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El Hamzaoui H, Razdobreev I, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Cassez A, Andrieux V, Bouazaoui M. Yb 2+-Doped Silicate Glasses as Optical Sensor Materials for Cryogenic Thermometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:248. [PMID: 38203109 PMCID: PMC10781229 DOI: 10.3390/s24010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Optical sensors constitute attractive alternatives to resistive probes for the sensing and monitoring of temperature (T). In this work, we investigated, in the range from 2 to 300 K, the thermal behavior of Yb2+ ion photoluminescence (PL) in glass hosts for cryogenic thermometry. To that end, two kinds of Yb2+-doped preforms, with aluminosilicate and aluminophosphosilicate core glasses, were made using the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technique. The obtained preforms were then elongated, at about 2000 °C, to canes with an Yb2+-doped core of about 500 µm. Under UV excitation and independently of the core composition, all samples of preforms and their corresponding canes presented a wide visible emission band attributed to Yb2+ ions. Furthermore, PL kinetics measurements, recorded at two emission wavelengths (502 and 582 nm) under 355 nm pulsed excitation, showed an increase, at very low T, followed by a decrease in lifetime until room temperature (RT). A modified two-level model was proposed to interpret such a decay time dependence versus T. Based on the fit of lifetime data with this model, the absolute (Sa) and relative (Sr) sensitivities were determined for each sample. For both the preform and its corresponding cane, the aluminophosphosilicate glass composition featured the highest performances in the cryogenic domain, with values exceeding 28.3 µsK-1 and 94.4% K-1 at 30 K for Sa and Sr, respectively. The aluminophosphosilicate preform also exhibited the wider T operating range of 10-300 K. Our results show that Yb2+-doped silicate glasses are promising sensing materials for optical thermometry applications in the cryogenic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Hamzaoui
- Univ. Lille, CERLA, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France (M.C.-B.); (A.C.); (V.A.); (M.B.)
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Influence of GeO 2 Content on the Spectral and Radiation-Resistant Properties of Yb/Al/Ge Co-Doped Silica Fiber Core Glasses. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062235. [PMID: 35329687 PMCID: PMC8954666 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Yb/Al/Ge co-doped silica fiber core glasses with different GeO2 contents (0–6.03 mol%) were prepared using the sol–gel method combined with high-temperature sintering. The absorption, fluorescence, radiation-induced absorption, continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and fluorescence decay curves were recorded and analyzed systematically before and after X-ray irradiation. The effects of GeO2 content on the valence variations of Yb3+/Yb2+ ions, spectral properties of Yb3+ ions, and radiation resistance of Yb/Al/Ge co-doped silica glasses were systematically studied. The results show that even if the GeO2 content of the sample is relatively low (0.62 mol%), it can inhibit the generation of Yb2+ ions with slight improvement in the spectral properties of Yb3+ ions in the pristine samples and effectively improve its radiation resistance. Direct evidence confirms that the generation of trapped-electron centers (Yb2+/Si-E’/Al-E’) and trapped-hole centers (Al-OHC) was effectively inhibited by Ge co-doping. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development of high-performance, radiation-r esistant Yb-doped silica fibers.
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Giacomazzi L, Martin-Samos L, Alessi A, Richard N, Boukenter A, Ouerdane Y, Girard S, Valant M, De Gironcoli S. v-P 2O 5 micro-clustering in P-doped silica studied by a first-principles Raman investigation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7126. [PMID: 31073141 PMCID: PMC6509213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic vitreous silica is currently the preferred material for the production of optical fibres because of the several excellent properties of this glass, e.g. high transmission in the visible and IR domains, high mechanical strength, chemical durability, and ease of doping with various materials. For instance, fiber lasers and amplifiers exploit the light amplification properties provided by rare-earth ions employed as dopants in the core of silica-based optical fibers. The structure and composition of the nearest neighbor shell surrounding rare-earth ions in silica-based optical fibers and amplifiers have been intensively debated in the last decade. To reduce aggregation effects between rare-earth ions, co-dopants such as phosphorus and aluminium are added as structural modifiers; phosphorus-doping, in particular, has proved to be very efficient in dissolving rare-earth ions. In this work, we provide further insights concerning the embedding of P atoms into the silica network, which may be relevant for explaining the ease of formation of a phosphorus pentoxide nearest-neighbor shell around a rare-earth dopant. In particular, by means of first-principles calculations, we discuss alternative models for an irradiation (UV, x-, γ-rays) induced paramagnetic center, i.e. the so called room-temperature phosphorus-oxygen-hole center, and its precursors. We report that the most likely precursor of a room-temperature phosphorus-oxygen-hole center comprises of a micro-cluster of a few (at least two) neighboring phosphate tetrahedra, and correspondingly that the occurrence of isolated [(O-)2P(=O)2]- units is unlikely even at low P-doping concentrations. In fact, this work predicts that the symmetric stretching of P=O bonds in isolated [(O-)2P(=O)2]- units appears as a Raman band at a frequency of ~1110 cm-1, and only by including at least another corner-sharing phosphate tetrahedron, it is shown to shift to higher frequencies (up to ~40 cm-1) due to the shortening of P=O bonds, thereby leading to an improved agreement with the observed Raman band located at ~1145 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Giacomazzi
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270, Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
- CNR-IOM/Democritos National Simulation Center, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, via Bonomea 265, IT-34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - L Martin-Samos
- CNR-IOM/Democritos National Simulation Center, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, via Bonomea 265, IT-34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Alessi
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - N Richard
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297, Arpajon, France
| | - A Boukenter
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Y Ouerdane
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - S Girard
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - M Valant
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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Xie F, Shao C, Wang M, Zhou Q, Lou F, Xu W, Yu C, Feng S, Hu L. Photodarkening-resistance improvement of Yb 3+/Al 3+ co-doped silica fibers fabricated via sol-gel method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:28506-28516. [PMID: 30470027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yb3+/Al3+ co-doped silica fibers (YDFs) with almost identical core glass compositions were prepared using the sol-gel and modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) methods. The photodarkening (PD) and laser performance before and after the PD process were tested under 974 nm pumping. The doping homogeneity of Yb3+ ions and clusters of Yb3+ ions in preform slices of these two fibers were investigated via optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectra, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and low-temperature (4 K) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It is known that the PD resistance of YDFs prepared via the sol-gel method is significantly better than that of YDFs prepared via MCVD under the same test conditions. EPMA mapping reveals that the doping homogeneity of Yb3+ ions in the sol-gel fiber core glass is better than that in the MCVD fiber. The low-temperature (4 K) EPR and cooperative luminescence spectra of Yb3+ ions indicate that the clustering degree of Yb3+ ions in the sol-gel fiber is lower than that in the MCVD fiber. In the absorption and emission spectra, small amounts of Yb2+ ions are observed in the preform slice from the sol-gel method. A model of the color-center generation in the PD process was proposed to explain the mechanism of PD resistance improvement for the YDFs fabricated via the sol-gel method.
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Wang F, Hu L, Xu W, Wang M, Feng S, Ren J, Zhang L, Chen D, Ollier N, Gao G, Yu C, Wang S. Manipulating refractive index, homogeneity and spectroscopy of Yb 3+-doped silica-core glass towards high-power large mode area photonic crystal fiber lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:25960-25969. [PMID: 29041258 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Output power scaling of single mode large mode area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) amplifiers urgently requires the low refractive index of Yb3+-doped silica glasses whilst maintaining high optical homogeneity. In this paper, we report on a promising alternative Yb3+/Al3+/F-/P5+-co-doped silica core-glass (YAFP), which is prepared by modified sol-gel method developed by our group and highly suitable for fabricating high power LMA PCF amplifiers. By controlling the doping combinations of Al3+/F-/P5+ in Yb3+-doped silica glass,it not only ensures low refractive index (RI) but also maintains the excellent optical homogeneity and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+. The spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ ions have not deteriorated by the co-doping of F- and P5+ in YAFP glass compared with that of Yb3+/Al3+ co-doped silica glass. A large-size (⌀5 mm × 90 mm) YAFP silica-core glass rod with low average RI difference of 2.6 × 10-4 (with respect to pure silica glass), and low radial and axial RI fluctuations of ~2 × 10-4, was prepared. A LMA PCF with 50 µm core diameter was obtained by stack-capillary-draw techniques using YAFP core glass. Its core NA is 0.027. An average amplified power of 97 W peaking at 1030 nm and light-light efficiency of 54% are achieved from a 6.5 m long PCF in the pulse amplification laser experiment. Meanwhile, quasi-single-mode transmission is obtained with laser beam quality factor M2 of 1.4.
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Ollier N, Corbel C, Duchez JB, Cavani O, Benabdesselam M, Mady F. In situ observation of the Yb 2+ emission in the radiodarkening process of Yb-doped optical preform. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2025-2028. [PMID: 27128065 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This Letter relates the clear evidence of Yb2+ formation under 2.5 MeV electron irradiation in optical fiber preforms showing a darkening of the core. We thus detected by in situ photoluminescence measurements the green emission of divalent Yb2+ under the 355 nm excitation. Moreover, we showed the existence of two types of Yb2+ ion species with different stabilities. We demonstrated that the radiodarkening mechanism is based on a pair association of Yb2+ with aluminum oxygen hole center point defects.
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Zhao N, Xing YB, Li JM, Liao L, Wang YB, Peng JG, Yang LY, Dai NL, Li HQ, Li JY. 793 nm pump induced photo-bleaching of photo-darkened Yb(3+)-doped fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25272-25278. [PMID: 26406724 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the strong photo-bleaching of the photo-darkening (PD) induced loss under the cladding pump of a 793 nm laser diode (LD) in double clad Yb-doped fibers. Up to 68% PD loss at 810 nm was bleached. The bleaching rates under different powers show that the higher pump power corresponds to the more bleached loss within the same time. Moreover, repeatable processes of PD and photo-bleaching were observed when alternately pumped with 915 and 793 nm LDs. Furthermore, it was found that simultaneously pumping the fiber with 915 and 793 nm LDs can suppress about 80% PD loss, compared with pumping the fiber only with 915 nm LD. The mechanism of photo-bleaching under 793 nm pump was also discussed.
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Mebrouk Y, Mady F, Benabdesselam M, Duchez JB, Blanc W. Experimental evidence of Er³⁺ ion reduction in the radiation-induced degradation of erbium-doped silica fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6154-6157. [PMID: 25361302 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gain of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is damaged by irradiation partly because of creation of color centers responsible of excess absorption at pump and signal wavelengths. Based on the combination of thermally stimulated luminescence and spectrophotometry, this Letter demonstrates that a part of the gain loss should be associated with the reduction of the density of Er3+ ions by irradiation.
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Duchez JB, Mady F, Mebrouk Y, Ollier N, Benabdesselam M. Interplay between photo- and radiation-induced darkening in ytterbium-doped fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5969-5972. [PMID: 25361132 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter demonstrates a remarkable interplay between photo- and radiation-induced darkening of ytterbium-doped alumino-silica optical fibers operated in amplifying conditions and harsh environments (as, e.g., in space-based applications). Influences of the pump power, ionizing dose, and dose rate on this interaction are characterized. The pump is capable of accelerating or slowing down the radiation-induced darkening build-up depending on the ionizing dose. The steady-state photo-radio-darkening level is independent of the dose and at least equal to the equilibrium level of pure photo-darkening. This lower limit is notably reached at low dose rates, including those encountered in space. We, therefore, argue that photo-resistant ytterbium-doped fibers will resist against a space mission, whatever the dose.
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Piccoli R, Robin T, Brand T, Klotzbach U, Taccheo S. Effective photodarkening suppression in Yb-doped fiber lasers by visible light injection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:7638-7643. [PMID: 24718139 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Al-silicate fibers have excellent manufacturing quality. Unfortunately, high-Yb doping concentration may be limited by severe losses induced by photodarkening phenomenon. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that Al-silicate Yb-doped fibers with high-inversion and doping concentration above 1 wt% can be successfully used by implementing a simple optical bleaching scheme. A co-injection into the active fiber of a few mW of light at around 550 nm wavelength successfully eliminates almost all photodarkening induced losses. We demonstrate operation at above 90% of the pristine output power level in several lasers with up to 30% Yb ions in the excited state. These results may allow using Yb-doped Al-silicate fibers with doping level increased by one order of magnitude. Finally, we provide a comprehensive picture of main parameters affecting photobleaching performance and, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first quantitative measurement of the Ytterbium excited state absorption cross-section in the visible range.
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Photodarkening of Infrared Irradiated Yb3+-Doped Alumino-Silicate Glasses: Effect on UV Absorption Bands and Fluorescence Spectra. FIBERS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/fib1030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Piccoli R, Mechin D, Robin T, Taccheo S. Lifetime reduction due to photodarkening phenomenon in ytterbium-doped fibers and rate equation term. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4370-4373. [PMID: 24177096 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, the lifetime temporal reduction in ytterbium-doped aluminosilicate fibers due to pump-induced photodarkening (PD) has been reported. A linear correlation between lifetime reduction at equilibrium state and equilibrium losses due to the PD phenomenon was demonstrated. A squared-law dependence between lifetime reduction and dopant concentration (percent by weight) suggests a possible correction term for the rate equations system which allows improving its accuracy. Finally, a quenching effect was also observed for different pump power levels in order to find the corresponding lifetime value for different inversion levels. The quantitative analysis allows determination of the PD quenching term in the laser rate equations system to properly model a laser device that may be affected by this process.
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