1
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Voigt R, Wienold M, Jayasankar D, Drakinskiy V, Stake J, Sobis P, Schrottke L, Lü X, Grahn HT, Hübers HW. Frequency stabilization of a terahertz quantum-cascade laser to the Lamb dip of a molecular absorption line. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13888-13894. [PMID: 37157264 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the frequency stabilization of a terahertz quantum-cascade laser (QCL) to the Lamb dip of the absorption line of a D2O rotational transition at 3.3809309 THz. To assess the quality of the frequency stabilization, a Schottky diode harmonic mixer is used to generate a downconverted QCL signal by mixing the laser emission with a multiplied microwave reference signal. This downconverted signal is directly measured by a spectrum analyzer showing a full width at half maximum of 350 kHz, which is eventually limited by high-frequency noise beyond the bandwidth of the stabilization loop.
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2
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Wu Z, Wang S, Shao J, Wang K, Zhang Z, Tao M, Ye J. Study of Raman scattering enhancement method based on optical multiplexing for on-line detection of gas components in strong-impact environments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9112-9122. [PMID: 36860010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-line gas detection under strong impact such as combustion and explosion is of great significance for understanding the reaction processes. To realize simultaneous on-line detection of various gases under strong impact, an approach based on optical multiplexing for enhancing spontaneous Raman scattering is proposed. A single beam is transmitted several times using optical fibers through a specific measurement point in the reaction zone. Thus, the excitation light intensity at the measurement point is enhanced and the Raman signal intensity is substantially increased. Indeed, the signal intensity can be increased by a factor of ∼10, and the constituent gases in air can be detected with sub-second time resolution, under a 100 g impact.
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3
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AlSaif B, Gatti D, Lamperti M, Laporta P, Farooq A, Marangoni M. Comb-calibrated sub-Doppler spectroscopy with an external-cavity quantum cascade laser at 7.7 μm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23785-23790. [PMID: 31510278 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the frequency noise and the referencing to a near-infrared frequency comb of a widely tunable external-cavity quantum-cascade-laser that shows a relatively narrow free-running emission linewidth of 1.7 MHz. The frequency locking of the laser to the comb further narrows its linewidth to 690 kHz and enables sub-Doppler spectroscopy on an N2O transition of the ν1 band near 7.7 μm with sub-MHz resolution and absolute frequency calibration. The combined uncertainty on the measured transition center is estimated to be less than 50 kHz.
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4
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Pinto THP, Gianella M, Ritchie GAD. Optical saturation effects in intracavity Faraday modulation spectroscopy (INFAMOS). J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174202. [PMID: 30408999 DOI: 10.1063/1.5040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the observation of saturation effects in Intracavity Faraday Modulation Spectroscopy (INFAMOS). A quantum cascade laser operating at ∼5.3 μm is used to probe the 2Π3/2 and 2Π1/2 R(3.5) transitions in the fundamental band of nitric oxide. With average intracavity intensities up to 450 W cm-2, the saturation of these molecular transitions is observed up to a total pressure of ∼240 Torr. The experimental data are interpreted by incorporating saturation into a model for the INFAMOS line shape in the homogeneously broadened limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás H P Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Gianella
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grant A D Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Pinto THP, Kirkbride JMR, Ritchie GAD. Broadening the optical bandwidth of quantum cascade lasers using RF noise current perturbations. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1931-1934. [PMID: 29652402 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the broadening of the optical bandwidth of a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (QCL) caused by the application of radio frequency (RF) noise to the injection current. The broadening is quantified both via Lamb-dip spectroscopy and the frequency noise power spectral density (PSD). The linewidth of the unperturbed QCL (emitting at ∼5.3 μm) determined by Lamb-dip spectroscopy is 680±170 kHz, and is in reasonable agreement with the linewidth of 460±40 kHz estimated by integrating the PSD measured under the same laser operating conditions. Measurements with both techniques reveal that by mixing the driving current with broadband RF noise the laser lineshape was reproducibly broadened up to ca 6 MHz with an increasing Gaussian contribution. The effects of linewidth broadening are then demonstrated in the two-color coherent transient spectra of nitric oxide.
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Gatti D, Gotti R, Gambetta A, Belmonte M, Galzerano G, Laporta P, Marangoni M. Comb-locked Lamb-dip spectrometer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27183. [PMID: 27263858 PMCID: PMC4893601 DOI: 10.1038/srep27183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the Doppler broadening limit is a cornerstone of precision spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the achievement of a Doppler-free regime is severely hampered by the need of high field intensities to saturate absorption transitions and of a high signal-to-noise ratio to detect tiny Lamb-dip features. Here we present a novel comb-assisted spectrometer ensuring over a broad range from 1.5 to 1.63 μm intra-cavity field enhancement up to 1.5 kW/cm(2), which is suitable for saturation of transitions with extremely weak electric dipole moments. Referencing to an optical frequency comb allows the spectrometer to operate with kHz-level frequency accuracy, while an extremely tight locking of the probe laser to the enhancement cavity enables a 10(-11) cm(-1) absorption sensitivity to be reached over 200 s in a purely dc direct-detection-mode at the cavity output. The particularly simple and robust detection and operating scheme, together with the wide tunability available, makes the system suitable to explore thousands of lines of several molecules never observed so far in a Doppler-free regime. As a demonstration, Lamb-dip spectroscopy is performed on the P(15) line of the 01120-00000 band of acetylene, featuring a line-strength below 10(-23) cm/mol and an Einstein coefficient of 5 mHz, among the weakest ever observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gatti
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Alessio Gambetta
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Michele Belmonte
- Oclaro Inc. - via F. Fellini, 4, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Galzerano
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Paolo Laporta
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Marco Marangoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
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7
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Borri S, Siciliani de Cumis M, Insero G, Bartalini S, Cancio Pastor P, Mazzotti D, Galli I, Giusfredi G, Santambrogio G, Savchenkov A, Eliyahu D, Ilchenko V, Akikusa N, Matsko A, Maleki L, De Natale P. Tunable Microcavity-Stabilized Quantum Cascade Laser for Mid-IR High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Sensing. SENSORS 2016; 16:238. [PMID: 26901199 PMCID: PMC4801614 DOI: 10.3390/s16020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The need for highly performing and stable methods for mid-IR molecular sensing and metrology pushes towards the development of more and more compact and robust systems. Among the innovative solutions aimed at answering the need for stable mid-IR references are crystalline microresonators, which have recently shown excellent capabilities for frequency stabilization and linewidth narrowing of quantum cascade lasers with compact setups. In this work, we report on the first system for mid-IR high-resolution spectroscopy based on a quantum cascade laser locked to a CaF2 microresonator. Electronic locking narrows the laser linewidth by one order of magnitude and guarantees good stability over long timescales, allowing, at the same time, an easy way for finely tuning the laser frequency over the molecular absorption line. Improvements in terms of resolution and frequency stability of the source are demonstrated by direct sub-Doppler recording of a molecular line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Borri
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
- INFN - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Mario Siciliani de Cumis
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- INRIM - Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Insero
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Saverio Bartalini
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Pablo Cancio Pastor
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Davide Mazzotti
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Galli
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Giusfredi
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Santambrogio
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
- INRIM - Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Anatoliy Savchenkov
- OEwaves Inc., 465 North Halstead Street, Suite 140, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Danny Eliyahu
- OEwaves Inc., 465 North Halstead Street, Suite 140, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Vladimir Ilchenko
- OEwaves Inc., 465 North Halstead Street, Suite 140, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Naota Akikusa
- Development Bureau Laser Device R & D Group, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan.
| | - Andrey Matsko
- OEwaves Inc., 465 North Halstead Street, Suite 140, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Lute Maleki
- OEwaves Inc., 465 North Halstead Street, Suite 140, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy.
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
- INFN - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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8
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Gatti D, Sala T, Gotti R, Cocola L, Poletto L, Prevedelli M, Laporta P, Marangoni M. Comb-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:074201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gatti
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano and IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sala
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano and IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano and IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luca Poletto
- IFN-CNR-UOS Padova, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Laporta
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano and IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Marangoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano and IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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9
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Cancio P, Galli I, Bartalini S, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, De Natale P. Saturated-Absorption Cavity Ring-Down (SCAR) for High-Sensitivity and High-Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy in the Mid IR. SPRINGER SERIES IN OPTICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40003-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Iwakuni K, Okubo S, Sasada H. A novel frequency control scheme for comb-referenced sensitive difference-frequency-generation spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:14832-14840. [PMID: 23787670 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.014832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel scheme of frequency scan and wavelength modulation of a difference-frequency-generation source for comb-referenced sensitive spectroscopy. While the pump and signal frequencies are phase-locked to an optical frequency comb (OFC), the offset frequency between the signal wave and the nearest comb tooth is modulated to apply a wavelength-modulation technique, and the idler wave frequency is repeatedly swept for signal accumulation by changing the repetition frequency of the OFC. The spectrometer is applied to absolute frequency measurement of weak hyperfine-resolved rovibration transitions of the ν(1) band of CH(3)I, and the uncertainty in frequency determination is reduced by one order of magnitude in compared with that of the previous work published in Optics Express 20, 9178-9186 (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Iwakuni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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11
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Galli I, Bartalini S, Cancio Pastor P, Cappelli F, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, Akikusa N, Yamanishi M, De Natale P. Absolute frequency measurements of CO2 transitions at 4.3 μm with a comb-referenced quantum cascade laser. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.782436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Galli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Saverio Bartalini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Pablo Cancio Pastor
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giusfredi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Davide Mazzotti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Naota Akikusa
- Development Bureau Laser Device R&D Group, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, , Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Paolo De Natale
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) – CNR and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
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12
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Knabe K, Williams PA, Giorgetta FR, Radunsky MB, Armacost CM, Crivello S, Newbury NR. Absolute spectroscopy of N2O near 4.5 μm with a comb-calibrated, frequency-swept quantum cascade laser spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:1020-1029. [PMID: 23388996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present absolute line center frequencies for 24 fundamental ν3 ro-vibrational P-branch transitions near 4.5 μm in N2O with an absolute expanded (multiplied by 2) frequency uncertainty of 800 kHz. The spectra are acquired with a swept laser spectrometer consisting of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser whose instantaneous frequency is continuously tracked against a near-infrared frequency comb. The measured absorbance profiles have a well-calibrated frequency axis, and are fitted to determine absolute line center values. We discuss the main sources of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Knabe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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13
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Cancio P, Bartalini S, De Rosa M, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, Maddaloni P, Vitiello M, De Natale P. Atomic and molecular spectroscopy with optical-frequency-comb-referenced IR coherent sources. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135702003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Mills AA, Gatti D, Jiang J, Mohr C, Mefford W, Gianfrani L, Fermann M, Hartl I, Marangoni M. Coherent phase lock of a 9 μm quantum cascade laser to a 2 μm thulium optical frequency comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4083-4085. [PMID: 23027286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent phase locking of a room-temperature continuous-wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 9.1 μm to a Tm-fiber laser frequency comb centered at 2 μm, with an integrated residual phase error of 0.9 rad (30 mHz to 1.5 MHz). This resulted in a QCL linewidth reduction from 525 to 25 kHz at 1 ms observation time, limited by the linewidth of the free-running frequency comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Mills
- IMRA America Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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15
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Ricciardi I, De Tommasi E, Maddaloni P, Mosca S, Rocco A, Zondy JJ, De Rosa M, De Natale P. A narrow-linewidth optical parametric oscillator for mid-infrared high-resolution spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.699640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Borri S, Galli I, Cappelli F, Bismuto A, Bartalini S, Cancio P, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, Faist J, De Natale P. Direct link of a mid-infrared QCL to a frequency comb by optical injection. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1011-1013. [PMID: 22446207 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A narrow-linewidth comb-linked nonlinear source is used as master radiation to injection lock a room-temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade laser (QCL). This process leads to a direct lock of the QCL to the optical frequency comb, providing the unique features of narrow linewidth, absolute frequency, higher output power, and wide mode-hop-free tunability. The QCL reproduces the injected radiation within more than 94%, with a reduction of the frequency-noise spectral density by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude up to about 100 kHz, and a linewidth narrowing from a few MHz to 20 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borri
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (CNR), Firenze FI, Italy.
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17
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Vainio M, Merimaa M, Halonen L. Frequency-comb-referenced molecular spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:4122-4124. [PMID: 22048338 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for absolute-frequency measurements of molecular transitions in the mid-IR region is reported. The method is based on a cw singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO), which is tunable from 3.2 to 3.45 μm. The mid-IR frequency of the SRO is referenced to an optical frequency comb through its pump and signal beams. Sub-Doppler spectroscopy and absolute-frequency measurement of the P(7) transition of the ν3 band of CH4 are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Vainio
- Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES), P. O. Box 9, FIN-02151 Espoo, Finland.
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18
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Walker R, van Helden J, Ritchie G. Quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy of the 1←0 band of deuterium bromide at 5μm. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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20
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Welzel S, Hempel F, Hübner M, Lang N, Davies PB, Röpcke J. Quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy as a plasma diagnostic tool: an overview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:6861-900. [PMID: 22163581 PMCID: PMC3231133 DOI: 10.3390/s100706861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of thermoelectrically cooled pulsed and continuous wave quantum and inter-band cascade lasers in the mid-infrared spectral region has led to significant improvements and new developments in chemical sensing techniques using in-situ laser absorption spectroscopy for plasma diagnostic purposes. The aim of this article is therefore two-fold: (i) to summarize the challenges which arise in the application of quantum cascade lasers in such environments, and, (ii) to provide an overview of recent spectroscopic results (encompassing cavity enhanced methods) obtained in different kinds of plasma used in both research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Welzel
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hempel
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Marko Hübner
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Norbert Lang
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Paul B. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Jürgen Röpcke
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
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Bartalini S, Borri S, De Natale P. Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser at 4.3 microm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:7440-7449. [PMID: 19399122 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.007440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on what we believe to be the first Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser. A hot-band CO(2) transition around 4.3 microm wavelength has been used to test the potential of the technique for high-resolution spectroscopy and wide-bandwidth quantum cascade laser frequency stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bartalini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata (INOA)-CNR, Firenze, Italy.
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