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Chen Y, Kong Z, Sun W, Liang J, Xing J, Lin S, Zhu S, Zhang H, Shen Z, Lu J. Dynamic moist air monitor in a micro area with extremely high figure-of-merit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:34510-34518. [PMID: 36242461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.465736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly changing moisture air, conventional relative humidity (RH) sensors are often difficult to respond in time and accurately due to the limitation of flow rate and non-uniform airflow distribution. In this study, we numerically demonstrate that humidity changes on micro-zones can be monitored in real time using a Bloch surface wave (BSW) ubiquitous in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPC). This phenomenon can be observed by leakage radiation microscope (LRM). After theoretically deriving the angular resolution limit of LRM, we obtained the minimum BSW angular change on a practical scheme that can be observed in the momentum space to complete the detection, and realized the dynamic real-time monitoring of small-scale humidity change in experiment for the first time. This monitoring method has extremely high figure of merit (FOM) without hysteresis, which can be used in humidity sensing and refractive index sensing as well as the research on turbulence.
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Liu H, Song X, Wang X, Wang S, Yao N, Li X, Fang W, Tong L, Zhang L. Optical Microfibers for Sensing Proximity and Contact in Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14447-14454. [PMID: 35290012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of proximity-contact events is essential for human-machine interactions, intelligent robots, and healthcare monitoring. We report a dual-modal sensor made with two functionalized optical microfibers (MFs), which is inspired by the somatosensory system of human skin. The integrated sensor with a hierarchical structure gradationally detects finger approaching and touching by measuring the relative humidity (RH) and force-triggered light intensity variations. Specifically, the RH sensory part shows enhanced evanescent absorption, achieving a sensitive RH measurement with a fast response (110 ms), a high resolution (0.11%RH), and a wide working range (10-100%RH). Enabled by the transition from guided modes into radiation modes of the waveguiding MF, the force sensory part exhibits a high sensitivity (6.2%/kPa) and a fast response (up to 1.5 kHz). By using a real-time data processing unit, the proximity-contact sensor (PCS) achieves continuous detection of the full-contact events, including finger approaching, contacting, pressing, releasing, and leaving. As a proof of concept, the electromagnetic-interference-free PCS enables a smart switch system to recognize the proximity and contact of bare/gloved fingers. Moreover, skin humidity detection and respiration monitoring are realized. These initial results pave the way toward a category of optical collaborative devices ranging from human-machine interfaces to multifunctional on-skin healthcare sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xingda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ni Yao
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Tencent Robotics X Lab, Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Rao X, Zhao L, Xu L, Wang Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Chen GY, Liu T, Wang Y. Review of Optical Humidity Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238049. [PMID: 34884052 PMCID: PMC8659510 DOI: 10.3390/s21238049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical humidity sensors have evolved through decades of research and development, constantly adapting to new demands and challenges. The continuous growth is supported by the emergence of a variety of optical fibers and functional materials, in addition to the adaptation of different sensing mechanisms and optical techniques. This review attempts to cover the majority of optical humidity sensors reported to date, highlight trends in design and performance, and discuss the challenges of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Lukui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - George Y. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Ali N, Azzuhri SR, Johari MAM, Rashid H, Khudus MIMA, Razak MZA, Chen Z, Misran N, Arsad N. Effects of Tungsten Disulphide Coating on Tapered Microfiber for Relative Humidity Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217132. [PMID: 34770442 PMCID: PMC8587630 DOI: 10.3390/s21217132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten disulphide (WS2) is a two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide material that can be used to improve the sensitivity of a variety of sensing applications. This study investigated the effect of WS2 coating on tapered region microfiber (MF) for relative humidity (RH) sensing applications. The flame brushing technique was used to taper the standard single-mode fiber (SMF) into three different waist diameter sizes of MF 2, 5, and 10 µm, respectively. The MFs were then coated with WS2 via a facile deposition method called the drop-casting technique. Since the MF had a strong evanescent field that allowed fast near-field interaction between the guided light and the environment, depositing WS2 onto the tapered region produced high humidity sensor sensitivity. The experiments were repeated three times to measure the average transmitted power, presenting repeatability and sensing stability. Each MF sample size was tested with varying humidity levels. Furthermore, the coated and non-coated MF performances were compared in the RH range of 45–90% RH at room temperature. It was found that the WS2 coating on 2 µm MF had a high sensitivity of 0.0861 dB/% RH with linearity over 99%. Thus, MF coated with WS2 encourages enhancement in the evanescent field effect in optical fiber humidity sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazida Ali
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.A.); (H.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Saaidal Razalli Azzuhri
- Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and IT, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Md Ashadi Md Johari
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.A.); (H.R.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Mohd. Zulhakimi Ab. Razak
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Road Huangpu, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Norbahiah Misran
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.A.); (H.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.A.); (H.R.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Yi Y, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Brambilla G, Fan Y, Wang P. High-Performance Ultrafast Humidity Sensor Based on Microknot Resonator-Assisted Mach-Zehnder for Monitoring Human Breath. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3404-3410. [PMID: 33050692 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamic humidity requires sensors with fast response and anti-electromagnetic interference, especially for human respiration. Here, an ultrafast fiber-optic breath sensor based on the humidity-sensitive characteristics of gelatin film is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor consists of a microknot resonator superimposed on a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer produced by a tapered single-mode fiber, which has an ultrafast response (84 ms) and recovery time (29 ms) and a large dynamic transmission range. The humidity in dynamic ambient causes changes in the refractive index of gelatin coating, which could trigger spectral intensity transients that can be explicitly distinguished between the two states. The sensing principle is analyzed using the traditional transfer-matrix analysis method. The influence of coating thickness on the sensor's trigger threshold is further investigated. Experiments on monitoring breath patterns indicate that the proposed breath sensor has high repeatability, reliability, and validity, which enable many other potential applications such as food processing, health monitoring, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yi
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Gilberto Brambilla
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Yaxian Fan
- Academy of Marine Information Technology, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Wu M, Wu Z, Jin X, Lee JH. A Highly Sensitive FET-Type Humidity Sensor with Inkjet-Printed Pt-In 2O 3 Nanoparticles at Room Temperature. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:198. [PMID: 33052477 PMCID: PMC7560637 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Pt-doped In2O3 nanoparticles (Pt-In2O3) were inkjet printed on a FET-type sensor platform that has a floating gate horizontally aligned with a control gate for humidity detection at room temperature. The relative humidity (RH)-sensing behavior of the FET-type sensor was investigated in a range from 3.3 (dry air in the work) to about 18%. A pulsed measurement method was applied to the transient RH-sensing tests of the FET-type sensor to suppress sensor baseline drift. An inkjet-printed Pt-In2O3 resistive-type sensor was also fabricated on the same wafer for comparison, and it showed no response to low RH levels (below 18%). In contrast, the FET-type sensor presented excellent low humidity sensitivity and fast response (32% of response and 58 s of response time for 18% RH) as it is able to detect the work-function changes of the sensing material induced by the physisorption of water molecules. The sensing mechanism of the FET-type sensor and the principle behind the difference in sensing performance between two types of sensors were explained through the analysis on the adsorption processes of water molecules and energy band diagrams. This research is very useful for the in-depth study of the humidity-sensing behaviors of Pt-In2O3, and the proposed FET-type humidity sensor could be a potential candidate in the field of real-time gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meile Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Zhanyu Wu
- Huafu High Technology Energy Storage Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225600, Jiangsu, China
- Huafu (JiangSu) Lithium Battery High Technology Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoshi Jin
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Optical Waveguides and Integrated Optical Devices for Medical Diagnosis, Health Monitoring and Light Therapies. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143981. [PMID: 32709072 PMCID: PMC7411870 DOI: 10.3390/s20143981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices are promising solutions for many applications, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies. Despite the many existing reviews focusing on the materials that these devices are made from, a systematic review that relates these devices to the various materials, fabrication processes, sensing methods and medical applications is still seldom seen. This work is intended to link these multidisciplinary fields, and to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances of these devices. Firstly, the optical and mechanical properties of optical waveguides based on glass, polymers and heterogeneous materials and fabricated via various processes are thoroughly discussed, together with their applications for medical purposes. Then, the fabrication processes and medical implementations of integrated passive and active optical devices with sensing modules are introduced, which can be used in many medical fields such as drug delivery and cardiovascular healthcare. Thirdly, wearable optical sensing devices based on light sensing methods such as colorimetry, fluorescence and luminescence are discussed. Additionally, the wearable optical devices for light therapies are introduced. The review concludes with a comprehensive summary of these optical devices, in terms of their forms, materials, light sources and applications.
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Blank A, Guendelman G, Linzon Y. Vapor Sensing with Polymer Coated Straight Optical Fiber Microtapers Based on Index Sensitive Interference Spectroscopy of Surface Stress Birefringence. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092675. [PMID: 32397103 PMCID: PMC7248812 DOI: 10.3390/s20092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical microfiber tapers provide an advantageous platform for sensing in aqueous and gas environments. We study experimentally the photonic transmission in optical fiber tapers coated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a polymeric material widely used in optical applications. We demonstrate a durable and simple humidity sensing approach incorporating tapered microfibers attached to silicon (Si) substrate coated with active polymer layer. A model is described for the load stress effect on the birefringence giving rise to interferences in the transmission spectra, strongly dependent on the coating layer thickness, and disappearing following its slow uniform removal. The sensing approach is based on characterization of the interference patterns observed in the transmission spectra of the taper in the NIR range. The device demonstrated persistent detection capability in humid environment and a linear response followed by saturation to calibration analytes. In each analyte of interest, we define principal components and observe unique calibration plot regimes in the principal component space, demonstrating vapor sensing using polymer coated microtapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Blank
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +972-58-667-2228 (A.B.); +972-3-640-6224 (Y.L.)
| | - Gabriel Guendelman
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Yoav Linzon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +972-58-667-2228 (A.B.); +972-3-640-6224 (Y.L.)
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Micro-/Nanofiber Optics: Merging Photonics and Material Science on Nanoscale for Advanced Sensing Technology. iScience 2019; 23:100810. [PMID: 31931430 PMCID: PMC6957875 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-/nanofibers (MNFs) are optical fibers with diameters close to or below the wavelength of the guided light. These tiny fibers can offer engineerable waveguiding properties including optical confinement, fractional evanescent fields, and surface intensity, which is very attractive to optical sensing on the micro-/nano scale. In this review, we first introduce the basics of MNF optics and MNF optical sensors from physical and chemical to biological applications and review the progress and current status of this field. Then, we review and discuss hybrid MNF structures for advanced optical sensing by merging MNFs with functional structures including chemical indicators, quantum dots, dye molecules, plasmonic nanoparticles, 2-D materials, and optofluidic chips. Thirdly, we introduce the emerging trends in developing MNF-based advanced sensing technology for ultrasensitive, active, and wearable sensors and discuss the future prospects and challenges in this exciting research field. Finally, we end the review with a brief conclusion.
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