Dynamic phase measurement in shearography by clustering method and Fourier filtering

Three-wavelength digital photoelasticity

A three-wavelength photoelasticity method is proposed to simplify the optical setup and speed up data acquisition. By recording six intensity images with circularly polarized illuminations of three close wavelengths, the phase retardation and corresponding inner stress can be computed accurately with a correspondingly developed computational algorithm. Since the mechanical rotations of wave plates and polarizers required by classic photoelasticity techniques are avoided, the data acquisition of this proposed method is very speedy, and measurement of a dynamic sample can be achieved with a very simple and compact optical setup. Besides theoretical analyses, numerical and experimental evidences are also used to confirm the feasibility of this suggested three-wavelength digital photoelasticity method.

LDV-induced stroboscopic digital image correlation for high spatial resolution vibration measurement

Vibration measurement, particularly mode shape measurement, is an important aspect of structural dynamic analysis since it can validate finite element or analytical vibration models. Scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and high-speed digital image correlation have become dominant methods for experimental mode shape measurement. However, these methods have high equipment costs and several disadvantages regarding spatial or temporal performance. This paper proposes a laser Doppler vibrometer induced stroboscopic digital image correction for non-contact mode shape and operational deflection shape measurement. Our results verify that single-point LDV and normal rate cameras can be used obtain high spatial resolution mode shape and operational deflection shape. Measurement frequency range is much higher than the camera capturing rate. We also show that the proposed approach coincides well with time-averaged electronic speckle pattern interferometry.

Digital Shearography for NDT: Phase Measurement Technique and Recent Developments

Composite materials have seen widespread use in the aerospace industry and are becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to their high strength and low weight characteristics. The increasing usage of composite materials has resulted in the need for more effective techniques for nondestructive testing (NDT) of composite structures. Of these techniques, digital shearography is one the most sensitive and accurate methods for NDT. Digital shearography can directly measure strain with high sensitivity when combined with different optical setups, phase-shift techniques, and algorithms. Its simple setup and less sensitivity to environmental disturbances make it particularly well suited for practical NDT applications. This paper provides a review of the phase measurement technique and recent developments in digital shearographic NDT. The introduction of new techniques has expanded the range of digital shearography applications and made it possible to measure larger fields and detect more directional or deeper defects. At the same time, shearography for different materials is also under research, including specular surface materials, metallic materials, etc. Through the discussion of recent developments, the future development trend of digital shearography is analyzed, and the potentials and limitations are demonstrated.

Real-time reference-based dynamic phase retrieval algorithm for optical measurement

To study dynamic behaviors of a phenomenon, measuring the evolving field of a specimen/material/structure is required. Optical interferometry, as a full-field, non-contact, and highly sensitive optical measurement technique, has been applied, where the evolving field is represented as dynamic phase distribution. A dynamic phase retrieval algorithm, called least-squares with 3 unknowns (LS3U), which estimates the phase change between each two consecutive patterns by a least-squares fitting method and denoises the phase change by a windowed Fourier filtering (WFF) algorithm, has been shown to be a simple yet effective algorithm. However, LS3U is computationally expensive, restricting its potential application in real-time dynamic phase retrieval systems. In this paper, a real-time LS3U algorithm powered by GPU parallel computing is proposed, with which frame rates of up to 64.5 frames per second (fps) and 131.8 fps are achieved on NVIDIA's GTX 680 and GTX 1080 graphics cards, respectively.

Dynamic phase measurement based on spatial carrier-frequency phase-shifting method

Combining spatial carrier-frequency phase-shifting (SCPS) technique and Fourier transform method, from one-frame spatial carrier-frequency interferogram (SCFI), a novel phase retrieval method is proposed and applied to dynamic phase measurement. First, using the SCPS technique, four-frame phase-shifting sub-interferograms can be constructed from one-frame SCFI. Second, using Fourier transform method, the accurate phase-shifts of four sub-interferograms can be extracted rapidly, so there is no requirement of calibration for the carrier-frequency in advance compared to most existing SCPS methods. Third, the wrapped phase can be retrieved with the least-squares algorithm through using the above phase-shifts. Finally, the phase variations of a water droplet evaporation and a Jurkat cell apoptosis induced by a drug are presented with the proposed method. Both the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that in addition to maintaining high accuracy of the SCPS method, the proposed method reveals more rapid processing speed of phase retrieval, and this will greatly facilitate its application in dynamic phase measurement.

Quantitative phase maps denoising of long holographic sequences by using SPADEDH algorithm

We propose a denoising method for digital holography mod 2π wrapped phase map by using an adaptation of the SPArsity DEnoising of Digital Holograms (SPADEDH) algorithm. SPADEDH is a l(1) minimization algorithm able to suppress the noise components on digital holograms without any prior knowledge or estimation about the statistics of noise. We test our algorithm with either general numerical simulated wrapped phase, quantifying the performance with different efficiency parameters and comparing it with two popular denoising strategies, i.e., median and Gaussian filters, and specific experimental tests, by focusing our attention on long-sequence wrapped quantitative phase maps (QPMs) of in vitro cells, which aim to have uncorrupted QPMs. In addition, we prove that the proposed algorithm can be used as a helper for the typical local phase unwrapping algorithms.

Path-independent phase unwrapping using phase gradient and total-variation (TV) denoising

Phase unwrapping is a challenging task for interferometry based techniques in the presence of noise. The majority of existing phase unwrapping techniques are path-following methods, which explicitly or implicitly define an intelligent path and integrate phase difference along the path to mitigate the effect of erroneous pixels. In this paper, a path-independent unwrapping method is proposed where the unwrapped phase gradient is determined from the wrapped phase and subsequently denoised by a TV minimization based method. Unlike the wrapped phase map where 2π phase jumps are present, the gradient of the unwrapped phase map is smooth and slowly-varying at noise-free areas. On the other hand, the noise is greatly amplified by the differentiation process, which makes it easier to separate from the smooth phase gradient. Thus an approximate unwrapped phase can be obtained by integrating the denoised phase gradient. The final unwrapped phase map is subsequently determined by adding the first few modes of the unwrapped phase. The proposed method is most suitable for unwrapping phase maps without abrupt phase changes. Its capability has been demonstrated both numerically and by experimental data from shearography and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI).

Dynamic phase retrieval in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using least squares method and windowed Fourier filtering

An algorithm for dynamic phase retrieval in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using least squares method and windowed Fourier filtering is proposed. The least squares method is used to evaluate the phase change between two speckle patterns provided that the phase of either one speckle pattern has been estimated. The windowed Fourier filtering is used to eliminate the noise in the phase change. Based on these two techniques, the proposed algorithm determines the phase of the initial speckle pattern by phase shifting method at first, then the phase of the rest speckle patterns are retrieved by sequentially evaluating the phase changes between every two consecutive speckle patterns. The algorithm solves the problem of speckle decorrelation by refreshing the reference image frame by frame, and also avoids the problem of error accumulation during the reference image refreshing process by the windowed Fourier filtering. Two experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

Dynamic phase evaluation in sparse-sampled temporal speckle pattern sequence

The rapid progress of modern manufacturing technology has posed stringent requirements for inspecting techniques for vibration characterization and dynamic testing. Because of its simplicity, accuracy, and whole-field character, speckle interferometry has served as one of the major techniques for dynamic measurement, where normally a dense-sampled temporal speckle sequence is captured for phase retrieval using Fourier or wavelet transforms. In this Letter, a method is proposed for phase evaluation of sparse-sampled speckle patterns when the sampling rate is lower than two points per temporal cycle. Dynamic experiments using a high-speed camera demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method for complicated wrapped phase retrieval in electronic/digital speckle pattern interferometry.