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Gautam R, Ahmed R, Haugen E, Unal M, Fitzgerald S, Uppuganti S, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Assessment of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy to detect differences in bone matrix quality. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123240. [PMID: 37591015 PMCID: PMC10528408 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Since spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) can acquire biochemical measurements of tissue quality through light scattering materials, we investigated the feasibility of this technique to acquire Raman bands related to the fracture resistance of bone. Designed to maximize signals at different offsets, a SORS probe was used to acquire spectra from cadaveric bone with and without skin-like tissue phantoms attenuating the light. Autoclaving the lateral side of femur mid-shafts from 5 female and 5 male donors at 100 °C and again at 120 °C reduced the yield stress of cortical beams subjected to three-point bending. It did not affect the volumetric bone mineral density or porosity. Without tissue phantoms, autoclaving affected more Raman characteristics of the organic matrix when determined by peak intensity ratios, but fewer matrix properties depended on the three offsets (5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm) when determined by band area ratios. The cut-off in the thickness of the tissue phantom layers was ∼4 mm for most properties, irrespective of offset. Matching trends when spectra were acquired without phantom layers between bone and the probe, ν1PO43-/Amide III and ν1PO43-/(proline + OH-proline) were higher and lower in the non-treated bone than in the autoclaved bone, respectively, when the thickness of tissue phantom layers was 4 mm. The layers, however, caused a loss of sensitivity to autoclaving-related changes in ν3CO3/ν1PO43- and crystallinity. Without advanced post-processing of Raman spectra, SORS acquisition through turbid layers can detect changes in Raman properties of bone that accompany a loss in bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ezekiel Haugen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman 70200, Turkey
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, 410 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Šušnjar S, Martelli F, Mosca S, Venkata Sekar SK, Swartling J, Reistad N, Farina A, Pifferi A. Two-layer reconstruction of Raman spectra in diffusive media based on an analytical model in the time domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40573-40591. [PMID: 38041354 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We derive and validate an analytical model that describes the migration of Raman scattered photons in two-layer diffusive media, based on the diffusion equation in the time domain. The model is derived under a heuristic approximation that background optical properties are identical on the excitation and Raman emission wavelengths. Methods for the reconstruction of two-layer Raman spectra have been developed, tested in computer simulations and validated on tissue-mimicking phantom measurements data. Effects of different parameters were studied in simulations, showing that the thickness of the top layer and number of detected photon counts have the most significant impact on the reconstruction. The concept of quantitative, mathematically rigorous reconstruction using the proposed model was finally proven on experimental measurements, by successfully separating the spectra of silicone and calcium carbonate (calcite) layers, showing the potential for further development and eventual application in clinical diagnostics.
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Bossi A, Sekar SKV, Lacerenza M, Gandolfi V, Šušnjar S, Lanka P, D’Andrea C, Vanna R, Valentini G, Farina A, Pifferi A. Time domain diffuse Raman spectroscopy using single pixel detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5749-5763. [PMID: 38021118 PMCID: PMC10659806 DOI: 10.1364/boe.502022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse Raman spectroscopy (DIRS) extends the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering to in-depth investigation of thick biological tissues. We present here a novel approach for time-domain diffuse Raman spectroscopy (TD-DIRS) based on a single-pixel detector and a digital micromirror device (DMD) within an imaging spectrometer for wavelength encoding. This overcomes the intrinsic complexity and high cost of detection arrays with ps-resolving time capability. Unlike spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) or frequency offset Raman spectroscopy (FORS), TD-DIRS exploits the time-of-flight distribution of photons to probe the depth of the Raman signal at a single wavelength with a single source-detector separation. We validated the system using a bilayer tissue-bone mimicking phantom composed of a 1 cm thick slab of silicone overlaying a calcium carbonate specimen and demonstrated a high differentiation of the two Raman signals. We reconstructed the Raman spectra of the two layers, offering the potential for improved and quantitative material analysis. Using a bilayer phantom made of porcine muscle and calcium carbonate, we proved that our system can retrieve Raman peaks even in the presence of autofluorescence typical of biomedical tissues. Overall, our novel TD-DIRS setup proposes a cost-effective and high-performance approach for in-depth Raman spectroscopy in diffusive media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bossi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Mechanics, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Lacerenza
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- PIONIRS s.r.l. Milano, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Šušnjar
- SpectraCure AB, Gasverksgatan 1, SE-222 29 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Renzo Vanna
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Valentini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
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4
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Xiao L, Feng S, Lu X. Raman spectroscopy: Principles and recent applications in food safety. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:1-29. [PMID: 37722771 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Food contaminant is a significant issue because of the adverse effects on human health and economy. Traditional detection methods such as liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy for detecting food contaminants are expensive and time-consuming, and require highly-trained personnel and complicated sample pretreatment. Raman spectroscopy is an advanced analytical technique in a manner of non-destructive, rapid, cost-effective, and ultrasensitive sensing various hazards in agri-foods. In this chapter, we summarized the principle of Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the methods to process Raman spectra, the recent applications of Raman/SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) in detecting chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides, antibiotics, mycotoxins, heavy metals, and food adulterants) and microbiological hazards (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, Listeria, and Staphylococcus aureus) in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Shaolong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
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Dumlupinar G, Venkata Sekar SK, Guadagno CN, Matias JS, Lanka P, Kho CK, Andersson-Engels S. Solid optical tissue phantom tools based on upconverting nanoparticles for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:036004. [PMID: 36915372 PMCID: PMC10006686 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.3.036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Phantoms play a critical role in the development of biophotonics techniques. There is a lack of novel phantom tools in the emerging field of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for biophotonics application. This work provides a range of UCNP-based phantom tools and a manufacturing recipe to bridge the gap and accelerate the development of UCNP-based biophotonics applications. AIM The study aims to provide a well-characterized UCNP-based solid phantom recipe and set of phantom tools to address a wide range of UCNP-based biophotonics applications. APPROACH A solid phantom recipe based on silicone matrix was developed to manufacture UCNP-based phantoms. A lab built UCNP imaging system was used to characterize upconverted fluorescence emission of phantoms for linearity, homogeneity, and long-term stability. A photon time-of-flight spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the optical properties of the phantoms. RESULTS In total, 24 phantoms classified into 4 types, namely homogeneous, multilayer, inclusion, and base phantoms, were manufactured. The phantoms exhibit linear behavior over the dosage range of UCNPs. The phantoms were found to be stable over a limited observed period of 4 months with a coefficient of variation of < 4 % . The deep tissue imaging case showed that increasing the thickness of tissue reduced the UCNP emission. CONCLUSIONS A first-of-its-kind UCNP-based solid phantom recipe was developed, and four types of UCNP phantom tools to explore biophotonics applications were presented. The UCNP phantoms exhibited a linear behavior with dosage and were stable over time. An example case showed the potential use of the phantom for deep tissue imaging applications. With recent advance in the use of UCNPs for biophotonics, we believe our recipe and tools will play a pivotal role in the growth of the UCNPs for biophotonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Dumlupinar
- Tyndall National Institute, Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, Department of Physics, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Jean S. Matias
- Tyndall National Institute, Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, Department of Physics, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Tyndall National Institute, Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chris K.W. Kho
- Tyndall National Institute, Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Tyndall National Institute, Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, Department of Physics, Cork, Ireland
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6
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New Raman spectroscopic methods’ application in forensic science. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for material analysis, allowing for exploring the properties of a wide range of different materials. Since its discovery, Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate several features of materials such carbonaceous and inorganic properties, providing useful information on their phases, functions, and defects. Furthermore, techniques such as surface and tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy have extended the field of application of Raman analysis to biological and analytical fields. Additionally, the robustness and versatility of Raman instrumentations represent a promising solution for performing on-field analysis for a wide range of materials. Recognizing the many hot applications of Raman spectroscopy, we herein overview the main and more recent applications for the investigation of a wide range of materials, such as carbonaceous and biological materials. We also provide a brief but exhaustive theoretical background of Raman spectroscopy, also providing deep insight into the analytical achievements.
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Mosca S, Dey P, Salimi M, Gardner B, Palombo F, Stone N, Matousek P. Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy-How Deep? Anal Chem 2021; 93:6755-6762. [PMID: 33886282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique for interrogating the subsurface composition of turbid samples noninvasively. This study generically addresses a fundamental question relevant to a wide range of SORS studies, which is how deep SORS probes for any specific spatial offset when analyzing a turbid sample or, in turn, what magnitude of spatial offset one should select to probe a specific depth. This issue is addressed by using Monte Carlo simulations, under the assumption of negligible absorption, which establishes that the key parameter governing the extent of the probed zone for a point-like illumination and point-like collection SORS geometry is the reduced scattering coefficient of the medium. This can either be deduced from literature data or directly estimated from a SORS measurement by evaluating the Raman intensity profile from multiple spatial offsets. Once this is known, the extent of the probed zone can be determined for any specific SORS spatial offset using the Monte Carlo simulation results presented here. The proposed method was tested using experimental data on stratified samples by analyzing the signal detected from a thin layer that was moved through a stack of layers using both non-absorbing and absorbing samples. The proposed simple methodology provides important additional information on SORS measurements with direct relevance to a wide range of SORS applications including biomedical, pharmaceutical, security, forensics, and cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Dey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Marzieh Salimi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Palombo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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9
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Mosca S, Dey P, Salimi M, Gardner B, Palombo F, Stone N, Matousek P. Estimating the Reduced Scattering Coefficient of Turbid Media Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3386-3392. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Dey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Marzieh Salimi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Palombo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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Gardner B, Matousek P, Stone N. Self-absorption corrected non-invasive transmission Raman spectroscopy (of biological tissue). Analyst 2021; 146:1260-1267. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Higher contrast of subsurface Raman spectra is achievable with self-absorption corrected transmission Raman spectroscopy. (Desired signal in red, interfering matrix artefacts in blue.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
- UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Oxford
- UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
- UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
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Vardaki MZ, Kourkoumelis N. Tissue Phantoms for Biomedical Applications in Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2020; 11:1179597220948100. [PMID: 32884391 PMCID: PMC7440735 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220948100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a group of analytical techniques, currently applied in several research fields, including clinical diagnostics. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms have been established as an essential intermediate stage for medical applications with their employment from spectroscopic techniques to be constantly growing. This review outlines the types of tissue phantoms currently employed in different biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, focusing on their composition and optical properties. It is therefore an attempt to present an informed range of options for potential use to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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12
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Mosca S, Lanka P, Stone N, Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Matousek P, Valentini G, Pifferi A. Optical characterization of porcine tissues from various organs in the 650-1100 nm range using time-domain diffuse spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1697-1706. [PMID: 32206436 PMCID: PMC7075607 DOI: 10.1364/boe.386349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic characterization of the optical properties (µa and µs') of nine representative ex vivo porcine tissues over a broadband spectrum (650-1100 nm). We applied time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy measurements for recovering the optical properties of porcine tissues depicting a realistic representation of the tissue heterogeneity and morphology likely to be found in different ex vivo tissues. The results demonstrate a large spectral and inter-tissue variation of optical properties. The data can be exploited for planning or simulating ex vivo experiments with various biophotonics techniques, or even to construct artificial structures mimicking specific pathologies exploiting the wide assortment in optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally to this research
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this research
| | - Nick Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Valentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
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13
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Mosca S, Dey P, Tabish TA, Palombo F, Stone N, Matousek P. Determination of inclusion depth in ex vivo animal tissues using surface enhanced deep Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960092. [PMID: 31595708 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work presents recent developments in spatially offset and transmission Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive detection and depth prediction of a single SERS inclusion located deep inside ex vivo biological tissues. The concept exploits the differential attenuation of Raman bands brought about by their different absorption due to tissue constituents enabling to predict the inclusion depth. Four different calibration models are tested and evaluated to predict the depth of surface enhanced Raman scattering labelled nanoparticles, within an up to 40 mm slab of porcine tissue. An external measurement carried out in transmission mode, with a noninvasively built model on the analysed sample, is shown to be insensitive to variations of the overall thickness of the tissue yielding an average root-mean-square error of prediction of 6.7%. The results pave the way for future noninvasive deep Raman spectroscopy in vivo enabling to localise cancer biomarkers for an early diagnosis of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Priyanka Dey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tanveer A Tabish
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Stone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
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14
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Khan KM, Dutta SB, Kumar N, Dalal A, Srivastava A, Krishna H, Majumder SK. Inverse spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy using optical fibers: An axicon lens-free approach. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900140. [PMID: 31215767 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inverse spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (I-SORS) seeks to interrogate deep inside a Raman-active, layered, diffusely scattering sample. It makes a collimated laser beam incident onto the sample surface in the form of concentric illumination rings (of varying radii) from whose center the back-scattered Raman signal is collected for detection. Since formation of illumination rings of different sizes requires an axicon to be moved along the axis of the collimated laser beam and axicons below a certain minimum size (~1 inch) are not readily available, this classical configuration incorporating an axicon cannot be used for designing a compact I-SORS probe of narrower diameter. We report a novel scheme of implementing I-SORS which overcomes this limitation by implementing ring illumination and point collection using two multi-mode optical fibers. An important advantage of the proposed scheme is that unlike the previously reported inverse SORS configurations, it does not require physical movement of any of the optical components for generating spatial offsets needed for probing sub-surface depths. Another advantage is its fiber-optic configuration which is ideally suited for designing a compact and pencil-sized I-SORS probe, often desired in many practical situations for carrying out depth-sensitive Raman measurements in situ from a layered turbid sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohd Khan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Surjendu B Dutta
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Anita Dalal
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Hemant Krishna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Shovan K Majumder
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
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Gautam R, Oh JY, Patel RP, Dluhy RA. Non-invasive analysis of stored red blood cells using diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:5950-5958. [PMID: 30035796 PMCID: PMC6279605 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to acquire the Raman spectra of sub-surface components using diffusely focused radiation in a microscope sampling configuration is described. This procedure generates Raman scattering at various sample depths by producing a converging beam at the back aperture of the objective lens. This method requires illumination of the sample with a defocused laser, while simultaneously increasing the number of CCD pixels that are binned along the spatial axis of the detector. We applied this diffuse sampling method to the analysis of stored red blood cells (RBCs). During storage, biochemical changes to RBCs occur (the "storage lesion"). However, there are no existing non-invasive methods to assess this. We evaluated the instrumental parameters needed to maximize the diffusely scattered signal, including pixel binning, slit width, and bandwidth. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy (DRRS) method by detecting RBCs through a blood bag segment (1 mm wall thickness). We directly compared the DRRS method to the more common stand-off Raman spectroscopy (SORS) method using both 633 nm and 785 nm excitation. Time-dependent DRRS spectra were used in a multivariate model for classification of RBCs in polymer segments by storage age. Young (6-8 day) RBCs were differentiated from old (35-40) RBCs with 100% sensitivity and 98.5% selectivity. These data indicated that DRRS is a promising, non-invasive technique for acquiring the spectra of sub-surface components, and is particularly applicable when the underlying sample can be resonantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Cordero E, Latka I, Matthäus C, Schie I, Popp J. In-vivo Raman spectroscopy: from basics to applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-23. [PMID: 29956506 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, Raman spectroscopy has found widespread use in biological and medical applications. The instrumentation and the statistical evaluation procedures have matured, enabling the lengthy transition from ex-vivo demonstration to in-vivo examinations. This transition goes hand-in-hand with many technological developments and tightly bound requirements for a successful implementation in a clinical environment, which are often difficult to assess for novice scientists in the field. This review outlines the required instrumentation and instrumentation parameters, designs, and developments of fiber optic probes for the in-vivo applications in a clinical setting. It aims at providing an overview of contemporary technology and clinical trials and attempts to identify future developments necessary to bring the emerging technology to the clinical end users. A comprehensive overview of in-vivo applications of fiber optic Raman probes to characterize different tissue and disease types is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Cordero
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Ines Latka
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
- Abbe Ctr. of Photonics, Germany
| | - Iwan Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institute für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
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Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Mosca S, Tannert S, Valentini G, Martelli F, Binzoni T, Prokazov Y, Turbin E, Zuschratter W, Erdmann R, Pifferi A. Time domain diffuse Raman spectrometer based on a TCSPC camera for the depth analysis of diffusive media. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2134-2137. [PMID: 29714764 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a time domain diffuse Raman spectrometer for depth probing of highly scattering media. The system is based on, to the best of our knowledge, a novel time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) camera that simultaneously acquires both spectral and temporal information of Raman photons. A dedicated non-contact probe was built, and time domain Raman measurements were performed on a tissue mimicking bilayer phantom. The fluorescence contamination of the Raman signal was eliminated by early time gating (0-212 ps) the Raman photons. Depth sensitivity is achieved by time gating Raman photons at different delays with a gate width of 106 ps. Importantly, the time domain can provide time-dependent depth sensitivity leading to a high contrast between two layers of Raman signal. As a result, an enhancement factor of 2170 was found for our bilayer phantom which is much higher than the values obtained by spatial offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), frequency offset Raman spectroscopy (FORS), or hybrid FORS-SORS on a similar phantom.
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Remotely Exploring Deeper-Into-Matter by Non-Contact Detection of Audible Transients Excited by Laser Radiation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122960. [PMID: 29261126 PMCID: PMC5751564 DOI: 10.3390/s17122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An acoustic spectroscopic approach to detect contents within different packaging, with substantially wider applicability than other currently available subsurface spectroscopies, is presented. A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) pulsed laser (13 ns pulse length) operated at 1 Hz was used to generate the sound field of a two-component system at a distance of 50 cm. The acoustic emission was captured using a unidirectional microphone and analyzed in the frequency domain. The focused laser pulse hitting the system, with intensity above that necessary to ablate the irradiated surface, transferred an impulsive force which led the structure to vibrate. Acoustic airborne transients were directly radiated by the vibrating elastic structure of the outer component that excited the surrounding air in contact with. However, under boundary conditions, sound field is modulated by the inner component that modified the dynamical integrity of the system. Thus, the resulting frequency spectra are useful indicators of the concealed content that influences the contributions originating from the wall of the container. High-quality acoustic spectra could be recorded from a gas (air), liquid (water), and solid (sand) placed inside opaque chemical-resistant polypropylene and stainless steel sample containers. Discussion about effects of laser excitation energy and sampling position on the acoustic emission events is reported. Acoustic spectroscopy may complement the other subsurface alternative spectroscopies, severely limited by their inherent optical requirements for numerous detection scenarios.
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Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Beh JS, Farina A, Dalla Mora A, Pifferi A, Taroni P. Broadband diffuse optical characterization of elastin for biomedical applications. Biophys Chem 2017; 229:130-134. [PMID: 28733103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elastin is a key structural protein of dynamic connective tissues widely found in the extracellular matrix of skin, arteries, lungs and ligaments. It is responsible for a range of diseases related to aging of biological tissues. The optical characterization of elastin can open new opportunities for its investigation in biomedical studies. In this work, we present the absorption spectra of elastin using a broadband (550-1350nm) diffuse optical spectrometer. Distortions caused by fluorescence and finite bandwidth of the laser source on estimated absorption were effectively accounted for in measurements and data analysis and compensated. A comprehensive summary and comparison between collagen and elastin is presented, highlighting distinct features for its accurate quantification in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joo Sin Beh
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrea Farina
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Taroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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