHz scan range as well as a function of time over several hours. The influence of these variations on spectroscopy of molecules in a HC-PBF is simulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte I Falk
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Matematiktorvet 307, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Chen JS, Euser T, Farrer N, Sadler P, Scharrer M, Russell P. Photochemistry in Photonic Crystal Fiber Nanoreactors. Chemistry 2010; 16:5607-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Das R, Kumar SC, Samanta GK, Ebrahim-Zadeh M. Broadband, high-power, continuous-wave, mid-infrared source using extended phase-matching bandwidth in MgO:PPLN. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:3836-3838. [PMID: 20016630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.003836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a compact and viable source of broadband, high-power, cw, mid-IR radiation based on a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) pumped by a wide-bandwidth cw Yb fiber laser centered at 1060 nm. By exploiting the extended phase-matching bandwidth in a 50 mm crystal of MgO:PPLN and a ring SRO cavity, we obtain 5.3 W of broadband idler output for 25.5 W of pump at >80% depletion, transferring a pump bandwidth of 73.9 cm(-1) to an idler spectrum spread across an equal bandwidth centered at 3454 nm. By deploying output coupling of the signal, we generate 11.2 W of total power at 44% extraction efficiency with a pump depletion of >73% at the maximum available pump power. Measurements of transverse modal power confirm Gaussian distribution of signal and idler beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwick Das
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Cubillas AM, Lazaro JM, Conde OM, Petrovich MN, Lopez-Higuera JM. Gas Sensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fibres in the 2ν(3) and ν(2) + 2ν(3) Vibrational Bands of Methane. SENSORS 2009; 9:6261-72. [PMID: 22454584 PMCID: PMC3312443 DOI: 10.3390/s90806261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, methane detection is performed on the 2ν3 and ν2 + 2ν3 absorption bands in the Near-Infrared (NIR) wavelength region using an all-fibre optical sensor. Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres (HC-PBFs) are employed as gas cells due to their compactness, good integrability in optical systems and feasibility of long interaction lengths with gases. Sensing in the 2ν3 band of methane is demonstrated to achieve a detection limit one order of magnitude better than that of the ν2 + 2ν3 band. Finally, the filling time of a HC-PBF is demonstrated to be dependent on the fibre length and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Cubillas
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.); (O.M.C.); (J.M.L.-H)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-942-200877; Fax: +34-942-200877
| | - Jose M. Lazaro
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.); (O.M.C.); (J.M.L.-H)
| | - Olga M. Conde
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.); (O.M.C.); (J.M.L.-H)
| | - Marco N. Petrovich
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; E-Mail: (M.N.P.)
| | - Jose M. Lopez-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.); (O.M.C.); (J.M.L.-H)
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26
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Villatoro J, Kreuzer MP, Jha R, Minkovich VP, Finazzi V, Badenes G, Pruneri V. Photonic crystal fiber interferometer for chemical vapor detection with high sensitivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:1447-1453. [PMID: 19188973 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an in-reflection photonic crystal fiber (PCF) interferometer which exhibits high sensitivity to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), without the need of any permeable material. The interferometer is compact, robust, and consists of a stub of PCF spliced to standard optical fiber. In the splice the voids of the PCF are fully collapsed, thus allowing the excitation and recombination of two core modes. The device reflection spectrum exhibits sinusoidal interference pattern which shifts differently when the voids of the PCF are infiltrated with VOC molecules. The volume of voids responsible for the shift is less than 600 picoliters whereas the detectable levels are in the nanomole range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Villatoro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Cubillas AM, Lazaro JM, Conde OM, Petrovich MN, Lopez-Higuera JM. Multi-Line Fit Model for the Detection of Methane at ν(2) + 2ν(3) Band using Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fibres. SENSORS 2009; 9:490-502. [PMID: 22389612 PMCID: PMC3280758 DOI: 10.3390/s90100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres (HC-PBFs) have emerged as a novel technology in the field of gas sensing. The long interaction pathlengths achievable with these fibres are especially advantageous for the detection of weakly absorbing gases. In this work, we demonstrate the good performance of a HC-PBF in the detection of the ν(2) + 2ν(3) band of methane, at 1.3 μm. The Q-branch manifold, at 1331.55 nm, is targeted for concentration monitoring purposes. A computationally optimized multi-line model is used to fit the Q-branch. Using this model, a detection limit of 98 ppmv (parts per million by volume) is estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Cubillas
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-mails: (J. M. L.); (O. M. C); (J. M. L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: (A. M. C.);Tel.: +34-942-200877; Fax: +34-942-200877
| | - Jose M. Lazaro
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-mails: (J. M. L.); (O. M. C); (J. M. L.)
| | - Olga M. Conde
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-mails: (J. M. L.); (O. M. C); (J. M. L.)
| | - Marco N. Petrovich
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; E-mail (M. N. P.)
| | - Jose M. Lopez-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain; E-mails: (J. M. L.); (O. M. C); (J. M. L.)
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