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Nguyen DH, Sun JY, Lo CY, Liu JM, Tsai WS, Li MH, Yang SJ, Lin CC, Tzeng SD, Ma YR, Lin MY, Lai CC. Ultralow-Threshold Continuous-Wave Room-Temperature Crystal-Fiber/Nanoperovskite Hybrid Lasers for All-Optical Photonic Integration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006819. [PMID: 33576143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave (CW) room-temperature (RT) laser operation with low energy consumption is an ultimate goal for electrically driven lasers. A monolithically integrated perovskite laser in a chip-level fiber scheme is ideal. However, because of the well-recognized air and thermal instabilities of perovskites, laser action in a perovskite has mostly been limited to either pulsed or cryogenic-temperature operations. Most CW laser operations at RT have had poor durability. Here, crystal fibers that have robust and high-heat-load nature are shown to be the key to enabling the first demonstration of ultralow-threshold CW RT laser action in a compact, monolithic, and inexpensive crystal fiber/nanoperovskite hybrid architecture that is directly pumped with a 405 nm diode laser. Purcell-enhanced light-matter coupling between the atomically smooth fiber microcavity and the perovskite nanocrystallites gain medium enables a high Q (≈1500) and a high β (0.31). This 762 nm laser outperforms previously reported structures with a record-low threshold of 132 nW and an optical-to-optical slope conversion efficiency of 2.93%, and it delivers a stable output for CW and RT operation. These results represent a significant advancement toward monolithic all-optical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Huy Nguyen
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yuan Sun
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yao Lo
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wan-Shao Tsai
- Department of Electric Engineering and Graduate Institute of Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Li
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhang Yang
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lin
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Der Tzeng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ron Ma
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Lai
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
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2
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Yang X, Shu W, Wang Y, Gong Y, Gong C, Chen Q, Tan X, Peng GD, Fan X, Rao YJ. Turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay revisited to enhance its sensitivity via an optofluidic laser. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Zhang H, Sun Y. Optofluidic droplet dye laser generated by microfluidic nozzles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11284-11291. [PMID: 29716052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an optofluidic droplet dye laser that is generated by an array of microfluidic nozzles fabricated on a polycarbonate chip. A droplet resonator forms upon pressurizing the nozzle backside microfluidic channel. Multimode low-threshold lasing is observed from individual microdroplets doped with dye. Additionally, droplets can be conveniently released from the nozzle by water rinsing from the top microfluidic channel and subsequently regenerated, and thus achieve optofluidic lasers on-demand. Our work demonstrates a new approach to generating on-chip laser source and laser arrays in a simple, reproducible, reconfigurable, and low-cost fashion.
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Kim KH, Luo W, Zhang C, Tian C, Guo LJ, Wang X, Fan X. Air-coupled ultrasound detection using capillary-based optical ring resonators. Sci Rep 2017; 7:109. [PMID: 28250443 PMCID: PMC5427941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate and theoretically analyze high Q-factor (~107) capillary-based optical ring resonators for non-contact detection of air-coupled ultrasound. Noise equivalent pressures in air as low as 215 mPa/√Hz and 41 mPa/√Hz at 50 kHz and 800 kHz in air, respectively, are achieved. Furthermore, non-contact detection of air-coupled photoacoustic pulses optically generated from a 200 nm thick Chromium film is demonstrated. The interaction of an acoustic pulse and the mechanical mode of the ring resonator is also studied. Significant improvement in detection bandwidth is demonstrated by encapsulating the ring resonator in a damping medium. Our work will enable compact and sensitive ultrasound detection in many applications, such as air-coupled non-destructive ultrasound testing, photoacoustic imaging, and remote sensing. It will also provide a model system for fundamental study of the mechanical modes in the ring resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- School of Optical and Electrical Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - L Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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5
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Lee W, Chen Q, Fan X, Yoon DK. Digital DNA detection based on a compact optofluidic laser with ultra-low sample consumption. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4770-4776. [PMID: 27868127 PMCID: PMC5137248 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA lasers self-amplify optical signals from a DNA analyte as well as thermodynamic differences between sequences, allowing quasi-digital DNA detection. However, these systems have drawbacks, such as relatively large sample consumption and complicated dye labelling. Moreover, although the lasing signal can detect the target DNA, it is superimposed on an unintended fluorescence background, which persists for non-target DNA samples as well. From an optical point of view, it is thus not truly digital detection and requires spectral analysis to identify the target. In this work, we propose and demonstrate an optofluidic laser that has a single layer of DNA molecules as the gain material. A target DNA produces intensive laser emission comparable to existing DNA lasers, while any unnecessary fluorescence background is successfully suppressed. As a result, the target DNA can be detected with a single laser pulse, in a truly digital manner. Since the DNA molecules cover only a single layer on the surface of the laser microcavity, the DNA sample consumption is a few orders of magnitude lower than that of existing DNA lasers. Furthermore, the DNA molecules are stained by simply immersing the microcavity in the intercalating dye solution, and thus the proposed DNA laser is free of any complex dye-labelling process prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only near-infrared dye approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. When injected in blood, ICG binds primarily to plasma proteins and lipoproteins, resulting in enhanced fluorescence. Recently, the optofluidic laser has emerged as a novel tool in bio-analysis. Laser emission has advantages over fluorescence in signal amplification, narrow linewidth, and strong intensity, leading to orders of magnitude increase in detection sensitivity and imaging contrast. Here we successfully demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first ICG lasing in human serum and whole blood with the clinical ICG concentrations and the pump intensity far below the clinically permissible level. Furthermore, we systematically study ICG laser emission within each major serological component (albumins, globulins, and lipoproteins) and reveal the critical elements and conditions responsible for lasing. Our work marks a critical step toward eventual clinical and biomedical applications of optofluidic lasers using FDA approved fluorophores, which may complement or even supersede conventional fluorescence-based sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Abstract
Chlorophylls are essential for photosynthesis and also one of the most abundant pigments on earth. Using an optofluidic ring resonator of extremely high Q-factors (>10(7)), we investigated the unique characteristics and underlying mechanism of chlorophyll lasers. Chlorophyll lasers with dual lasing bands at 680 nm and 730 nm were observed for the first time in isolated chlorophyll a (Chla). Particularly, a laser at the 730 nm band was realized in 0.1 mM Chla with a lasing threshold of only 8 μJ mm(-2). Additionally, we observed lasing competition between the two lasing bands. The presence of laser emission at the 680 nm band can lead to quenching or significant reduction of laser emission at the 730 nm band, effectively increasing the lasing threshold for the 730 nm band. Further concentration-dependent studies, along with theoretical analysis, elucidated the mechanism that determines when and why the laser emission band appears at one of the two bands, or concomitantly at both bands. Finally, Chla was exploited as the donor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer to extend the laser emission to the near infrared regime with an unprecedented wavelength shift as large as 380 nm. Our work will open a door to the development of novel biocompatible and biodegradable chlorophyll-based lasers for various applications such as miniaturized tunable coherent light sources and in vitro/in vivo biosensing. It will also provide important insight into the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis processes inside plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Wang W, Zhou C, Zhang T, Chen J, Liu S, Fan X. Optofluidic laser array based on stable high-Q Fabry-Pérot microcavities. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3862-9. [PMID: 26304622 PMCID: PMC4573953 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00847f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an optofluidic laser array fabricated on a chip using stable plano-concave Fabry-Pérot (FP) microcavities, which are far less susceptible to optical misalignment during device assembly than the commonly used plano-plano FP microcavities. The concave mirrors in our FP microcavities were created by first generating an array of microwells of a few micrometers in depth and a few tens of micrometers in diameter on a fused silica chip using a CO2 laser, followed by coating of distributed Bragg reflection (DBR) layers. The plano-concave FP microcavity had a Q-factor of 5.6 × 10(5) and finesse of 4 × 10(3), over 100 times higher than those for the FP microcavities in existing optofluidic lasers. 1 mM R6G dye in ethanol was used to test the plano-concave FP microcavities, showing an ultralow lasing threshold of only 90 nJ mm(-2), over 10 times lower than that in the corresponding unstable plano-plano FP microcavities formed by the same DBR coatings on the same chip. Simultaneous laser emission from the optofluidic laser array on the chip and single-mode lasing operation were also demonstrated. Our work will lead to the development of optofluidic laser-based biochemical sensors and novel on-chip photonic devices with extremely low lasing thresholds (nJ mm(-2)) and mode volumes (fL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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Zamanian AH, Ioppolo T. Effect of wall pressure and shear stress on embedded cylindrical microlasers. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:7124-7130. [PMID: 26368386 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.007124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we carried out numerical experiments to study the effect of the shear stress and the wall pressure on the optical mode shift of two embedded cylindrical microlasers. The optical cavities (laser) are encapsulated in a slab that is clamped at the bottom surface while the other sides of the slab are free-stress boundaries. When a uniform shear stress and pressure is applied on the top surfaces of the slab, the morphology of the optical resonators are perturbed. This leads to a shift in the optical modes [commonly referred to as the whispering gallery mode (WGM)] of the resonators. The effect of the geometry (size and position of the optical cavities) and materials properties on the optical mode shift are studied. The results show a linear dependency of the WGM shift on the applied external pressure. In addition, the optical mode shift is slightly dependent on the geometry and the material properties. The effect of the shear stress on the WGM shift shows a quadratic dependency and this nonlinearity is strongly dependent on the position of the resonators within the slab. The studies also show that the proposed configuration could be used as a sensor for simultaneous measurements of wall pressure and shear stress.
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10
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Chandrahalim H, Chen Q, Said AA, Dugan M, Fan X. Monolithic optofluidic ring resonator lasers created by femtosecond laser nanofabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2335-40. [PMID: 25904381 PMCID: PMC4422773 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We designed, fabricated, and characterized a monolithically integrated optofluidic ring resonator laser that is mechanically, thermally, and chemically robust. The entire device, including the ring resonator channel and sample delivery microfluidics, was created in a block of fused-silica glass using a 3-dimensional femtosecond laser writing process. The gain medium, composed of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dissolved in quinoline, was flowed through the ring resonator. Lasing was achieved at a pump threshold of approximately 15 μJ mm(-2). Detailed analysis shows that the Q-factor of the optofluidic ring resonator is 3.3 × 10(4), which is limited by both solvent absorption and scattering loss. In particular, a Q-factor resulting from the scattering loss can be as high as 4.2 × 10(4), suggesting the feasibility of using a femtosecond laser to create high quality optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengky Chandrahalim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Chen Q, Ritt M, Sivaramakrishnan S, Sun Y, Fan X. Optofluidic lasers with a single molecular layer of gain. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4590-5. [PMID: 25312306 PMCID: PMC4229433 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We achieve optofluidic lasers with a single molecular layer of gain, in which green fluorescent protein, dye-labeled bovine serum albumin, and dye-labeled DNA, are used as the gain medium and attached to the surface of a ring resonator via surface immobilization biochemical methods. It is estimated that the surface density of the gain molecules is on the order of 10(12) cm(-2), sufficient for lasing under pulsed optical excitation. It is further shown that the optofluidic laser can be tuned by energy transfer mechanisms through biomolecular interactions. This work not only opens a door to novel photonic devices that can be controlled at the level of a single molecular layer but also provides a promising sensing platform to analyze biochemical processes at the solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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12
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Ioppolo T, Manzo M. Dome-shaped whispering gallery mode laser for remote wall temperature sensing. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5065-5069. [PMID: 25090342 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we carried out experiments to investigate dome-shaped microlaser based on the whispering gallery modes for remote wall temperature sensing. The dome-shaped resonator was made of Norland blocking adhesive (NBA 107) doped with a solution of rhodamine 6G and ethanol. Two different configurations are considered: (i) resonator placed on top of a thin layer of 10:1 polydimethylsiloxane (10:1 PDMS), and (ii) resonator encapsulated in a thin layer of 10:1 PDMS. The microlaser was remotely pumped using a Q switch Nd:YAG laser with pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz, pulse linewidth of 10 ns, and pulse energy of 100 μJ/cm². The excited optical modes showed an average optical quality factor of 10⁴ for both configurations. In addition, the measurements showed sensitivity to temperature of ~0.06 nm/°C and a resolution of 1°C for both configurations. This sensitivity was limited by the resolution of the experimental setup used in these studies.
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13
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Fan X, Yun SH. The potential of optofluidic biolasers. Nat Methods 2014; 11:141-7. [PMID: 24481219 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic biolasers are emerging as a highly sensitive way to measure changes in biological molecules. Biolasers, which incorporate biological material into the gain medium and contain an optical cavity in a fluidic environment, can use the amplification that occurs during laser generation to quantify tiny changes in biological processes in the gain medium. We describe the principle of the optofluidic biolaser, review recent progress and provide our outlooks on potential applications and directions for developing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Fan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Han K, Kim JH, Bahl G. Aerostatically tunable optomechanical oscillators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:1267-1276. [PMID: 24515132 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the first microfluidic optomechanical device was demonstrated, capable of operating with non-solid states of matter (viscous fluids, bioanalytes). These devices exhibit optomechanical oscillation in both the 10-20 MHz and 10-12 GHz regimes, driven by radiation pressure (RP) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) respectively. In this work, we experimentally investigate aerostatic tuning of these hollow-shell oscillators, enabled by geometry, stress, and temperature effects. We also demonstrate for the first time the simultaneous actuation of RP-induced breathing mechanical modes and SBS-induced whispering gallery acoustic modes, through a single pump laser. Our result is a step towards completely self-referenced optomechanical sensor technologies.
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15
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Chen Q, Liu H, Lee W, Sun Y, Zhu D, Pei H, Fan C, Fan X. Self-assembled DNA tetrahedral optofluidic lasers with precise and tunable gain control. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3351-4. [PMID: 23846506 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have applied self-assembled DNA tetrahedral nanostructures for the precise and tunable control of the gain in an optofluidic fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) laser. By adjusting the ratio of the donor and the acceptor attached to the tetrahedral vertices, 3.8 times reduction in the lasing threshold and 28-fold enhancement in the lasing efficiency were demonstrated. This work takes advantage of the self-recognition and self-assembly capabilities of biomolecules with well-defined structures and addressability, enabling nano-engineering of the laser down to the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Zhang YX, Pu XY, Feng L, Han DY, Ren YT. Polarization characteristics of Whispering-Gallery-Mode fiber lasers based on evanescent-wave-coupled gain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:12617-12628. [PMID: 23736481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The polarization characteristics of Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) fiber lasers based on evanescent-wave-coupled gain are investigated. For the laser gain is excited by side-pumping scheme, it is found that the polarization property of lasing emission is simply dependent on the polarized states of the pump beams. The polarization property of lasing emission depends on the propagating situation of the pump beams in an optical fiber if the laser gain is excited by evanescent-wave pumping scheme, that is, if the pump beams within the fiber are meridional beams, the lasing emission is a transverse electric (TE) wave that forms a special radial polarization emission. However, if the pump beams within the fiber are skew beams, both transverse magnetic (TM) and TE waves exist simultaneously in lasing emission that forms a special axially and radially mixed polarization emission. Pumped by skew beams, the wave-number differences between TE and TM waves are also investigated quantitatively, the results demonstrate that the wave-number difference decreases with the increase of the fiber diameter and the refractive index (RI) of the cladding solution. The observed polarization characteristics have been well explained based on lasing radiation mechanism of WGM fiber laser of gain coupled by evanescent wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xian Zhang
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
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Tu X, Wu X, Li M, Liu L, Xu L. Ultraviolet single-frequency coupled optofluidic ring resonator dye laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19996-20001. [PMID: 23037052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet single-frequency lasing is realized in a coupled optofluidic ring resonator (COFRR) dye laser that consists of a thin-walled capillary microfluidic ring resonator and a cylindrical resonator. The whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in each resonator couple to each other and generate single-frequency laser emission. Single-frequency lasing occurs at 386.75 nm with a pump threshold of 5.9 μJ/mm. The side-mode-suppression ratio (SMSR) is about 20 dB. Moreover, the laser emits mainly in two directions, and each of them has a divergence of only 10.5°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tu
- Key Lab for Micro and Nanophotonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Harazim SM, Bolaños Quiñones VA, Kiravittaya S, Sanchez S, Schmidt OG. Lab-in-a-tube: on-chip integration of glass optofluidic ring resonators for label-free sensing applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2649-55. [PMID: 22739437 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of tubular rolled-up optofluidic ring resonators (RU-OFRRs) based on glass (SiO(2)) material with high quality factors is reported. A novel methodology combining lab-on-a-chip fabrication methods and rolled-up nanotech is presented for the fabrication of fully integrated tubular optofluidic sensors. The microfluidic integration of several RU-OFRRs on one chip is solved by enclosing the microtubes with a patterned robust SU-8 polymeric matrix. A viewport on each microtube enables exact excitation and monitoring of whispering gallery modes with a photoluminescence spectroscopy system under constant ambient conditions, while exchanging the content of the RU-OFRR with liquids of different refractive indices. The refractrometric sensor capabilities are investigated regarding signal stability, sensitivity and reliability. The sensitivity of the integrated RU-OFRR, which is the response of the modes to the change in refractive index of the liquid, is up to 880 nm/refractive index units (RIU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Harazim
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Sun Y, Fan X. Distinguishing DNA by analog-to-digital-like conversion by using optofluidic lasers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1236-9. [PMID: 22213205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sun Y, Fan X. Distinguishing DNA by Analog-to-Digital-like Conversion by Using Optofluidic Lasers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee W, Luo Y, Zhu Q, Fan X. Versatile optofluidic ring resonator lasers based on microdroplets. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:19668-19674. [PMID: 21996908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop a novel nL-sized microdroplet laser based on the capillary optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR). The microdroplet is generated in a microfluidic channel using two immiscible fluids and is subsequently delivered to the capillary OFRR downstream. Despite the presence of the high refractive index (RI) carrier fluid, the lasing emission can still be achieved for the droplet formed by low RI solution. The lasing threshold of 1.54 µJ/mm(2) is achieved, >6 times lower than the state-of-the-art, thanks to the high Q-factor of the OFRR. Furthermore, the lasing emission can be conveniently coupled into an optical fiber. Finally, tuning of the lasing wavelength is achieved via highly efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer processes by merging two different dye droplets in the microfluidic channel. Versatility combined with improved lasing characteristics makes our OFRR droplet laser an attractive platform for high performance optofluidic lasers and bio/chemical sensing with small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Suter JD, Lee W, Howard DJ, Hoppmann E, White IM, Fan X. Demonstration of the coupling of optofluidic ring resonator lasers with liquid waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:2997-2999. [PMID: 20808395 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic lasers are of particular interest for lab-on-a-chip-type devices, with broad spectral tunability, convenient microfluidic integration, and a small footprint. Optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) lasers are advantageous in terms of size but typically generate nondirectional emission that is of minimal practical use. We introduce two unique geometries for soft-lithography-based OFRR lasers--side-coupled rings and spiral rings--both of which can be produced in polydimethyl siloxane substrates with contact molding. These rings utilize evanescent and direct butt-coupling, respectively, to effectively couple the OFRR laser emission into microfluidic channels. A laser threshold of a few to tens of microJ/mm(2) is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Suter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Yamaguchi K, Fujii M, Haraguchi M, Okamoto T, Fukui M. Nonlinear trimer resonators for compact ultra-fast switching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:23204-23212. [PMID: 20052247 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.023204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose and numerically verify a scheme for compact optical modulation which can enable complex directional switching of signals in integrated micro-optical circuits within hundreds of femtoseconds. The scheme is based on a trimer comprised of two identical silica whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators spaced by a central non-linear WGM resonator. The non-linear resonator is in the form of a silica cylinder with a thin coating of an ultrafast Kerr nonlinear material (a J-aggregate of cyanine dye). Using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method and realistic material and structural parameters, we investigated the near-field coupling from a waveguide to the trimer and the subsequent switching process. In our scheme the sandwiched central control resonator has a resonant frequency that is mismatched to that of the input and output resonators. Therefore the optical energy is coupled from the waveguide into only the primary resonator in linear operation. However, for control light intensities of more than approximately 10(-2) W/microm the effective index and hence eigenfrequency of the central resonator can be shifted to match that of its neighbors and hence the optical energy can be redirected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamaguchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
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Sun Y, Suter JD, Fan X. Robust integrated optofluidic-ring-resonator dye lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:1042-4. [PMID: 19340213 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a robust optofluidic dye laser that integrates fluidics with a high Q-factor ring resonator. In this optofluidic laser the ring resonator is formed by an optical fiber fused on the inner surface of a glass capillary serving as a fluidic channel. Laser oscillation is achieved with a threshold of 7 microJ/mm2 per pulse. Furthermore, the laser emission can be directionally outcoupled through a fiber prism for easy and efficient light delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Suter JD, Fan X. Overview of the optofluidic ring resonator: a versatile platform for label-free biological and chemical sensing. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:1042-1044. [PMID: 19965134 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5335153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of biological and chemical analytes has significant importance within medical science, environmental monitoring, food quality, national security and defense. The opto-fluidic ring resonator (OFRR) is a relatively new solution for label-free optical sensing that is compatible with a versatile range of analytes. A capillary-based platform, the OFRR supports whispering gallery modes within its circular cross-section and conducts evanescent sensing within its hollow core. Herein, we provide an overview of the basic operation principles of the OFRR and some examples of its most important applications, including the detection of proteins, virus, DNA molecules, whole cells, vapors and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Suter
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Fan X, White IM, Shopova SI, Zhu H, Suter JD, Sun Y. Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:8-26. [PMID: 18558119 PMCID: PMC10069299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the recent progress in optical biosensors that use the label-free detection protocol, in which biomolecules are unlabeled or unmodified, and are detected in their natural forms. In particular, it will focus on the optical biosensors that utilize the refractive index change as the sensing transduction signal. Various optical label-free biosensing platforms will be introduced, including, but not limited to, surface plasmon resonance, interferometers, waveguides, fiber gratings, ring resonators, and photonic crystals. Emphasis will be given to the description of optical structures and their respective sensing mechanisms. Examples of detecting various types of biomolecules will be presented. Wherever possible, the sensing performance of each optical structure will be evaluated and compared in terms of sensitivity and detection limit.
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White IM, Gohring J, Sun Y, Yang G, Lacey S, Fan X. Versatile waveguide-coupled optofluidic devices based on liquid core optical ring resonators. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2007; 91:2411041-2411043. [PMID: 21479124 PMCID: PMC3072564 DOI: 10.1063/1.2824843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A versatile waveguide-coupled optofluidic device using the liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR) that can be operated with liquid of any refractive index (RI) is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The results confirm the confinement of resonant modes for all sample RIs, and reveal that confined modes in a high-RI core are excited by an external waveguide by resonant tunneling through the LCORR wall. It is further found that a thin wall must be used for effective interaction between the core mode and the waveguide. The results have important applications in optofluidic devices, including sensors, microfluidic lasers, and nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. White
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - John Gohring
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Yuze Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Gilmo Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Scott Lacey
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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