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Sultana N, Bourgoin JP, Kuntz KB, Jennewein T. A versatile photon counting system with active afterpulse suppression for free-running negative-feedback avalanche diodes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:043103. [PMID: 38639580 DOI: 10.1063/5.0145196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
InGaAs/InP-based negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) have been demonstrated to be an excellent option for photon detection at telecom wavelengths in quantum communication applications, where photon arrival times are random. However, it is well-known that the operation of NFADs at low temperatures (193 K or below) is crucial to minimize the effects of afterpulsing and high dark count rates (DCRs). In this work, we present a new versatile readout electronics system with active afterpulse suppression that also offers flexible cooling options. Through the characterization of two NFAD detectors from Princeton Lightwave, Inc. and a thorough evaluation of our electronics' performance under various operating conditions, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this readout system in improving the performance of NFAD-based photon detectors. At the optimal bias for NFADs, our electronics were able to significantly reduce the afterpulsing probability by a factor of 200 for dead times ranging from 5 to 20 µs following each detection event. This helps to keep the total DCRs at around 100 counts per second or less for a 20 µs hold-off time. The versatility of our detection system makes NFADs a cost-effective alternative to more complex detectors, such as superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, in the research of long-distance quantum communications and low-noise single photon detectors at telecommunication wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Sultana
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bourgoin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Katanya B Kuntz
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Yang B, Wang C, Zhao R, Xue X, Chen T, Dou X. Single-photon avalanche diodes dynamic range and linear response enhancement by conditional probability correction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11992-12003. [PMID: 38571034 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Detectors based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in free-running mode surfer from distorted detection signals due to the impact of afterpulse, dead time, and the non-linear detection efficiency response. This study presents a correction method based on conditional probability. In the experiments with high temporal resolution and huge dynamic range conditions, this method's residual sum of squares is near 68 times smaller than the uncorrected received data of SPAD and near 50 times smaller than deconvolution method. This method is applied to polarization lidar and CO2 lidar, and the performance shows significant improvement. This method effectively mitigates the impact of SPAD afterpulse, dead time, and detection efficiency non-linear response, making it suitable for all SPADs. Especially, our method is primarily employed for atmospheric detection.
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Zhou J, Cai H, Ren Y, Li S, Jiang C, Lv Z, Wang T, Qu G, Tan Y, Shi J, Xin M, Miao X, Liu Q. Enhancement of the frequency conversion film imaging effect based on a cascade material fusion method. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7349-7353. [PMID: 36256033 DOI: 10.1364/ao.468655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion imaging technology can provide an effective way for infrared detection against the limitations of conventional infrared detectors, such as expense and cooling requirements, but the converted luminescence intensity of frequency conversion materials limits the application of this technology. In this paper, a cascade material (CM) fusion method is proposed to improve the conversion luminous intensity and thus enhance the frequency conversion imaging effect at 1550 nm near infrared (NIR) excitation. First, we derived from the energy level transition mechanism of CM that the CM fusion method can achieve three excitations of substrate materials (SMs). It can improve the conversion luminescence intensity of SM in CM. Then, we experimentally prepared CM and SM films and simultaneously measured the frequency conversion imaging effect of the two films at 1550 nm NIR excitation. It was found that the weight ratio of doped material (DM) to SM affects the imaging enhancement of CM films. Therefore, we compared the imaging grayscale value intensity of CM films with different weight ratios under the same detection conditions. Finally, it was concluded that the best enhancement of frequency conversion imaging was achieved with a DM to SM weight ratio of 0.25 for this mechanism. The enhancement was about 3.11 times compared to SM films.
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Zhou J, Cai H, Ren Y, Li S, Jiang C, Lv Z, Qu G, Tan Y, Shi J, Wang T, Liu Q. Research on NCFCP compact broadband NIR detector imaging and energy transfer function. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23716-23724. [PMID: 36225046 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear crystal frequency conversion imaging with direct detection by silicon-based detectors is an effective way to break through the limitations for existing near-infrared (NIR) detectors with expensive cost and high noise. In this paper, a broadband NIR detector imaging scheme based on the principle of nonlinear crystal frequency conversion (NCFCP) was proposed. A thin film of nonlinear crystal frequency conversion material (NCFCM) combined with a silicon-based detector was used to form a broadband NIR detector. The theoretically investigated energy transfer function was used as a guidance for experiment. Meanwhile, the relationship between the imaging effect and the energy transfer of the NCFCP-based compact broadband NIR detector in the NIR band was measured experimentally. The accuracy of the theoretical study had been verified by the measured transfer results.
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5
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Wang S, Yao N, Fang W, Tong L. Polarization-independent photon up-conversion with a single lithium niobate waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2817-2824. [PMID: 35209414 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a polarization-independent up-conversion protocol for single-photon detection at telecom band with a single thin-film periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. By choosing the proper waveguide parameters, the waveguide dispersion can compensate the crystal birefringence so that quasi-phase-matching conditions for transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes can be simultaneously fulfilled with single poling period. With this scheme, randomly-polarized single photons at 1550 nm can be up-converted with a normalized conversion efficiency of 163.8%/W cm2.
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Qi Z, Li Y, Huang Y, Feng J, Zheng Y, Chen X. A 15-user quantum secure direct communication network. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:183. [PMID: 34521809 PMCID: PMC8440625 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) based on entanglement can directly transmit confidential information. However, the inability to simultaneously distinguish the four sets of encoded entangled states limits its practical application. Here, we explore a QSDC network based on time-energy entanglement and sum-frequency generation. In total,15 users are in a fully connected QSDC network, and the fidelity of the entangled state shared by any two users is >97%. The results show that when any two users are performing QSDC over 40 km of optical fiber, the fidelity of the entangled state shared by them is still >95%, and the rate of information transmission can be maintained above 1 Kbp/s. Our result demonstrates the feasibility of a proposed QSDC network and hence lays the foundation for the realization of satellite-based long-distance and global QSDC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yiwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 201315, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 201315, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulation and Applications, Shandong Normal University, 250358, Jinan, China.
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Ren ZC, Lou YC, Cheng ZM, Fan L, Ding J, Wang XL, Wang HT. Optical frequency conversion of light with maintaining polarization and orbital angular momentum. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2300-2303. [PMID: 33988569 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency conversion provides a fundamental and important approach to manipulate light in frequency domain. In such a process, manipulating the frequency of light without changing information in other degrees of freedom of light will enable us to establish an interface between various optical systems operating in different frequency regions and have many classical and quantum applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate a frequency conversion with maintaining polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) by successfully upconverting various polarization-OAM composite states in a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer. Our scheme offers a new possibility for building different wave band interfaces in more degrees of freedom.
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An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres. Nature 2021; 589:214-219. [PMID: 33408416 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD)1,2 has the potential to enable secure communication and information transfer3. In the laboratory, the feasibility of point-to-point QKD is evident from the early proof-of-concept demonstration in the laboratory over 32 centimetres4; this distance was later extended to the 100-kilometre scale5,6 with decoy-state QKD and more recently to the 500-kilometre scale7-10 with measurement-device-independent QKD. Several small-scale QKD networks have also been tested outside the laboratory11-14. However, a global QKD network requires a practically (not just theoretically) secure and reliable QKD network that can be used by a large number of users distributed over a wide area15. Quantum repeaters16,17 could in principle provide a viable option for such a global network, but they cannot be deployed using current technology18. Here we demonstrate an integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network that combines a large-scale fibre network of more than 700 fibre QKD links and two high-speed satellite-to-ground free-space QKD links. Using a trusted relay structure, the fibre network on the ground covers more than 2,000 kilometres, provides practical security against the imperfections of realistic devices, and maintains long-term reliability and stability. The satellite-to-ground QKD achieves an average secret-key rate of 47.8 kilobits per second for a typical satellite pass-more than 40 times higher than achieved previously. Moreover, its channel loss is comparable to that between a geostationary satellite and the ground, making the construction of more versatile and ultralong quantum links via geosynchronous satellites feasible. Finally, by integrating the fibre and free-space QKD links, the QKD network is extended to a remote node more than 2,600 kilometres away, enabling any user in the network to communicate with any other, up to a total distance of 4,600 kilometres.
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9
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Yao N, Yao Q, Xie XP, Liu Y, Xu P, Fang W, Zheng MY, Fan J, Zhang Q, Tong L, Pan JW. Optimizing up-conversion single-photon detectors for quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25123-25133. [PMID: 32907041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-performance single-photon detectors (SPDs) at 1550-nm band are critical for fiber-based quantum communications. Among many types of SPDs, the up-conversion SPDs based on periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides are of great interest. Combined with a strong pump laser, the telecom single-photons are converted into short wavelength ones and detected by silicon-based SPDs. However, due to the difficulty of precise controlling waveguide profile, the direct coupling between a single-mode fiber and the waveguide is not efficient. Here by utilizing fiber taper with proper diameter, optimal mode-matching is achieved and coupling efficiency up to 93% is measured. With an optimized design, a system detection efficiency of 36% and noise counting rate of 90 cps are realized. The maximum detection efficiency is characterized as 40% with a noise counting rate of 200 cps. Numerical simulation results indicate that our device can significantly improve the performance of QKD and extend the communication distance longer than 200 km.
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10
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Fang YQ, Chen W, Ao TH, Liu C, Wang L, Gao XJ, Zhang J, Pan JW. InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors with 60% detection efficiency at 1550 nm. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083102. [PMID: 32872918 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors (SPDs) are widely used for near-infrared photon counting in practical applications. Photon detection efficiency (PDE) is one of the most important parameters for SPD characterization, and therefore, increasing PDE consistently plays a central role in both industrial development and academic research. Here, we present the implementation of high-frequency gating InGaAs/InP SPDs with a PDE as high as 60% at 1550 nm. On one hand, we optimize the structure design and device fabrication of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes with an additional dielectric-metal reflection layer to relatively increase the absorption efficiency of incident photons by ∼20%. On the other hand, we develop a monolithic readout circuit of weak avalanche extraction to minimize the parasitic capacitance for the suppression of the afterpulsing effect. With 1.25 GHz sine wave gating and optimized gate amplitude and operation temperature, the SPD is characterized to reach a PDE of 60% with a dark count rate (DCR) of 340 kcps. For practical use, given 3 kcps DCR as a reference, the PDE reaches ∼40% PDE with an afterpulse probability of 5.5%, which can significantly improve the performance for the near-infrared SPD-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Tian-Hong Ao
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Cong Liu
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Li Wang
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Gao
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Jiang WH, Gao XJ, Fang YQ, Liu JH, Zhou Y, Jiang LQ, Chen W, Jin G, Zhang J, Pan JW. Miniaturized high-frequency sine wave gating InGaAs/InP single-photon detector. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:123104. [PMID: 30599549 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency gating InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors (SPDs) are widely used for applications requiring single-photon detection in the near-infrared region such as quantum key distribution. Reducing SPD size is highly desired for practical use, which is favorable to the implementation of further system integration. Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the most compact high-frequency sine wave gating (SWG) InGaAs/InP SPD. We design and fabricate an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with optimized semiconductor structure and then encapsulate the SPAD chip and a mini-thermoelectric cooler inside a butterfly package with a size of 12.5 mm × 22 mm × 10 mm. Moreover, we implement a monolithic readout circuit for the SWG SPD in order to replace the quenching electronics that is previously designed with board-level integration. Finally, the components of SPAD, the monolithic readout circuit, and the affiliated circuits are integrated into a single module with a size of 13 cm × 8 cm × 4 cm. Compared with the 1.25 GHz SWG InGaAs/InP SPD module (25 cm × 10 cm × 33 cm) designed in 2012, the volume of our miniaturized SPD is reduced by 95%. After the characterization, the SPD exhibits excellent performance with a photon detection efficiency of 30%, a dark count rate of 2.0 kcps, and an afterpulse probability of 8.8% under the conditions of 1.25 GHz gating rate, 100 ns hold-off time, and 243 K. Also, we perform the stability test over one week, and the results show the high reliability of the miniaturized SPD module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Gao
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | - Yong Zhou
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Li-Qun Jiang
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Wei Chen
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 44 Research Institute, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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12
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Gong YH, Yang KX, Yong HL, Guan JY, Shentu GL, Liu C, Li FZ, Cao Y, Yin J, Liao SK, Ren JG, Zhang Q, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Free-space quantum key distribution in urban daylight with the SPGD algorithm control of a deformable mirror. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18897-18905. [PMID: 30114149 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) is important to realize a global-scale quantum communication network. However, performing QKD in daylight against the strong background light noise is a major challenge. Here, we develop the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm with a deformable mirror to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We then experimentally demonstrate free-space QKD in the presence of urban daylight. The final secure key rate of the QKD is 98∼419 bps throughout the majority of the daylight hours.
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Shahverdi A, Sua YM, Dickson I, Garikapati M, Huang YP. Mode selective up-conversion detection for LIDAR applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15914-15923. [PMID: 30114845 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study mode selective up-conversion detection as a viable approach to improving signal-to-noise and ranging resolution in LIDAR applications. It involves pumping a nonlinear waveguide at the edge of phase matching with picosecond pulses, so that only the backscattered signal photons in a single or few desirable time-frequency modes are efficiently up-converted while the broadband background noise in all other modes is rejected. We demonstrate a 41-dB increase in the signal-to-noise ratio for single-photon counting compared to that of direct detection using a commercial InGaAs single-photon detector, while achieving sub-millimeter ranging resolution with few detected photons. The proposed technique implies new LIDAR capabilities for ranging and imaging.
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14
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Bai P, Zhang YH, Shen WZ. Infrared single photon detector based on optical up-converter at 1550 nm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15341. [PMID: 29127396 PMCID: PMC5681574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High performance single photon detector at the wavelength of 1550 nm has drawn wide attention and achieved vast improvement due to its significant application in quantum information, quantum key distribution, as well as cosmology. A novel infrared up-conversion single photon detector (USPD) at 1550 nm was proposed to work in free-running regime based on the InGaAs/ InP photodetector (PD)- GaAs/AlGaAs LED up-converter and Si single photon avalanche diode (SPAD). In contrast to conventional In0.53Ga0.47As SPAD, the USPD can suppress dark count rate and afterpulsing efficiently without sacrificing the photon detection efficiency (PDE). A high PDE of ~45% can be achieved by optical adhesive coupling between up-converter and Si SPAD. Using a developed analytical model we gave a noise equivalent power of 1.39 × 10−18 WHz1/2 at 200 K for the USPD, which is better than that of InGaAs SPAD. This work provides a new single photon detection scheme for telecom band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Y H Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - W Z Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ma F, Zheng MY, Yao Q, Xie XP, Zhang Q, Pan JW. 1.064-μm-band up-conversion single-photon detector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:14558-14564. [PMID: 28789041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.014558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the technique of periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, up-conversion single-photon detection at 1.064-μm is demonstrated. We have achieved a system photon detection efficiency of 32.5% with a very low noise count rate of 45 counts per second by pumping with a 1.55-μm-band single frequency laser using the long-wavelength pumping technique and exploiting volume Bragg grating as a narrow band filter. Replacing the volume Bragg grating with a combination of adequate dielectric filters, a detection efficiency of up to 38% with a noise count rate of 700 counts per second is achieved, making the overall system stable and practical. The up-conversion single-photon detector operating at 1.064 μm can be a promising robust counter and find usage in many fields.
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16
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Ly A, Siour C, Bretenaker F. 30-Hz relative linewidth watt output power 1.65 µm continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9049-9060. [PMID: 28437979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We built a 1-watt cw singly resonant optical parametric oscillator operating at an idler wavelength of 1.65 µm for application to quantum interfaces. The non resonant idler is frequency stabilized by side-fringe locking on a relatively high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, and the influence of intensity noise is carefully analyzed. A relative linewidth down to the sub-kHz level (about 30 Hz over 2 s) is achieved. A very good long term stability is obtained for both frequency and intensity.
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17
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Xia H, Shangguan M, Wang C, Shentu G, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Dou X, Pan J. Micro-pulse upconversion Doppler lidar for wind and visibility detection in the atmospheric boundary layer. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5218-5221. [PMID: 27842097 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a compact, eye-safe, and versatile direct detection Doppler lidar is developed using an upconversion single-photon detection method at 1.5 μm. An all-fiber and polarization maintaining architecture is realized to guarantee the high optical coupling efficiency and the robust stability. Using integrated-optic components, the conservation of etendue of the optical receiver is achieved by manufacturing a fiber-coupled periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide and an all-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The double-edge technique is implemented by using a convert single-channel FPI and a single upconversion detector, incorporating a time-division multiplexing method. The backscatter photons at 1548.1 nm are converted into 863 nm via mixing with a pump laser at 1950 nm. The relative error of the system is less than 0.1% over nine weeks. In experiments, atmospheric wind and visibility over 48 h are detected in the boundary layer. The lidar shows good agreement with the ultrasonic wind sensor, with a standard deviation of 1.04 m/s in speed and 12.3° in direction.
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Zhou ZY, Liu SL, Li Y, Ding DS, Zhang W, Shi S, Dong MX, Shi BS, Guo GC. Orbital Angular Momentum-Entanglement Frequency Transducer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:103601. [PMID: 27636474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is a vital resource for realizing many tasks such as teleportation, secure key distribution, metrology, and quantum computations. To effectively build entanglement between different quantum systems and share information between them, a frequency transducer to convert between quantum states of different wavelengths while retaining its quantum features is indispensable. Information encoded in the photon's orbital angular momentum (OAM) degrees of freedom is preferred in harnessing the information-carrying capacity of a single photon because of its unlimited dimensions. A quantum transducer, which operates at wavelengths from 1558.3 to 525 nm for OAM qubits, OAM-polarization hybrid-entangled states, and OAM-entangled states, is reported for the first time. Nonclassical properties and entanglements are demonstrated following the conversion process by performing quantum tomography, interference, and Bell inequality measurements. Our results demonstrate the capability to create an entanglement link between different quantum systems operating in a photon's OAM degrees of freedom, which will be of great importance in building a high-capacity OAM quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shi-Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Zheng MY, Shentu GL, Ma F, Zhou F, Zhang HT, Dai YQ, Xie X, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Integrated four-channel all-fiber up-conversion single-photon-detector with adjustable efficiency and dark count. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:093115. [PMID: 27782601 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Up-conversion single photon detector (UCSPD) has been widely used in many research fields including quantum key distribution, lidar, optical time domain reflectrometry, and deep space communication. For the first time in laboratory, we have developed an integrated four-channel all-fiber UCSPD which can work in both free-running and gate modes. This compact module can satisfy different experimental demands with adjustable detection efficiency and dark count. We have characterized the key parameters of the UCSPD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Zheng
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shentu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | | | - Yun-Qi Dai
- QuantumCTek Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xiuping Xie
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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20
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Shangguan M, Xia H, Wang C, Qiu J, Shentu G, Zhang Q, Dou X, Pan JW. All-fiber upconversion high spectral resolution wind lidar using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:19322-19336. [PMID: 27557211 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.019322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An all-fiber, micro-pulse and eye-safe high spectral resolution wind lidar (HSRWL) at 1.5 μm is proposed and demonstrated by using a pair of upconversion single-photon detectors and a fiber Fabry-Perot scanning interferometer (FFP-SI). In order to improve the optical detection efficiency, both the transmission spectrum and the reflection spectrum of the FFP-SI are used for spectral analyses of the aerosol backscatter and the reference laser pulse. Taking advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio of the detectors and high spectral resolution of the FFP-SI, the center frequencies and the bandwidths of spectra of the aerosol backscatter are obtained simultaneously. Continuous LOS wind observations are carried out on two days at Hefei (31.843 °N, 117.265 °E), China. The horizontal detection range of 4 km is realized with temporal resolution of 1 minute. The spatial resolution is switched from 30 m to 60 m at distance of 1.8 km. In a comparison experiment, LOS wind measurements from the HSRWL show good agreement with the results from an ultrasonic wind sensor (Vaisala windcap WMT52). An empirical method is adopted to evaluate the precision of the measurements. The standard deviation of the wind speed is 0.76 m/s at 1.8 km. The standard deviation of bandwidth variation is 2.07 MHz at 1.8 km.
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21
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Pattanaik HS, Reichert M, Hagan DJ, Van Stryland EW. Three-dimensional IR imaging with uncooled GaN photodiodes using nondegenerate two-photon absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1196-1205. [PMID: 26832502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We utilize the recently demonstrated orders of magnitude enhancement of extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption in direct-gap semiconductor photodiodes to perform scanned imaging of three-dimensional (3D) structures using IR femtosecond illumination pulses (1.6 µm and 4.93 µm) gated on the GaN detector by sub-gap, femtosecond pulses. While transverse resolution is limited by the usual imaging criteria, the longitudinal or depth resolution can be less than a wavelength, dependent on the pulsewidths in this nonlinear interaction within the detector element. The imaging system can accommodate a wide range of wavelengths in the mid-IR and near-IR without the need to modify the detection and imaging systems.
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22
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Gan X, Yao X, Shiue RJ, Hatami F, Englund D. Photonic crystal cavity-assisted upconversion infrared photodetector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:12998-13004. [PMID: 26074552 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.012998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an upconversion infrared photodetector assisted by a gallium phosphide photonic crystal nanocavity directly coupled to a silicon photodiode. The strongly cavity-enhanced second harmonic signal radiating from the gallium phosphide membrane can thus be efficiently collected by the silicon photodiode, which promises a high photoresponsivity of the upconversion detector as 0.81 A/W with the coupled power of 1W. The integrated upconversion photodetector also functions as a compact autocorrelator with sub-ps resolution for measuring pulse width and chirp.
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23
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Guan JY, Cao Z, Liu Y, Shen-Tu GL, Pelc JS, Fejer MM, Peng CZ, Ma X, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Experimental passive round-robin differential phase-shift quantum key distribution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:180502. [PMID: 26000991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.180502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In quantum key distribution (QKD), the bit error rate is used to estimate the information leakage and hence determines the amount of privacy amplification-making the final key private by shortening the key. In general, there exists a threshold of the error rate for each scheme, above which no secure key can be generated. This threshold puts a restriction on the environment noises. For example, a widely used QKD protocol, the Bennett-Brassard protocol, cannot tolerate error rates beyond 25%. A new protocol, round-robin differential phase-shifted (RRDPS) QKD, essentially removes this restriction and can in principle tolerate more environment disturbance. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a passive RRDPS QKD scheme. In particular, our 500 MHz passive RRDPS QKD system is able to generate a secure key over 50 km with a bit error rate as high as 29%. This scheme should find its applications in noisy environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Guan
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhu Cao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shen-Tu
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jason S Pelc
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M M Fejer
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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24
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Xia H, Shentu G, Shangguan M, Xia X, Jia X, Wang C, Zhang J, Pelc JS, Fejer MM, Zhang Q, Dou X, Pan JW. Long-range micro-pulse aerosol lidar at 1.5 μm with an upconversion single-photon detector. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1579-1582. [PMID: 25831389 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A micro-pulse lidar at eye-safe wavelength is constructed based on an upconversion single-photon detector. The ultralow-noise detector enables using integration technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the atmospheric backscattering even at daytime. With pulse energy of 110 μJ, pulse repetition rate of 15 kHz, optical antenna diameter of 100 mm and integration time of 5 min, a horizontal detection range of 7 km is realized. In the demonstration experiment, atmospheric visibility over 24 h is monitored continuously, with results in accordance with the weather forecasts.
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25
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Generation of light with controllable spatial patterns via the sum frequency in quasi-phase matching crystals. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5650. [PMID: 25007780 PMCID: PMC4090625 DOI: 10.1038/srep05650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light beams with extraordinary spatial structures, such as the Airy beam (AB), the Bessel-Gaussian beam (BGB) and the Laguerre-Gaussian beam (LGB), are widely studied and applied in many optical scenarios. We report on preparation of light beams with controllable spatial structures through sum frequency generation (SFG) using two Gaussian pump beams in a quasi-phase matching (QPM) crystal. The spatial structures, including multi-ring-like BGB, donut-like LGB, and super-Gaussian-like beams, can be controlled periodically via crystal phase mismatching by tuning the pump frequency or crystal temperature. This phenomenon has not been reported or discussed previously. Additionally, we present numerical simulations of the phenomenon, which agree very well with the experimental observations. Our findings give further insight into the SFG process in QPM crystals, provide a new way to generate light with unusual spatial structures, and may find applications in the fields of laser optics, all-optical switching, and optical manipulation and trapping.
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26
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Gomes JT, Delage L, Baudoin R, Grossard L, Bouyeron L, Ceus D, Reynaud F, Herrmann H, Sohler W. Laboratory demonstration of spatial-coherence analysis of a blackbody through an up-conversion interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:143904. [PMID: 24765966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.143904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the field of high resolution imaging in astronomy, we experimentally demonstrate the spatial-coherence analysis of a blackbody using an up-conversion interferometer in the photon counting regime. The infrared radiation of the blackbody is converted to a visible one in both arms of the interferometer thanks to the sum-frequency generation processes achieved in Ti-diffused periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. The coherence analysis is performed through a dedicated imaging stage which mimics a classical telescope array analyzing an astrophysical source. The validity of these measurements is confirmed by the comparison with spatial-coherence analysis through a reference interferometer working at infrared wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-T Gomes
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - L Delage
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - R Baudoin
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - L Grossard
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - L Bouyeron
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - D Ceus
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - F Reynaud
- Xlim, Département Photonique, Université de Limoges, UMR CNRS 7252, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France
| | - H Herrmann
- Universität Paderborn, Angewandte Physik, Warburger Strasse 100-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - W Sohler
- Universität Paderborn, Angewandte Physik, Warburger Strasse 100-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Shentu GL, Xia XX, Sun QC, Pelc JS, Fejer MM, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Upconversion detection near 2 μm at the single photon level. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4985-4987. [PMID: 24281489 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated upconversion detection at the single photon level in the 2 μm spectral window using a pump wavelength near 1550 nm, a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide, and a volume Bragg grating (VBG) to reduce noise. We achieve a system photon detection efficiency of 10%, with a noise count rate of 24,500 counts per second, competitive with other 2 μm single photon detection technologies. This detector has potential applications in environmental gas monitoring, life science, and classical and quantum communication.
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Shentu GL, Sun QC, Jiang X, Wang XD, Pelc JS, Fejer MM, Zhang Q, Pan JW. 217 km long distance photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry based on ultra-low noise up-conversion single photon detector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:24674-24679. [PMID: 24150311 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.024674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry with 42.19 dB dynamic range using an ultra-low noise up-conversion single photon detector. By employing the long-wave pump technique and a volume Bragg grating, we achieve a noise equivalent power of -139.7 dBm/√Hz for our detector. We perform the OTDR experiments using a fiber of length approximate 217 km, and show that our system can identify defects along the entire fiber length in a measurement time of 13 minutes.
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29
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Kuo PS, Slattery O, Kim YS, Pelc JS, Fejer MM, Tang X. Spectral response of an upconversion detector and spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:22523-22531. [PMID: 24104141 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.022523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the spectral response of an upconversion detector theoretically and experimentally, and discuss implications for its use as an infrared spectrometer. Upconversion detection is based on high-conversion-efficiency, sum-frequency generation (SFG). The spectral selectivity of an upconversion spectrometer is determined by the SFG spectral response function. This function changes with varying pump power. Working at maximum internal conversion efficiency is desirable for high sensitivity of the system, but the spectral response function is different at this pump power compared to the response function at low power. We calculate the theoretical spectral response of the upconversion detector as a function of pump power and obtain excellent agreement with upconversion spectra measured in a periodically poled LiNbO₃ waveguide.
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