1
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Zhang YX, Lin Q, Yan XQ, Wang LL, Liu GD. Flat-band Friedrich-Wintgen bound states in the continuum based on borophene metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10669-10678. [PMID: 38571272 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Many applications involve the phenomenon of a material absorbing electromagnetic radiation. By exploiting wave interference, the efficiency of absorption can be significantly enhanced. Here, we propose Friedrich-Wintgen bound states in the continuum (F-W BICs) based on borophene metamaterials to realize coherent perfect absorption with a dual-band absorption peak in commercially important communication bands. Metamaterials consist of borophene gratings and a borophene sheet that can simultaneously support a Fabry-Perot plasmon resonance and a guided plasmon mode. The formation and dynamic modulation of the F-W BIC can be achieved by adjusting the width or carrier density of the borophene grating, while the strong coupling leads to the anti-crossover behavior of the absorption spectrum. Due to the weak angular dispersion originating from the intrinsic flat-band characteristic of the deep sub-wavelength periodic structure, the proposed plasmonic system exhibits almost no change in wavelength and absorption at large incident angles (within 70 degrees). In addition, we employ the temporal coupled-mode theory including near- and far-field coupling to obtain strong critical coupling, successfully achieve coherent perfect absorption, and can realize the absorption switch by changing the phase difference between the two coherent beams. Our findings can offer theoretical support for absorber design and all-optical tuning.
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2
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Aupiais I, Grasset R, Guo T, Daineka D, Briatico J, Houver S, Perfetti L, Hugonin JP, Greffet JJ, Laplace Y. Ultrasmall and tunable TeraHertz surface plasmon cavities at the ultimate plasmonic limit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7645. [PMID: 37996404 PMCID: PMC10667513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to confine THz photons inside deep-subwavelength cavities promises a transformative impact for THz light engineering with metamaterials and for realizing ultrastrong light-matter coupling at the single emitter level. To that end, the most successful approach taken so far has relied on cavity architectures based on metals, for their ability to constrain the spread of electromagnetic fields and tailor geometrically their resonant behavior. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a comparatively high level of confinement by exploiting a plasmonic mechanism based on localized THz surface plasmon modes in bulk semiconductors. We achieve plasmonic confinement at around 1 THz into record breaking small footprint THz cavities exhibiting mode volumes as low as [Formula: see text], excellent coupling efficiencies and a large frequency tunability with temperature. Notably, we find that plasmonic-based THz cavities can operate until the emergence of electromagnetic nonlocality and Landau damping, which together constitute a fundamental limit to plasmonic confinement. This work discloses nonlocal plasmonic phenomena at unprecedentedly low frequencies and large spatial scales and opens the door to novel types of ultrastrong light-matter interaction experiments thanks to the plasmonic tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Aupiais
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Romain Grasset
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Tingwen Guo
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Dmitri Daineka
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Javier Briatico
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sarah Houver
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Luca Perfetti
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Greffet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yannis Laplace
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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3
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Lien MR, Wang N, Guadagnini S, Wu J, Soibel A, Gunapala SD, Wang H, Povinelli ML. Black Phosphorus Molybdenum Disulfide Midwave Infrared Photodiodes with Broadband Absorption-Increasing Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9980-9987. [PMID: 37883580 PMCID: PMC10636840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) has been established as a promising material for room temperature midwave infrared (MWIR) photodetectors. However, many of its attractive optoelectronic properties are often observable only at smaller film thicknesses, which inhibits photodetector absorption and performance. In this work, we show that metasurface gratings increase the absorption of BP-MoS2 heterojunction photodiodes over a broad range of wavelengths in the MWIR. We designed, fabricated, and characterized metasurface gratings that increase absorption at selected wavelengths or broad spectral ranges. We evaluated the broadband metasurfaces by measuring the room temperature responsivity and specific detectivity of BP-MoS2 photodiodes at multiple MWIR wavelengths. Our results show that broadband metasurface gratings are a scalable approach for boosting the performance of BP photodiodes over large spectral ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R. Lien
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Silvia Guadagnini
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jiangbin Wu
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexander Soibel
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak
Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91030, United States
| | - Sarath D. Gunapala
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak
Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91030, United States
| | - Han Wang
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Michelle L. Povinelli
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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4
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Dang TH, Cavallo M, Khalili A, Dabard C, Bossavit E, Zhang H, Ledos N, Prado Y, Lafosse X, Abadie C, Gacemi D, Ithurria S, Vincent G, Todorov Y, Sirtori C, Vasanelli A, Lhuillier E. Multiresonant Grating to Replace Transparent Conductive Oxide Electrode for Bias Selected Filtering of Infrared Photoresponse. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8539-8546. [PMID: 37712683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices rely on conductive layers as electrodes, but they usually introduce optical losses that are detrimental to the device performances. While the use of transparent conductive oxides is established in the visible region, these materials show high losses at longer wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate a photodiode based on a metallic grating acting as an electrode. The grating generates a multiresonant photonic structure over the diode stack and allows strong broadband absorption. The obtained device achieves the highest performances reported so far for a midwave infrared nanocrystal-based detector, with external quantum efficiency above 90%, detectivity of 7 × 1011 Jones at 80 K at 5 μm, and a sub-100 ns time response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining different gratings with a single diode stack can generate a bias reconfigurable response and develop new functionalities such as band rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Huu Dang
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariarosa Cavallo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Khalili
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Dabard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Bossavit
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Huichen Zhang
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ledos
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yoann Prado
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lafosse
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Abadie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ithurria
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Vincent
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, 6 Chem. de la Vauve aux Granges, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Pisani F, Gacemi D, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield E, Sirtori C, Todorov Y. Electronic transport driven by collective light-matter coupled states in a quantum device. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3914. [PMID: 37400430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the majority of optoelectronic devices, emission and absorption of light are considered as perturbative phenomena. Recently, a regime of highly non-perturbative interaction, ultra-strong light-matter coupling, has attracted considerable attention, as it has led to changes in the fundamental properties of materials such as electrical conductivity, rate of chemical reactions, topological order, and non-linear susceptibility. Here, we explore a quantum infrared detector operating in the ultra-strong light-matter coupling regime driven by collective electronic excitations, where the renormalized polariton states are strongly detuned from the bare electronic transitions. Our experiments are corroborated by microscopic quantum theory that solves the problem of calculating the fermionic transport in the presence of strong collective electronic effects. These findings open a new way of conceiving optoelectronic devices based on the coherent interaction between electrons and photons allowing, for example, the optimization of quantum cascade detectors operating in the regime of strongly non-perturbative coupling with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisani
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
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6
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Shrewsbury BK, Audhkhasi R, Povinelli ML. Symmetry breaking of dark-mode metamaterials for voltage-switchable infrared absorption. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2441-2444. [PMID: 37126293 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose electrically reconfigurable absorbers with switchable narrowband resonances in the infrared. Our absorbers consist of two coupled, identical resonators and support a dark supermode. We show that by dynamically breaking the symmetry of the system, the dark supermode can be made to couple to an incoming plane wave, producing a narrowband absorption peak in the spectrum. We use this effect to design and optimize absorbers consisting of coupled metal-insulator-metal resonators based on gallium arsenide. We show that the switching functionality of the designed device is robust to fabrication imperfections, and that it additionally serves as a spectrally tunable absorber. Our results suggest exciting possibilities for designing next-generation reconfigurable absorbers that could benefit several applications, such as energy harvesting and sensing.
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7
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Malerba M, Sotgiu S, Schirato A, Baldassarre L, Gillibert R, Giliberti V, Jeannin M, Manceau JM, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Alabastri A, Ortolani M, Colombelli R. Detection of Strong Light-Matter Interaction in a Single Nanocavity with a Thermal Transducer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20141-20150. [PMID: 36399696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concept of strong light-matter coupling has been demonstrated in semiconductor structures, and it is poised to revolutionize the design and implementation of components, including solid state lasers and detectors. We demonstrate an original nanospectroscopy technique that permits the study of the light-matter interaction in single subwavelength-sized nanocavities where far-field spectroscopy is not possible using conventional techniques. We inserted a thin (∼150 nm) polymer layer with negligible absorption in the mid-infrared range (5 μm < λ < 12 μm) inside a metal-insulator-metal resonant cavity, where a photonic mode and the intersubband transition of a semiconductor quantum well are strongly coupled. The intersubband transition peaks at λ = 8.3 μm, and the nanocavity is overall 270 nm thick. Acting as a nonperturbative transducer, the polymer layer introduces only a limited alteration of the optical response while allowing to reveal the optical power absorbed inside the concealed cavity. Spectroscopy of the cavity losses is enabled by the polymer thermal expansion due to heat dissipation in the active part of the cavity, and performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This innovative approach allows the typical anticrossing characteristic of the polaritonic dispersion to be identified in the cavity loss spectra at the single nanoresonator level. Results also suggest that near-field coupling of the external drive field to the top metal patch mediated by a metal-coated AFM probe tip is possible, and it enables the near-field mapping of the cavity mode symmetry including in the presence of a strong light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malerba
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Simone Sotgiu
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Schirato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163Genoa, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Raymond Gillibert
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Giliberti
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu Jeannin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Michel Manceau
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Michele Ortolani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Colombelli
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
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8
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Lien MR, Wang N, Wu J, Soibel A, Gunapala SD, Wang H, Povinelli ML. Resonant Grating-Enhanced Black Phosphorus Mid-Wave Infrared Photodetector. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8704-8710. [PMID: 36287194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as a promising materials system for mid-wave infrared photodetection because of its moderate bandgap, high carrier mobility, substrate compatibility, and bandgap tunability. However, its uniquely tunable bandgap can only be taken advantage of with thin layer thicknesses, which ultimately limits the optical absorption of a BP photodetector. This work demonstrates an absorption-boosting resonant metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metasurface grating integrated with a thin-film BP photodetector. We designed and fabricated different MIM gratings and characterized their spectral properties. Then, we show that an MIM structure increased room temperature responsivity from 12 to 77 mA W-1 at 3.37 μm when integrated with a thin-film BP photodetector. Our results show that MIM structures simultaneously increase mid-wave infrared absorption and responsivity in a thin-film BP photodetector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Lien
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jiangbin Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexander Soibel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91030, United States
| | - Sarath D Gunapala
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91030, United States
| | - Han Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Michelle L Povinelli
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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9
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Li D, Chen Q, Huang J, Xu H, Lu Y, Song W. Scalable-Manufactured Metamaterials for Simultaneous Visible Transmission, Infrared Reflection, and Microwave Absorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:33933-33943. [PMID: 35834403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scalable manufacturing of metamaterials with multispectral manipulation capabilities remains highly challenging, which was generally circumvented by integrating several single-spectral metamaterials, potentially leading to complex processes, large thicknesses, and limited fabrication size. We experimentally demonstrate a standalone and scalable-manufactured multispectral metamaterial featuring simultaneous visible transmission, infrared reflection, and microwave absorption. The prepared multispectral metamaterial with an area of 255 cm2 exhibits a visible transmittance of 74.5% at wavelengths of 400-700 nm (the highest 80.2% at 510 nm), a thermal emissivity of 0.08 at the infrared (IR) wavelengths of 2.5-20 μm (the lowest 0.03 at 19.5 μm), and a microwave absorptance of 63.4% at frequencies of 8.2-12.4 GHz (the near-perfect 97.4% at 11.5 GHz) on average with a deep-subwavelength thickness of λ/47. The deep-subwavelength multispectral metamaterial consists of a submillimeter-thick polyethylene terephthalate dielectric spacer sandwiched by a patterned ultrathin metal and a metal mesh back-reflector with ultralow sheet resistances. Unlike the conventional optically transparent microwave absorbers made from indium tin oxides, the surface plasmonic modes can be excited within the submillimeter-thick multispectral metamaterial, bringing about the gap plasmon polaritons-induced microwave attenuation, together with the excellent visible transparency and high IR reflection/low IR emissivity. This work may inspire the designs and practical production of standalone multispectral metamaterials and benefit the protection against ubiquitous IR and microwave reconnaissance without impeding visual observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qixiang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuehui Lu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weijie Song
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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10
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Rodriguez E, Bonazzi T, Dely H, Mastrangelo M, Pantzas K, Beaudoin G, Sagnes I, Vasanelli A, Todorov Y, Sirtori C. Metamaterial engineering for optimized photon absorption in unipolar quantum devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20515-20531. [PMID: 36224794 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials have played a major role in the development of optoelectronic devices due to their capability of coupling free-space radiation with active materials at the nanometer scale. In particular, unipolar photodetectors display highly improved performances when implemented into patch-antenna arrays. We study light-coupling and absorption in patch-antenna metamaterials by combining an experimental investigation, an analytical approach based on coupled mode theory and numerical simulations in order to understand how the geometrical parameters influence the electromagnetic energy transfer from the free-space to the active material. Our findings are applied to the design of optimized unipolar photodetectors with improved quantum efficiency.
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11
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Benlyas R, Shimizu M, Otomo K, Liu Z, Yugami H. Multiband infrared emissions limited in the grazing angle from metal-dielectric-metal metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9380-9388. [PMID: 35299367 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal radiation management remains a challenge because of the incoherent and isotropic nature of electromagnetic waves. In this study, a multiband and angular-selective infrared emitter, consisting of a simple one-dimensional (1D) metal-dielectric-metal metamaterial, is demonstrated. Although this structure has been well known as spectrally selective emitters, we analytically reveal that when the dielectric layer thickness is much smaller than the wavelength of interest (< 1/10), directive emission at nearly equal to the grazing angles (> 80°) can be obtained at multiple resonant wavelengths. As the absorption peaks can be entirely characterized by geometrical parameters, this angular selective technology offers flexible control of thermal radiation and can be adjusted to specific applications.
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12
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Cheng R, Zhou Y, Liu J, Hu S, Liu H, Pan J, Huang W, He X, Liang B, Zhang L. Independently tunable multi-band terahertz absorber based on graphene sheet and nanoribbons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:3893-3902. [PMID: 35209638 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-band terahertz (THz) absorber based on graphene sheet and nanoribbons is proposed and investigated. In the studied frequency range, five absorption peaks are observed, with four originate from lateral Fabry-Perot resonance (LFPR) and one originates from guided-mode resonance (GMR). The LFPR and GMR peaks behave differently when geometric parameters are adjusted, which makes independent tuning possible. When period increases, the GMR peak red shifts and the frequencies of LFPR peaks remain almost unchanged. On the contrary, as nanoribbon width increases, the frequency of GMR remains almost unchanged while that of LFPRs decrease significantly. With increasing top dielectric layer thickness, the LFPR peaks blue shift while the GMR peak red shifts. In addition, the absorber has the merit of multi-band high absorptivity and frequency stability under large angle oblique incidence. The proposed terahertz absorber may benefit the areas of medical imaging, sensing, non-destructive testing, THz communications and other applications.
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13
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Le Perchec J, Badano G. Opaque pixel mask with a broadband absorbing metasurface: application to infrared detectors. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:330-337. [PMID: 35200866 DOI: 10.1364/ao.441792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an imager architecture comprising dark and active pixels allowing the simultaneous measurement of photonic and dark current, which is of particular interest for low-photon-flux astronomical applications. The principle of operation relies on both the total opacity of a thin metallic screen of sufficient area and the anti-reflective properties of well-designed resonant metal-dielectric gratings made on the same screen. The concept is exemplified in the context of cooled HgCdTe hybrid detectors, at short- and long-wave infrared ranges.
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14
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Zhang T, Yu J, Wulan Q, Li Z, Liu Z. Diffuse reflection in periodic arrayed disk metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28277-28286. [PMID: 34614962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials of metal-insulator-metal structures represent effective ways in manipulating light absorbance for photodetection, sensing, and energy harvesting etc. Most of the time, specular reflection has been used in characterizing resonances of metamaterials without considering diffuse scattering from their periodic subwavelength units. In this paper, we investigate diffuse reflection in metasurfaces made of periodic metallic disks in the mid-infrared region. Integrating sphere-based spectral measurements indicate that diffuse reflection is dominated by grating diffractions, which cause diffuse scattering in a spectral region with wavelengths less than that of the first order Rayleigh anomaly. The diffuse reflection is greatly enhanced by the metasurface resonance and exhibits a general increase towards shorter wavelengths, which not only causes a significant difference in evaluating the metamaterial resonant absorption efficiency but also a small blue-shift of the resonance frequency. These findings are helpful for designing and analyzing metamaterial resonant properties when diffuse scattering is taken into account.
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15
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Dang TH, Vasanelli A, Todorov Y, Sirtori C, Prado Y, Chu A, Gréboval C, Khalili A, Cruguel H, Delerue C, Vincent G, Lhuillier E. Bias Tunable Spectral Response of Nanocrystal Array in a Plasmonic Cavity. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6671-6677. [PMID: 34339191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystals (NCs) have gained considerable attention for their broadly tunable absorption from the UV to the THz range. Nevertheless, their optical features suffer from a lack of tunability once integrated into optoelectronic devices. Here, we show that bias tunable aspectral response is obtained by coupling a HgTe NC array with a plasmonic resonator. Up to 15 meV blueshift can be achieved from a 3 μm absorbing wavelength structure under a 3 V bias voltage when the NC exciton is coupled with a mode of the resonator. We demonstrate that the blueshift arises from the interplay between hopping transport and inhomogeneous absorption due to the presence of the photonic structure. The observed tunable spectral response is qualitatively reproduced in simulation by introducing a bias-dependent diffusion length in the charge transport. This work expands the realm of existing NC-based devices and paves the way toward light modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Huu Dang
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yoann Prado
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Chu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
- ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, 6, chemin de la Vauve aux Granges, BP 80100, 91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Charlie Gréboval
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Khalili
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Herve Cruguel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Delerue
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gregory Vincent
- ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, 6, chemin de la Vauve aux Granges, BP 80100, 91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Audhkhasi R, Povinelli ML. Vanadium-dioxide microstructures with designable temperature-dependent thermal emission. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1768-1771. [PMID: 33793539 DOI: 10.1364/ol.414705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose gold-vanadium dioxide microstructures for which the difference in thermally radiated power between the low and high temperature states can be tuned via structural design. We start by incorporating VO2 in a gold-dielectric-gold waveguide to achieve a temperature-dependent mode effective index. We show that a cavity formed in this waveguide structure has a fundamental resonance wavelength that shifts with temperature. We calculate the thermal radiated power from the cavity at temperatures above and below the phase transition of VO2 for wavelengths between 8 and 14 µm. We show that the difference in radiated power can be made positive, negative, or zero simply by adjusting the cavity length. Finally, we use our cavity to design thermally emissive metasurfaces with spatial emission patterns that can be inverted with temperature. Our emitters could serve as building blocks in the realization of metasurfaces enabling complex thermal radiation control.
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17
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Abou-Hamdan L, Li C, Haidar R, Krachmalnicoff V, Bouchon P, De Wilde Y. Hybrid modes in a single thermally excited asymmetric dimer antenna. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:981-984. [PMID: 33649637 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of hybrid modes in a single dimer of neighboring antennas is an essential step to optimize the far-field electromagnetic (EM) response of large-scale metasurfaces or any complex antenna structure made up of subwavelength building blocks. Here we present far-field infrared spatial modulation spectroscopy (IR-SMS) measurements of a single thermally excited asymmetric dimer of square metal-insulator-metal (MIM) antennas separated by a nanometric gap. Through thermal fluctuations, all the EM modes of the antennas are excited, and hybrid bonding and anti-bonding modes can be observed simultaneously. We study the latter within a plasmon hybridization model, and analyze their effect on the far-field response.
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18
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Fast amplitude modulation up to 1.5 GHz of mid-IR free-space beams at room-temperature. Nat Commun 2021; 12:799. [PMID: 33547283 PMCID: PMC7864940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications relying on mid-infrared radiation (λ ~ 3-30 μm) have progressed at a very rapid pace in recent years, stimulated by scientific and technological breakthroughs like mid-infrared cameras and quantum cascade lasers. On the other side, standalone and broadband devices allowing control of the beam amplitude and/or phase at ultra-fast rates (GHz or more) are still missing. Here we show a free-space amplitude modulator for mid-infrared radiation (λ ~ 10 μm) that can operate at room temperature up to at least 1.5 GHz (-3dB cutoff at ~750 MHz). The device relies on a semiconductor heterostructure enclosed in a judiciously designed metal-metal optical resonator. At zero bias, it operates in the strong light-matter coupling regime up to 300 K. By applying an appropriate bias, the device transitions towards the weak-coupling regime. The large change in reflectance is exploited to modulate the intensity of a mid-infrared continuous-wave laser up to 1.5 GHz.
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19
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Audhkhasi R, Povinelli ML. Gold-black phosphorus nanostructured absorbers for efficient light trapping in the mid-infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19562-19570. [PMID: 32672230 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a gold nanostructured design for absorption enhancement in thin black phosphorus films in the 3-5 µm wavelength range. By suitably tuning the design parameters of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure, lateral resonance modes can be excited in the black phosphorus layer. We compare the absorption enhancement due to the resonant light trapping effect to the conventional 4n2 limit. For a layer thickness of 5 nm, we achieve an enhancement factor of 561 at a wavelength of 4 µm. This is significantly greater than the conventional limit of 34. The ability to achieve strong absorption enhancement in ultrathin dielectric layers, coupled with the unique optoelectronic properties of black phosphorus, makes our absorber design a promising candidate for mid-IR photodetector applications.
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20
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Yu A, Guo X, Balakin AV, Shkurinov AP, Zhu Y. Multiband and broadband active controllable terahertz absorption in dual-side grating-gate graphene field-effect transistors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:284001. [PMID: 32252043 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab86ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that the even order ungated modes can be excited under normal incidence while the odd order ungated modes cannot in traditional single-side grating-gate graphene field-effect transistors. The odd order ungated modes will suppress the excitation efficiency of the gated modes. In order to realize multiband detection by effectively exciting the higher order gated modes, the frequency of the 1st order ungated mode should be tuned up, which can be realized by shortening the length of the ungated region. We propose to use the dual-side grating-gate structure to shorten the length of the ungated region. Gated mode up to 21st order can be realized in complementary dual-side grating-gate structure. The ultra-multiband absorption can be actively controlled to cover 1.06-10 THz when the graphene Fermi energy is tuned from 0.2 eV to 0.6 eV. Even order gated modes will be excited by gradually overlapping the two grating layers because of the break of symmetry. Broadband detection from 0.1-8.2 THz can be realized by the effective excitation and overlap of the odd and even order gated modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Yu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China. Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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On the possibility of a terahertz light emitting diode based on a dressed quantum well. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16320. [PMID: 31705055 PMCID: PMC6841726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider theoretically the realization of a tunable terahertz light emitting diode from a quantum well with dressed electrons placed in a highly doped p-n junction. In the considered system the strong resonant dressing field forms dynamic Stark gaps in the valence and conduction bands and the electric field inside the p-n junction makes the QW asymmetric. It is shown that the electrons transiting through the light induced Stark gaps in the conduction band emit photons with energy directly proportional to the dressing field. This scheme is tunable, compact, and shows a fair efficiency.
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22
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Refractive Index Sensing of Monolayer Molecules Using Both Local and Propagating Surface Plasmons in Mid-Infrared Metagrating. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) is attractive for molecular sensing due to its high sensitivity and access to molecular fingerprint absorptions. In this paper, we report on refractive index sensing of monolayer molecules in a spectral band outside the molecular fingerprint region. In a metagrating composed of a three-layer metal-insulator-metal structure, both propagating surface plasmon resonances (PSPs) and local surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) are exited from free-space in a broad band of 3 to 9 µm, and their sensing properties are characterized. In response to a self-assembled monolayer of octadecanethiol (ODT) molecules, both PSPs and LSPRs exhibit redshifts in wavelength. The shifts of LSPRs are larger than those of PSPs, as originated from their stronger spatial confinement and larger field enhancement. Our proposed mid-infrared molecular sensor is immune to frequency variations of plasmon resonance and more tolerant to sample feature size variation.
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23
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Lu Q, Chen X, Zou CL, Xie S. Extreme terahertz electric-field enhancement in high-Q photonic crystal slab cavity with nanoholes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30851-30861. [PMID: 30469977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional photonic-crystal (PC) cavity with nanoholes is proposed for extreme enhancement of terahertz (THz) electric fields using the electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. Both slot (for the perpendicular component of the electric displacement field) and anti-slot (for the parallel component of the electric field) effects contribute to the considerable field enhancement. The EM energy density can be enhanced by a factor of (εh/εl)2 in the high-refractive-index material, where εh and εl are the permittivities of the high- and low-refractive-index materials, respectively. Correspondingly, the mode volume can be reduced by a factor of 288, compared with a conventional THz PC cavity, and is three orders of magnitude smaller than the diffraction limitation. Further, the proposed THz cavity design also supports modes with high quality factors (Q) > 104, which induces strong Purcell enhancement by a factor exceeding 106. Our THz cavity design is feasible and attractive for experimental demonstrations, because the semiconductor layer in which the EM is maximized can naturally be filled with quantum-engineered active materials. Thus, the proposed design can possibly be used to develop room-temperature coherent THz radiation sources.
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24
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Palaferri D, Todorov Y, Bigioli A, Mottaghizadeh A, Gacemi D, Calabrese A, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Kapsalidis F, Beck M, Faist J, Sirtori C. Room-temperature nine-µm-wavelength photodetectors and GHz-frequency heterodyne receivers. Nature 2018; 556:85-88. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Mitrofanov O, Todorov Y, Gacemi D, Mottaghizadeh A, Sirtori C, Brener I, Reno JL. Near-field spectroscopy and tuning of sub-surface modes in plasmonic terahertz resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:7437-7450. [PMID: 29609298 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.007437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly confined modes in THz plasmonic resonators comprising two metallic elements can enhance light-matter interaction for efficient THz optoelectronic devices. We demonstrate that sub-surface modes in such double-metal resonators can be revealed with an aperture-type near-field probe and THz time-domain spectroscopy despite strong mode confinement in the dielectric spacer. The sub-surface modes couple a fraction of their energy to the resonator surface via surface waves, which we detected with the near-field probe. We investigated two resonator geometries: a λ/2 double-metal patch antenna with a 2 μm thick dielectric spacer, and a three-dimensional meta-atom resonator. THz time-domain spectroscopy analysis of the fields at the resonator surface displays spectral signatures of sub-surface modes. Investigations of strong light-matter coupling in resonators with sub-surface modes therefore can be assisted by the aperture-type THz near-field probes. Furthermore, near-field interaction of the probe with the resonator enables tuning of the resonance frequency for the spacer mode in the antenna geometry from 1.6 to 1.9 THz (~15%).
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26
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Huang S, Xie Z, Chen W, Lei J, Wang F, Liu K, Li L. Metasurface with multi-sized structure for multi-band coherent perfect absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:7066-7078. [PMID: 29609392 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.007066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that multi-band coherent perfect absorption can be achieved at infrared frequencies by a metasurface in which four-sized columnar metal patches are separated by a dielectric layer in a unit cell. The absorption bandwidth is enhanced by three times compared with single-band absorption while high absorbance is maintained. The coherent perfect absorption is polarization-independent and can be independently modulated at each resonant frequency by tuning the phase difference of two coherent incident beams. Moreover, the resonant frequency is sensitive to the radius of the columnar patch, and thus a wide coherent perfect absorption frequency range can be obtained by adjusting the radius. Through optimizing the structural parameters, nearly perfect absorption at oblique incidence for both TE and TM polarizations are achieved. The optimized metasurface can be used as a beamsplitter at oblique incidence.
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27
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Derntl CG, Bachmann D, Unterrainer K, Darmo J. Disk patch resonators for cavity quantum electrodynamics at the terahertz frequency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12311-12324. [PMID: 28786589 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We designed disk patch resonators to meet the requirements for enhanced coupling of optical cavities to intersubband transitions in heterostructures in the terahertz frequency regime. We applied modifications to the standard patch resonator in the form of a chain of holes and slits to control the resonator eigenmodes featuring quality factors ωFWHM/ω0 as high as 40. Due to the broken rotational symmetry of the resonators the individual eigenmodes can be accessed selectively depending on the incidence and the polarization of the THz wave. The demonstrated post-process blue-shifting of the resonance frequency up to 50% is a key tuning knob for an optimization of light-matter interaction in a quantum system.
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28
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Zhang X, Xiao JJ, Zhang Q, Qin F, Cai X, Ye F. Dual-Band Unidirectional Emission in a Multilayered Metal-Dielectric Nanoantenna. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:774-783. [PMID: 31457470 PMCID: PMC6641122 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the emission efficiency, direction, and polarization of optical sources with nanoantennas is of crucial importance in many nanophotonic applications. In this article, we design a subwavelength multilayer metal-dielectric nanoantenna consisting of three identical gold strips that are separated by two dielectric spacers. It is shown that a local dipole source can efficiently excite several hybridized plasmonic modes in the nanoantenna, including one electric dipole (ED) and two magnetic dipole (MD) resonances. The coherent interplay between the ED and MDs leads to unidirectional emissions in opposite directions at different wavelengths. The relative phase difference between these resonant modes determines the exact emission direction. Additionally, with a proper spacer thickness and filling medium, it is possible to control the spectral positions of the forward and backward unidirectional emissions and to exchange the wavelengths for two unidirectional emissions. An analytical dipole model is established, which yields comparable results to those from the full-wave simulation. Furthermore, we show that the wavelength of the peak forward-to-backward unidirectionality is essentially determined by the MD and is approximately predictable by the plasmonic wave dispersion in the corresponding two-dimensional multilayer structure. Our results may be useful to design dual-band unidirectional optical nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- College
of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Jun Xiao
- College
of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College
of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Feifei Qin
- College
of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingmin Cai
- Institute
of Thin Film Physics and Applications and College of Physics and Energy,
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Institute
of Thin Film Physics and Applications and College of Physics and Energy,
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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29
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Highly efficient metallic optical incouplers for quantum well infrared photodetectors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30414. [PMID: 27456691 PMCID: PMC4960657 DOI: 10.1038/srep30414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we propose a highly efficient metallic optical incoupler for a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) operating in the spectrum range of 14~16 μm, which consists of an array of metal micropatches and a periodically corrugated metallic back plate sandwiching a semiconductor active layer. By exploiting the excitations of microcavity modes and hybrid spoof surface plasmons (SSPs) modes, this optical incoupler can convert infrared radiation efficiently into the quantum wells (QWs) layer of semiconductor region with large electrical field component (Ez) normal to the plane of QWs. Our further numerical simulations for optimization indicate that by tuning microcavity mode to overlap with hybrid SSPs mode in spectrum, a coupled mode is formed, which leads to 33-fold enhanced light absorption for QWs centered at wavelength of 14.5 μm compared with isotropic absorption of QWs without any metallic microstructures, as well as a large value of coupling efficiency (η) of |Ez|2 ~ 6. This coupled mode shows a slight dispersion over ~40° and weak polarization dependence, which is quite beneficial to the high performance infrared photodetectors.
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30
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Todorov Y, Desfond P, Belacel C, Becerra L, Sirtori C. Three-dimensional THz lumped-circuit resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:16838-16845. [PMID: 26191695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.016838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Our work describes a novel three dimensional meta-material resonator design for optoelectronic applications in the THz spectral range. In our resonant circuits, the capacitors are formed by double-metal regions cladding a dielectric core. Unlike conventional planar metamaterials, the electric field is perpendicular to the surface and totally confined in the dielectric core. Furthermore, the magnetic field, confined in the inductive part, is parallel to the electric field, ruling out coupling through propagation effects. Our geometry thus combines the benefit of double-metal structures that provide parallel plate capacitors, while maintaining the ability of meta-material resonators to adjust independently the capacitive and inductive parts. Furthermore, in our geometry, a constant bias can be applied across the dielectric, making these resonators very suitable for applications such as ultra-low dark current THz quantum detectors and amplifiers based on quantum cascade gain medium.
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31
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Lu X, Wan R, Wang G, Zhang T, Zhang W. Giant and tunable electric field enhancement in the terahertz regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:27001-27006. [PMID: 25401850 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel array of slits design combining the nano-slit grating and dielectric-metal is proposed to obtain giant and tunable electric field enhancement in the terahertz regime. The maximum amplitude of electric field is more than 6000 times larger than that of the incident electric field. It is found that the enhancement depends primarily on the stripe and nano-slits width of grating, as well as the thickness of spacer layer. This property is particularly beneficial for the realization of ultra-sensitive nanoparticles detection and nonlinear optics in the terahertz range, such as the second harmonic generation (SHG).
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32
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Paulillo B, Manceau JM, Degiron A, Zerounian N, Beaudoin G, Sagnes I, Colombelli R. Circuit-tunable sub-wavelength THz resonators: hybridizing optical cavities and loop antennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21302-21312. [PMID: 25321509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate subwavelength electromagnetic resonators operating in the THz spectral range, whose spectral properties and spatial/angular patterns can be engineered in a similar way to an electronic circuit. We discuss the device concept, and we experimentally study the tuning of the resonant frequency as a function of variable capacitances and inductances. We then elucidate the optical coupling properties. The radiation pattern, obtained by angle-resolved reflectance, reveals that the system mainly couples to the outside world via a magnetic dipolar interaction.
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Strong near field enhancement in THz nano-antenna arrays. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1361. [PMID: 23449101 PMCID: PMC3584925 DOI: 10.1038/srep01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in modern photonics is the ability to concentrate light into very small volumes, thus enhancing its interaction with quantum objects of sizes much smaller than the wavelength. In the microwave domain, for many years this task has been successfully performed by antennas, built from metals that can be considered almost perfect at these frequencies. Antenna-like concepts have been recently extended into the THz and up to the visible, however metal losses increase and limit their performances. In this work we experimentally study the light coupling properties of dense arrays of subwavelength THz antenna microcavities. We demonstrate that the combination of array layout with subwavelength electromagnetic confinement allows for 10(4)-fold enhancement of the electromagnetic energy density inside the cavities, despite the low quality factor of a single element. This effect is quantitatively described by an analytical model that can be applied for the optimization of any nanoantenna array.
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Feuillet-Palma C, Todorov Y, Vasanelli A, Sirtori C. Strong near field enhancement in THz nano-antenna arrays. Sci Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/srep01361 1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Feuillet-Palma C, Todorov Y, Steed R, Vasanelli A, Biasiol G, Sorba L, Sirtori C. Extremely sub-wavelength THz metal-dielectric wire microcavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29121-29130. [PMID: 23263150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate minimal volume wire THz metal-dielectric micro-cavities, in which all but one dimension have been reduced to highly sub-wavelength values. The smallest cavity features an effective volume of 0.4 µm(3), which is ~5.10(-7) times the volume defined by the resonant vacuum wavelength (λ = 94 µm) to the cube. When combined with a doped multi-quantum well structure, such micro-cavities enter the ultra-strong light matter coupling regime, even if the total number of electrons participating to the coupling is only in the order of 10(4), thus much less than in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Feuillet-Palma
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR7162, 75013 Paris, France
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Delteil A, Vasanelli A, Todorov Y, Feuillet Palma C, Renaudat St-Jean M, Beaudoin G, Sagnes I, Sirtori C. Charge-induced coherence between intersubband plasmons in a quantum structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:246808. [PMID: 23368367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.246808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we investigate a low dimensional semiconductor system, in which the light-matter interaction is enhanced by the cooperative behavior of a large number of dipolar oscillators, at different frequencies, mutually phase locked by Coulomb interaction. We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that, owing to this phenomenon, the optical response of a semiconductor quantum well with several occupied subbands is a single sharp resonance, associated with the excitation of a bright multisubband plasmon. This effect illustrates how the whole oscillator strength of a two-dimensional system can be concentrated into a single resonance independently from the shape of the confining potential. When this cooperative excitation is tuned in resonance with a cavity mode, their coupling strength can be increased monotonically with the electronic density, allowing the achievement of the ultrastrong coupling regime up to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delteil
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR7162, 75013 Paris, France
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Ayas S, Güner H, Türker B, Ekiz OÖ, Dirisaglik F, Okyay AK, Dâna A. Raman enhancement on a broadband meta-surface. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6852-6861. [PMID: 22845672 DOI: 10.1021/nn301665a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metamaterials allow confinement of light to deep subwavelength dimensions, while allowing for the tailoring of dispersion and electromagnetic mode density to enhance specific photonic properties. Optical resonances of plasmonic molecules have been extensively investigated; however, benefits of strong coupling of dimers have been overlooked. Here, we construct a plasmonic meta-surface through coupling of diatomic plasmonic molecules which contain a heavy and light meta-atom. Presence and coupling of two distinct types of localized modes in the plasmonic molecule allow formation and engineering of a rich band structure in a seemingly simple and common geometry, resulting in a broadband and quasi-omni-directional meta-surface. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering benefits from the simultaneous presence of plasmonic resonances at the excitation and scattering frequencies, and by proper design of the band structure to satisfy this condition, highly repeatable and spatially uniform Raman enhancement is demonstrated. On the basis of calculations of the field enhancement distribution within a unit cell, spatial uniformity of the enhancement at the nanoscale is discussed. Raman scattering constitutes an example of nonlinear optical processes, where the wavelength conversion during scattering may be viewed as a photonic transition between the bands of the meta-material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sencer Ayas
- UNAM Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Cheng CW, Abbas MN, Shih MH, Chang YC. Characterization of the surface plasmon polariton band gap in an Ag/SiO2/Ag T-shaped periodical structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:23698-23705. [PMID: 22109396 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.023698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the localized surface plasmon polariton (LSPP) band gap of an Ag/SiO(2)/Ag asymmetric T-shaped periodical structure is demonstrated and characterized. The Ag/SiO(2)/Ag asymmetric T-shaped periodical structure was designed and fabricated to exhibit the LSPP modes in an infrared wavelength regime, and its band gap can be manipulated through the structural geometry. The LSPP band gap was observed experimentally with the absorbance spectra and its angle dependence characterized with different incident angles. Such a T-shaped structure with a LSPP band gap can be widely exploited in various applications, such as emitters and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Chen J, Wang P, Zhang ZM, Lu Y, Ming H. Coupling between gap plasmon polariton and magnetic polariton in a metallic-dielectric multilayer structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:026603. [PMID: 21929124 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.026603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The excitation of plasmons in a metallic nanostructure represents a feasible and practical approach for manipulating the propagation and absorption of light at the subwavelength scale. Of particular interest is the coupling between plasmons, which can be used to facilitate the spectral tunability and tailor the optical response of the structure. In this paper, we study the coupling between two highly localized plasmonic modes: gap plasmon polariton mode and magnetic polariton mode, supported by a metallic-dielectric multilayer structure. The strong coupling gives rise to the formation of hybrid plasmon modes and large mode splitting. These hybrid modes result in unique spectral-directional absorption characteristics in the structure. The findings hold promise in applications such as photonic and energy conversion systems as well as the design of plasmonic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxue Chen
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Todorov Y, Andrews AM, Colombelli R, De Liberato S, Ciuti C, Klang P, Strasser G, Sirtori C. Ultrastrong light-matter coupling regime with polariton dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:196402. [PMID: 21231188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.196402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The regime of ultrastrong light-matter interaction has been investigated theoretically and experimentally, using zero-dimensional electromagnetic resonators coupled with an electronic transition between two confined states of a semiconductor quantum well. We have measured a splitting between the coupled modes that amounts to 48% of the energy transition, the highest ratio ever observed in a light-matter coupled system. Our analysis, based on a microscopic quantum theory, shows that the nonlinear polariton splitting, a signature of this regime, is a dynamical effect arising from the self-interaction of the collective electronic polarization with its own emitted field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Todorov
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomenes Quantiques, Unversité Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS-UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France.
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