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Hughes MR. Real-timing processing of fiber bundle endomicroscopy images in Python using PyFibreBundle. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9041-9050. [PMID: 38108740 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fiber imaging bundles allow the transfer of optical images from place-to-place along narrow and flexible conduits. Traditionally used extensively in medical endoscopy, bundles are now finding new applications in endoscopic microscopy and other emerging techniques. PyFibreBundle is an open-source Python package for fast processing of images acquired through imaging bundles. This includes detection and removal of the fiber core pattern by filtering or interpolation, and application of background and flat-field corrections. It also allows images to be stitched together to create mosaics and resolution to be improved by combining multiple shifted images. This paper describes the technical implementation of PyFibreBundle and provides example results from three endomicroscopy imaging systems: color transmission, monochrome transmission, and confocal fluorescence. This allows various processing options to be compared quantitatively and qualitatively, and benchmarking demonstrates that PyFibreBundle can achieve state-of-the-art performance in an open-source package. The paper demonstrates core removal by interpolation and mosaicing at over 100 fps, real-time multi-frame resolution enhancement and the first demonstration of real-time endomicroscopy image processing, including core removal, on a Raspberry Pi single board computer. This demonstrates that PyFibreBundle is potentially a valuable tool for the development of low-cost, high-performance fiber bundle imaging systems.
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2
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Formozov A, Dieter A, Wiegert JS. A flexible and versatile system for multi-color fiber photometry and optogenetic manipulation. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100418. [PMID: 37056369 PMCID: PMC10088095 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present simultaneous fiber photometry recordings and optogenetic stimulation based on a multimode fused fiber coupler for both light delivery and collection without the need for dichroic beam splitters. In combination with a multi-color light source and appropriate optical filters, our approach offers remarkable flexibility in experimental design and facilitates the exploration of new molecular tools in vivo at minimal cost. We demonstrate straightforward re-configuration of the setup to operate with green, red, and near-infrared calcium indicators with or without simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and further explore the multi-color photometry capabilities of the system. The ease of assembly, operation, characterization, and customization of this platform holds the potential to foster the development of experimental strategies for multi-color fused fiber photometry combined with optogenetics far beyond its current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Formozov
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Dieter
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots from Sugarcane Syrup, and Their Incorporation into a Hydrogel-Based Composite to Fabricate Innovative Fluorescent Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090553. [PMID: 36135265 PMCID: PMC9498784 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are interesting materials due to their intrinsic fluorescence, electron-transfer properties, and low toxicity. Here, we report a sustainable, cheap, and scalable methodology to obtain CNDs from sugarcane syrup using a domestic microwave oven. The CNDs were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, absorption, and emission spectroscopies. The CNDs have 3 nm in diameter with low polydispersity and are fluorescent. A fluorescent hydrogel–CNDs composite was obtained using gelatin polypeptide as the polymeric matrix. The new hydrogel–CNDs composite was incorporated in the cavities of a double-clad optical fiber using an innovative approach that resulted in a microstructured polymer optical fiber with intrinsic fluorescence. This work shows a promising alternative for the fabrication of fluorescent materials since the CNDs synthesis is sustainable and environmentally friendly. These CNDs might substitute the rare-earth and other heavy metals of high cost and toxicity, which are usually incorporated in double-clad fibers for applications on lasers, amplifiers, and spectroscopy.
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4
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Double-Clad Fiber-Based Multifunctional Biosensors and Multimodal Bioimaging Systems: Technology and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020090. [PMID: 35200350 PMCID: PMC8869713 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Optical fibers have been used to probe various tissue properties such as temperature, pH, absorption, and scattering. Combining different sensing and imaging modalities within a single fiber allows for increased sensitivity without compromising the compactness of an optical fiber probe. A double-clad fiber (DCF) can sustain concurrent propagation modes (single-mode, through its core, and multimode, through an inner cladding), making DCFs ideally suited for multimodal approaches. This study provides a technological review of how DCFs are used to combine multiple sensing functionalities and imaging modalities. Specifically, we discuss the working principles of DCF-based sensors and relevant instrumentation as well as fiber probe designs and functionalization schemes. Secondly, we review different applications using a DCF-based probe to perform multifunctional sensing and multimodal bioimaging.
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5
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Maltais-Tariant R, Boudoux C, Uribe-Patarroyo N. Real-time co-localized OCT surveillance of laser therapy using motion corrected speckle decorrelation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2925-2950. [PMID: 32637233 PMCID: PMC7316020 DOI: 10.1364/boe.385654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a system capable of real-time delivery and monitoring of laser therapy by imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) through a double-clad fiber (DCF). A double-clad fiber coupler is used to inject and collect OCT light into the core of a DCF and inject the therapy light into its larger inner cladding, allowing for both imaging and therapy to be perfectly coregistered. Monitoring of treatment depth is achieved by calculating the speckle intensity decorrelation occurring during tissue coagulation. Furthermore, an analytical noise correction was used on the correlation to extend the maximum monitoring depth. We also present a method for correcting motion-induced decorrelation using a lookup table. Using the value of the noise- and motion-corrected correlation coefficient in a novel approach, our system is capable of identifying the depth of thermal coagulation in real time and automatically shut the therapy laser off when the targeted depth is reached. The process is demonstrated ex vivo in rat tongue and abdominal muscles for depths ranging from 500 µm to 1000 µm with induced motion in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Maltais-Tariant
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Castor Optics Inc., 361 Boul Montpellier, St-Laurent, Qc, Canada
| | - Néstor Uribe-Patarroyo
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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6
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Buenconsejo AL, Hohert G, Manning M, Abouei E, Tingley R, Janzen I, McAlpine J, Miller D, Lee A, Lane P, MacAulay C. Submillimeter diameter rotary-pullback fiber-optic endoscope for narrowband red-green-blue reflectance, optical coherence tomography, and autofluorescence in vivo imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-7. [PMID: 31650742 PMCID: PMC7010984 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.3.032005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A fiber-based endoscopic imaging system combining narrowband red-green-blue (RGB) reflectance with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and autofluorescence imaging (AFI) has been developed. The system uses a submillimeter diameter rotary-pullback double-clad fiber imaging catheter for sample illumination and detection. The imaging capabilities of each modality are presented and demonstrated with images of a multicolored card, fingerprints, and tongue mucosa. Broadband imaging, which was done to compare with narrowband sources, revealed better contrast but worse color consistency compared with narrowband RGB reflectance. The measured resolution of the endoscopic system is 25 μm in both the rotary direction and the pullback direction. OCT can be performed simultaneously with either narrowband RGB reflectance imaging or AFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Louise Buenconsejo
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hohert
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Max Manning
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elham Abouei
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reid Tingley
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Janzen
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- Vancouver General Hospital, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dianne Miller
- Vancouver General Hospital, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Lee
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Lane
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Calum MacAulay, E-mail:
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Damodaran M, Amelink A, Feroldi F, Lochocki B, Davidoiu V, de Boer JF. In vivo subdiffuse scanning laser oximetry of the human retina. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-14. [PMID: 31571433 PMCID: PMC6997660 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.9.096009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLOs) have the potential to perform high speed, high contrast, functional imaging of the human retina for diagnosis and follow-up of retinal diseases. Commercial SLOs typically use a monochromatic laser source or a superluminescent diode for imaging. Multispectral SLOs using an array of laser sources for spectral imaging have been demonstrated in research settings, with applications mainly aiming at retinal oxygenation measurements. Previous SLO-based oximetry techniques are predominantly based on wavelengths that depend on laser source availability. We describe an SLO system based on a supercontinuum (SC) source and a double-clad fiber using the single-mode core for illumination and the larger inner cladding for quasi-confocal detection to increase throughput and signal-to-noise ratio. A balanced detection scheme was implemented to suppress the relative intensity noise of the SC source. The SLO produced dual wavelength, high-quality images at 10 frames / s with a maximum 20 deg imaging field-of-view with any desired combination of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. We demonstrate SLO-based dual-wavelength oximetry in vessels down to 50 μm in diameter. Reproducibility was demonstrated by performing three different imaging sessions of the same volunteer, 8 min apart. Finally, by performing a wavelength sweep between 485 and 608 nm, we determined, for our SLO geometry, an approximately linear relationship between the effective path length of photons through the blood vessels and the vessel diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathi Damodaran
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of Optics, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Feroldi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lochocki
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Davidoiu
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Ophthalmology Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Xie H, He L, Yang L, Mao C, Zhu M, Zhao M, Li J, Yang T. An extended depth-of-field imaging system with a non-rotationally symmetric phase mask. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:103101. [PMID: 30399722 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging system offers best performance across a range of applications such as machine vision, medical examination, security, and quality inspection in a production line. A typical imaging system is commonly sensitive to the defocus variations in the object plane location, which largely loses the transversal information of volume and brings inaccuracy to the comprehensive vision. Therefore, improvement of depth-of-field (DOF) with high resolution imaging remains a challenge for the conventional imaging system. Here we introduce a newly designed optical imaging system, mainly being composed of a standard Tessar lens and a non-absorptive rectangularly separable phase mask, whose corresponding optical point spread function is greatly invariant to defocus. An extended DOF image is restored by using the Tikhonov regularization algorithm and deconvolving the response function of the optical system. The proof-of-the-concept experimental results verify significantly extended DOF exceeding 40 times compared to the common optical imaging counterparts. Future work includes the use of a durable and high-transmittance phase mask to develop various large DOF optical configurations without loss of resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Xie
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lirong He
- Tianjin Jinhang Institute of Technical Physics, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chensheng Mao
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Tianjin Jinhang Institute of Technical Physics, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Man Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Tianjin Jinhang Institute of Technical Physics, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tong Yang
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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9
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Malone JD, El-Haddad MT, Bozic I, Tye LA, Majeau L, Godbout N, Rollins AM, Boudoux C, Joos KM, Patel SN, Tao YK. Simultaneous multimodal ophthalmic imaging using swept-source spectrally encoded scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:193-206. [PMID: 28101411 PMCID: PMC5231292 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) benefits diagnostic imaging and therapeutic guidance by allowing for high-speed en face imaging of retinal structures. When combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT), SLO enables real-time aiming and retinal tracking and provides complementary information for post-acquisition volumetric co-registration, bulk motion compensation, and averaging. However, multimodality SLO-OCT systems generally require dedicated light sources, scanners, relay optics, detectors, and additional digitization and synchronization electronics, which increase system complexity. Here, we present a multimodal ophthalmic imaging system using swept-source spectrally encoded scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (SS-SESLO-OCT) for in vivo human retinal imaging. SESLO reduces the complexity of en face imaging systems by multiplexing spatial positions as a function of wavelength. SESLO image quality benefited from single-mode illumination and multimode collection through a prototype double-clad fiber coupler, which optimized scattered light throughput and reduce speckle contrast while maintaining lateral resolution. Using a shared 1060 nm swept-source, shared scanner and imaging optics, and a shared dual-channel high-speed digitizer, we acquired inherently co-registered en face retinal images and OCT cross-sections simultaneously at 200 frames-per-second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Malone
- Current Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Previous Affiliation: Ophthalmic Imaging Center, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed T. El-Haddad
- Current Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Previous Affiliation: Ophthalmic Imaging Center, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ivan Bozic
- Current Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Previous Affiliation: Ophthalmic Imaging Center, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Logan A. Tye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Godbout
- Castor Optics, Montreal, QC H3T 2B1, Canada
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Castor Optics, Montreal, QC H3T 2B1, Canada
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Karen M. Joos
- Current Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Shriji N. Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Current Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Previous Affiliation: Ophthalmic Imaging Center, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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10
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Guay-Lord R, Attendu X, Lurie KL, Majeau L, Godbout N, Bowden AKE, Strupler M, Boudoux C. Combined optical coherence tomography and hyperspectral imaging using a double-clad fiber coupler. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:116008. [PMID: 27829103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) using a double-clad optical fiber coupler. The single-mode core of the fiber is used for OCT imaging, while the inner cladding of the double-clad fiber provides an efficient way to capture the reflectance spectrum of the sample. The combination of both methods enables three-dimensional acquisition of the sample morphology with OCT, enhanced with complementary molecular information contained in the hyperspectral image. The HSI data can be used to highlight the presence of specific molecules with characteristic absorption peaks or to produce true color images overlaid on the OCT volume for improved tissue identification by the clinician. Such a system could be implemented in a number of clinical endoscopic applications and could improve the current practice in tissue characterization, diagnosis, and surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guay-Lord
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Xavier Attendu
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kristen L Lurie
- Stanford University, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, 350 Serra Mall, Packa Road, Room 361, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lucas Majeau
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, CanadacCastor Optics, 5155 Avenue Decelles 1251, Pavillon J-Armand Bombardier, Montréal, Québec H3T 2B1, Canada
| | - Audrey K Ellerbee Bowden
- Stanford University, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, 350 Serra Mall, Packa Road, Room 361, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mathias Strupler
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, CanadacCastor Optics, 5155 Avenue Decelles 1251, Pavillon J-Armand Bombardier, Montréal, Québec H3T 2B1, Canada
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11
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Scolaro L, Lorenser D, Madore WJ, Kirk RW, Kramer AS, Yeoh GC, Godbout N, Sampson DD, Boudoux C, McLaughlin RA. Molecular imaging needles: dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence imaging of labeled antibodies deep in tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1767-81. [PMID: 26137379 PMCID: PMC4467702 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging using optical techniques provides insight into disease at the cellular level. In this paper, we report on a novel dual-modality probe capable of performing molecular imaging by combining simultaneous three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-dimensional fluorescence imaging in a hypodermic needle. The probe, referred to as a molecular imaging (MI) needle, may be inserted tens of millimeters into tissue. The MI needle utilizes double-clad fiber to carry both imaging modalities, and is interfaced to a 1310-nm OCT system and a fluorescence imaging subsystem using an asymmetrical double-clad fiber coupler customized to achieve high fluorescence collection efficiency. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first dual-modality OCT and fluorescence needle probe with sufficient sensitivity to image fluorescently labeled antibodies. Such probes enable high-resolution molecular imaging deep within tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Scolaro
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dirk Lorenser
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Wendy-Julie Madore
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Anne S. Kramer
- Centre for Medical Research, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - George C. Yeoh
- Centre for Medical Research, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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12
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De Montigny E, Madore WJ, Ouellette O, Bernard G, Leduc M, Strupler M, Boudoux C, Godbout N. Double-clad fiber coupler for partially coherent detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:9040-51. [PMID: 25968739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Double-clad fibers (DCF) have many advantages in fibered confocal microscopes as they allow for coherent illumination through their core and partially coherent detection through their inner cladding. We report a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) made from small inner cladding DCF that preserves optical sectioning in confocal microscopy while increasing collection efficiency and reducing coherent effects. Due to the small inner cladding, previously demonstrated fabrication methods could not be translated to this coupler's fabrication. To make such a coupler possible, we introduce in this article three new design concepts. The resulting DCFC fabricated using two custom fibers and a modified fusion-tapering technique achieves high multimodal extraction (≥70 %) and high single mode transmission (≥80 %). Its application to reflectance confocal microscopy showed a 30-fold increase in detected signal intensity, a 4-fold speckle contrast reduction with a penalty in axial resolution of a factor 2. This coupler paves the way towards more efficient confocal microscopes for clinical applications.
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13
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Beaudette K, Baac HW, Madore WJ, Villiger M, Godbout N, Bouma BE, Boudoux C. Laser tissue coagulation and concurrent optical coherence tomography through a double-clad fiber coupler. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1293-303. [PMID: 25909013 PMCID: PMC4399668 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Double-clad fiber (DCF) is herein used in conjunction with a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) to enable simultaneous and co-registered optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser tissue coagulation. The DCF allows a single channel fiber-optic probe to be shared: i.e. the core propagating the OCT signal while the inner cladding delivers the coagulation laser light. We herein present a novel DCFC designed and built to combine both signals within a DCF (>90% of single-mode transmission; >65% multimode coupling). Potential OCT imaging degradation mechanisms are also investigated and solutions to mitigate them are presented. The combined DCFC-based system was used to induce coagulation of an ex vivo swine esophagus allowing a real-time assessment of thermal dynamic processes. We therefore demonstrate a DCFC-based system combining OCT imaging with laser coagulation through a single fiber, thus enabling both modalities to be performed simultaneously and in a co-registered manner. Such a system enables endoscopic image-guided laser marking of superficial epithelial tissues or laser thermal therapy of epithelial lesions in pathologies such as Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Beaudette
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7,
Canada
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,
USA
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,
USA
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon,
South Korea
| | - Wendy-Julie Madore
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7,
Canada
| | - Martin Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,
USA
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7,
Canada
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,
USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
USA
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Centre d’Optique Photonique et Lasers, Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7,
Canada
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14
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Pahlevaninezhad H, Lee AMD, Shaipanich T, Raizada R, Cahill L, Hohert G, Yang VXD, Lam S, MacAulay C, Lane P. A high-efficiency fiber-based imaging system for co-registered autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2978-87. [PMID: 25401011 PMCID: PMC4230860 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a power-efficient fiber-based imaging system capable of co-registered autofluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography (AF/OCT). The system employs a custom fiber optic rotary joint (FORJ) with an embedded dichroic mirror to efficiently combine the OCT and AF pathways. This three-port wavelength multiplexing FORJ setup has a throughput of more than 83% for collected AF emission, significantly more efficient compared to previously reported fiber-based methods. A custom 900 µm diameter catheter ‒ consisting of a rotating lens assembly, double-clad fiber (DCF), and torque cable in a stationary plastic tube ‒ was fabricated to allow AF/OCT imaging of small airways in vivo. We demonstrate the performance of this system ex vivo in resected porcine airway specimens and in vivo in human on fingers, in the oral cavity, and in peripheral airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Pahlevaninezhad
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony M. D. Lee
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tawimas Shaipanich
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rashika Raizada
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lucas Cahill
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hohert
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victor X. D. Yang
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pierre Lane
- Integrative Oncology Department―Imaging Unit, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Keiser G, Xiong F, Cui Y, Shum PP. Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:080902. [PMID: 25166470 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber technology has significantly bolstered the growth of photonics applications in basic life sciences research and in biomedical diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and surgery. The unique operational characteristics of diverse fibers have been exploited to realize advanced biomedical functions in areas such as illumination, imaging, minimally invasive surgery, tissue ablation, biological sensing, and tissue diagnosis. This review paper provides the necessary background to understand how optical fibers function, to describe the various categories of available fibers, and to illustrate how specific fibers are used for selected biomedical photonics applications. Research articles and vendor data sheets were consulted to describe the operational characteristics of conventional and specialty multimode and single-mode solid-core fibers, double-clad fibers, hard-clad silica fibers, conventional hollow-core fibers, photonic crystal fibers, polymer optical fibers, side-emitting and side-firing fibers, middle-infrared fibers, and optical fiber bundles. Representative applications from the recent literature illustrate how various fibers can be utilized in a wide range of biomedical disciplines. In addition to helping researchers refine current experimental setups, the material in this review paper will help conceptualize and develop emerging optical fiber-based diagnostic and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Keiser
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Fei Xiong
- City University London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Cui
- Nanyang Technological University, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, SingaporedCINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Nanyang Technological University, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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16
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An integrated photoluminescence sensing platform using a single-multi-mode fiber coupler-based probe. SENSORS 2014; 14:5677-86. [PMID: 24662405 PMCID: PMC4004014 DOI: 10.3390/s140305677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an integrated fiber optic photoluminescence sensing platform using a novel single-multi-mode fiber coupler (SMFC)-based probe with high collection efficiency for fluorescence signals. The SMFC, prepared using fused biconical taper technology, not only transmits excitation light, but also collects and transmits fluorescence. The entire system does not use complex optical components and rarely requires optical alignment. The simple structure of the SMFC considerably improves the light transmission efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, and sensitivity of the system. Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed probe increases the collection efficiency by more than eight-fold compared with a bifurcated fiber probe. The performance of the proposed probe was experimentally evaluated by measuring the fluorescence spectra of well-known targets and a fresh Tall Fescue leaf.
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17
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Pahlevaninezhad H, Lee AMD, Lam S, MacAulay C, Lane PM. Coregistered autofluorescence-optical coherence tomography imaging of human lung sections. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:36022. [PMID: 24687614 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autofluorescence (AF) imaging can provide valuable information about the structural and metabolic state of tissue that can be useful for elucidating physiological and pathological processes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution detailed information about tissue morphology. We present coregistered AF-OCT imaging of human lung sections. Adjacent hematoxylin and eosin stained histological sections are used to identify tissue structures observed in the OCT images. Segmentation of these structures in the OCT images allowed determination of relative AF intensities of human lung components. Since the AF imaging was performed on tissue sections perpendicular to the airway axis, the results show the AF signal originating from the airway wall components free from the effects of scattering and absorption by overlying layers as is the case during endoscopic imaging. Cartilage and dense connective tissue (DCT) are found to be the dominant fluorescing components with the average cartilage AF intensity about four times greater than that of DCT. The epithelium, lamina propria, and loose connective tissue near basement membrane generate an order of magnitude smaller AF signal than the cartilage fluorescence.
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18
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Fard AM, Vacas-Jacques P, Hamidi E, Wang H, Carruth RW, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ. Optical coherence tomography--near infrared spectroscopy system and catheter for intravascular imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:30849-58. [PMID: 24514658 PMCID: PMC3926541 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.030849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its superior resolution, intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) is a promising tool for imaging the microstructure of coronary artery walls. However, IVOCT does not identify chemicals and molecules in the tissue, which is required for a more complete understanding and accurate diagnosis of coronary disease. Here we present a dual-modality imaging system and catheter that uniquely combines IVOCT with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in a single dual-modality imaging device for simultaneous acquisition of microstructural and compositional information. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the device has been used to visualize co-incident microstructural and spectroscopic information obtained from a diseased cadaver human coronary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Fard
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Paulino Vacas-Jacques
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Ehsan Hamidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Joseph A. Gardecki
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
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19
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Baiad MD, Gagné M, Madore WJ, De Montigny E, Godbout N, Boudoux C, Kashyap R. Surface plasmon resonance sensor interrogation with a double-clad fiber coupler and cladding modes excited by a tilted fiber Bragg grating. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4911-4914. [PMID: 24322164 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor scheme using reflected guided cladding modes captured by a double-clad fiber coupler and excited in a gold-coated fiber with a tilted Bragg grating. This new interrogation approach, based on the reflection spectrum, provides an improvement in the operating range of the device over previous techniques. The device allows detection of SPR in the reflected guided cladding modes and also in the transmitted spectrum, allowing comparison with standard techniques. The sensor has a large operating range from 1.335 to 1.432 RIU, and a sensitivity of 510.5 nm/RIU. The device shows strong dependence on the polarization state of the guided core mode which can be used to turn the SPR on or off.
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20
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Madore WJ, De Montigny E, Ouellette O, Lemire-Renaud S, Leduc M, Daxhelet X, Godbout N, Boudoux C. Asymmetric double-clad fiber couplers for endoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4514-7. [PMID: 24177133 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present an asymmetric double-clad fiber coupler (A-DCFC) exploiting a disparity in fiber etendues to exceed the equipartition limit (≤50% extraction of inner cladding multi-mode light). The A-DCFC is fabricated using two commercially available fibers and a custom fusion-tapering setup to achieve >70% extraction of multi-mode inner cladding light without affecting (>95% transmission) single-mode light propagation in the core. Imaging with the A-DCFC is demonstrated in a spectrally encoded imaging setup using a weakly backscattering biological sample. Other applications include the combination of optical coherence tomography with weak fluorescent or Raman scattering signals.
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21
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Baiad MD, Gagné M, Lemire-Renaud S, De Montigny E, Madore WJ, Godbout N, Boudoux C, Kashyap R. Capturing reflected cladding modes from a fiber Bragg grating with a double-clad fiber coupler. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:6873-6879. [PMID: 23546069 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.006873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel measurement scheme using a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to resolve cladding modes. Direct measurement of the optical spectra and power in the cladding modes is obtained through the use of a specially designed DCFC spliced to a highly reflective FBG written into slightly etched standard photosensitive single mode fiber to match the inner cladding diameter of the DCFC. The DCFC is made by tapering and fusing two double-clad fibers (DCF) together. The device is capable of capturing backward propagating low and high order cladding modes simply and efficiently. Also, we demonstrate the capability of such a device to measure the surrounding refractive index (SRI) with an extremely high sensitivity of 69.769 ± 0.035 μW/RIU and a resolution of 1.433 × 10(-5) ± 8 × 10(-9) RIU between 1.37 and 1.45 RIU. The device provides a large SRI operating range from 1.30 to 1.45 RIU with sufficient discrimination for all individual captured cladding modes. The proposed scheme can be adapted to many different types of bend, temperature, refractive index and other evanescent wave based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Diaa Baiad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal H3C 3A7, QC, Canada.
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22
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Lorenser D, Quirk BC, Auger M, Madore WJ, Kirk RW, Godbout N, Sampson DD, Boudoux C, McLaughlin RA. Dual-modality needle probe for combined fluorescence imaging and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:266-8. [PMID: 23381406 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, we present the first needle probe for combined optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence imaging. The probe uses double-clad fiber (DCF) that guides the OCT signal and fluorescence excitation light in the core and collects and guides the returning fluorescence in the large-diameter multimode inner cladding. It is interfaced to a 1310 nm swept-source OCT system that has been modified to enable simultaneous 488 nm fluorescence excitation and >500 nm emission detection by using a DCF coupler to extract the returning fluorescence signal in the inner cladding with high efficiency. We present imaging results from an excised sheep lung with fluorescein solution infused through the vasculature. We were able to identify alveoli, bronchioles, and blood vessels. The results demonstrate that the combined OCT plus fluorescence needle images provide improved tissue differentiation over OCT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lorenser
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
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23
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Kang D, Carruth RW, Kim M, Schlachter SC, Shishkov M, Woods K, Tabatabaei N, Wu T, Tearney GJ. Endoscopic probe optics for spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1925-36. [PMID: 24156054 PMCID: PMC3799656 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a form of reflectance confocal microscopy that can achieve high imaging speeds using relatively simple probe optics. Previously, the feasibility of conducting large-area SECM imaging of the esophagus in bench top setups has been demonstrated. Challenges remain, however, in translating SECM into a clinically-useable device; the tissue imaging performance should be improved, and the probe size needs to be significantly reduced so that it can fit into luminal organs of interest. In this paper, we report the development of new SECM endoscopic probe optics that addresses these challenges. A custom water-immersion aspheric singlet (NA = 0.5) was developed and used as the objective lens. The water-immersion condition was used to reduce the spherical aberrations and specular reflection from the tissue surface, which enables cellular imaging of the tissue deep below the surface. A custom collimation lens and a small-size grating were used along with the custom aspheric singlet to reduce the probe size. A dual-clad fiber was used to provide both the single- and multi- mode detection modes. The SECM probe optics was made to be 5.85 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, which is small enough for safe and comfortable endoscopic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. The lateral resolution was 1.8 and 2.3 µm for the single- and multi- mode detection modes, respectively, and the axial resolution 11 and 17 µm. SECM images of the swine esophageal tissue demonstrated the capability of this device to enable the visualization of characteristic cellular structural features, including basal cell nuclei and papillae, down to the imaging depth of 260 µm. These results suggest that the new SECM endoscopic probe optics will be useful for imaging large areas of the esophagus at the cellular scale in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Simon C. Schlachter
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Milen Shishkov
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kevin Woods
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Brunetti AC, Margulis W, Rottwitt K. Raman probes based on optically-poled double-clad fiber and coupler. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28563-28572. [PMID: 23263094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two fiber Raman probes are presented, one based on an optically-poled double-clad fiber and the second based on an optically-poled double-clad fiber coupler respectively. Optical poling of the core of the fiber allows for the generation of enough 532nm light to perform Raman spectroscopy of a sample of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), when illuminating the waveguide with 1064nm laser light. The Raman signal is collected in the inner cladding, from which it is retrieved with either a bulk dichroic mirror or a double-clad fiber coupler. The coupler allows for a substantial reduction of the fiber spectral background signal conveyed to the spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Brunetti
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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25
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An S, Seo YG, Jung W, Park M, Park J, Kim J, Jeong Y, Oh K. A hybrid fiber-optic photoluminescence measurement system and its application in InGaN/GaN light emitting diode epi-wafer morphology studies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19535-19544. [PMID: 23038595 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a fiber optic photoluminescence (PL) measurement system using a novel hybrid probe composed of a series of single mode fiber (SMF) and double-clad fiber (DCF) terminated with a coreless silica fiber (CSF) segment and glass micro-lens formed on its cleaved-facet. The fiber probe provided a good guidance and focusing capability for the excitation photon with a focal length of 125 μm and a beam diameter of 13.6 μm. Utilizing a special DCF-to-DCF coupling scheme, the photoluminescence signals were efficiently collected and delivered to a photodetector with a low loss. Utilizing the proposed system, PL morphology was investigated over a 200 × 200 μm(2) area for two types of InGaN/GaN blue light emitting diode (LED) epi-wafers grown on 1) an un-patterned sapphire substrate (UPSS), and 2) a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS). The uniformity in the relative PL intensity and the spectral uniformity in terms of the peak PL wavelength were experimentally compared and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee An
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Engel G, Genish H, Rosenbluh M, Yelin D. Dual-channel spectrally encoded endoscopic probe. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1855-64. [PMID: 22876349 PMCID: PMC3409704 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High quality imaging through sub-millimeter endoscopic probes provides clinicians with valuable diagnostics capabilities in hard to reach locations within the body. Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) has been shown promising for such task; however, challenging probe fabrication and high speckle noise had prevented its testing in in vivo studies. Here we demonstrate a novel miniature SEE probe which incorporates some of the recent progress in spectrally encoded technology into a compact and robust endoscopic system. A high-quality miniature diffraction grating was fabricated using automated femtosecond laser cutting from a large bulk grating. Using one spectrally encoded channel for imaging and a separate channel for incoherent illumination, the new system has large depth of field, negligible back reflections and well controlled speckle noise which depends on the core diameter of the illumination fiber. Moreover, by using a larger imaging channel, higher groove density grating, shorter wavelength and broader spectrum, the new endoscopic system now allow significant improvements in almost all imaging parameter compared to previous systems, through an ultra-miniature endoscopic probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Engel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hadar Genish
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michael Rosenbluh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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27
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Lemire-Renaud S, Strupler M, Benboujja F, Godbout N, Boudoux C. Double-clad fiber with a tapered end for confocal endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2961-72. [PMID: 22076259 PMCID: PMC3207367 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) for use in confocal endomicroscopy to reduce speckle contrast, increase signal collection while preserving optical sectioning. The DCFC is made by incorporating a double-clad tapered fiber (DCTF) to a fused-tapered DCFC for achromatic transmission (from 1265 nm to 1325 nm) of > 95% illumination light trough the single mode (SM) core and collection of > 40% diffuse light through inner cladding modes. Its potential for confocal endomicroscopy is demonstrated in a spectrally-encoded imaging setup which shows a 3 times reduction in speckle contrast as well as 5.5 × increase in signal collection compared to imaging with a SM fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lemire-Renaud
- Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
- Centre d′Optique, Photonique et Laser, 2375, de la Terrasse Road, Quebec, Quebec,
Canada
| | - Mathias Strupler
- Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
- Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
| | - Fouzi Benboujja
- Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
- Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
- Centre d′Optique, Photonique et Laser, 2375, de la Terrasse Road, Quebec, Quebec,
Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
- Centre d′Optique, Photonique et Laser, 2375, de la Terrasse Road, Quebec, Quebec,
Canada
- Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
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Kang D, Yoo H, Jillella P, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive volumetric confocal microscopy with adaptive focusing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:1412-22. [PMID: 21698005 PMCID: PMC3114210 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive microscopy of distal esophagus could greatly improve the screening and surveillance of esophageal diseases such as Barrett's esophagus by providing histomorphologic information over the entire region at risk. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technology that can be configured to image the entire distal esophagus by helically scanning the beam using optics within a balloon-centering probe. It is challenging to image the human esophagus in vivo with balloon-based SECM, however, because patient motion and anatomic tissue surface irregularities decenter the optics, making it difficult to keep the focus at a predetermined location within the tissue as the beam is scanned. In this paper, we present a SECM probe equipped with an adaptive focusing mechanism that can compensate for tissue surface irregularity and dynamic focal variation. A tilted arrangement of the objective lens is employed in the SECM probe to provide feedback signals to an adaptive focusing mechanism. The tilted configuration also allows the probe to obtain reflectance confocal data from multiple depth levels, enabling the acquisition of three-dimensional volumetric data during a single scan of the probe. A tissue phantom with a surface area of 12.6 cm(2) was imaged using the new SECM probe, and 8 large-area reflectance confocal microscopy images were acquired over the depth range of 56 μm in 20 minutes. Large-area SECM images of excised swine small intestine tissue were also acquired, enabling the visualization of villous architecture, epithelium, and lamina propria. The adaptive focusing mechanism was demonstrated to enable acquisition of in-focus images even when the probe was not centered and the tissue surface was irregular.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hongki Yoo
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Jillella
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Zhao Y, Nakamura H, Gordon RJ. Development of a versatile two-photon endoscope for biological imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1159-1172. [PMID: 21258538 PMCID: PMC3018080 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a versatile, catheter-type two-photon probe, designed for in vivo and ex vivo imaging of the aqueous outflow pathway in the eye. The device consists of a silica double cladding fiber used for laser delivery and fluorescence collection, a spiral fiber scanner driven by a miniature piezoelectric tube, and an assembly of three micro-size doublet achromatic lenses used for focusing the laser and collecting the two-photon excitation signal. All the components have a maximum diameter of 2 mm and are enclosed in a length of 12-gauge stainless steel hypodermic tubing having an outer diameter of 2.8 mm. The lateral and axial resolutions of the probe are measured to be 1.5 μm and 9.2 μm, respectively. Different lens configurations and fibers are evaluated by comparing their spatial resolutions and fluorescence signal collection efficiencies. Doublet achromatic lenses and a double cladding fiber with a high inner cladding numerical aperture are found to produce a high signal collection efficiency, which is essential for imaging live tissues. Simple methods for reducing image distortions are demonstrated. Images of human trabecular meshwork tissue are successfully obtained with this miniature two-photon microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44309, USA
| | - Robert J. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Tao YK, Farsiu S, Izatt JA. Interlaced spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:431-440. [PMID: 21258478 PMCID: PMC3017990 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) have become essential clinical diagnostic tools in ophthalmology by allowing for video-rate noninvasive en face and depth-resolved visualization of retinal structure. Current generation multimodal imaging systems that combine both SLO and OCT as a means of image tracking remain complex in their hardware implementations. Here, we combine a spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SECSLO) with an ophthalmic SDOCT system. This novel implementation of an interlaced SECSLO-SDOCT system allows for video-rate SLO fundus images to be acquired alternately with high-resolution SDOCT B-scans as a means of image aiming, guidance, and registration as well as motion tracking. The system shares the illumination source, detection system, and scanning optics between both SLO and OCT as a method of providing a simple multimodal ophthalmic imaging system that can readily be implemented as a table-top or hand-held device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center,
DUMC 3802, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center,
DUMC 3802, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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