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Hussian S, Mehdi M, Ghaffar A, Kun L, Hu Y, Lin H, Qaisrani MA, Ali S, Lin J, Mehdi R, Ma R. Development of a dual point humidity sensor using POF based on twisted fiber structure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10735. [PMID: 38730029 PMCID: PMC11087481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The humidity has often been measured through a single point sensor. Where, the humidity could be varied at different locations as well as depending on environmental conditions. The present paper developed the dual point humidity measuring sensor by using a polymer optical fiber (POF) based on a single illuminating fiber. The sensor's basic structure is to twist two fibers and bend them at a certain radius. However, the dual point sensor is developed through the cascading of twisted micro bend (TMB-1 and TMB-2). The twisting of fibers couples the light from one fiber to another fiber through the side coupling method. An increase in the humidity level leads to a change in the reflective index, which helps to get variation in coupled light intensity. To measure the humidity, the dual point sensors are placed into the control humidity chamber at two random positions. The power reading variation is significantly linear when the humidity level increases from 30 to 80%. The sensor has a fast response of about 1 s and a recovery time of about 4 s. Furthermore, the chemical coating is applied to improve the sensor's sensitivity. Between 30 and 80% range of humidity, the both sensors of dual point TMB-1 and TMB-2 have appropriate sensitivity and detection limits, which is about 680.8 nW/% and 763.9 nW/% and 1.37% and 1.98%, respectively. To measure the humidity at variable positions, the present dual points humidity sensor is well-stable, easy, and straightforward, which uses a less expensive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadam Hussian
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mujahid Mehdi
- Faculty of Design, Aror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Sukkur, 65200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Kun
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mumtaz A Qaisrani
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sikandar Ali
- Faculty of Design, Aror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Sukkur, 65200, Pakistan
| | - Jie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rehan Mehdi
- Faculty of Design, Aror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Sukkur, 65200, Pakistan
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
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Vegas VG, García-Hernán A, Aguilar-Galindo F, Perles J, Amo-Ochoa P. Structural and Theoretical Study of Copper(II)-5-fluoro Uracil Acetate Coordination Compounds: Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Transformation as Possible Humidity Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2827. [PMID: 37447473 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of seven different copper(II) coordination compounds, as well as the formation of a protonated ligand involving all compounds from the same reaction. Their synthesis required hydrothermal conditions, causing the partial in situ transformation of 5-fluoro uracil-1-acetic acid (5-FUA) into an oxalate ion (ox), as well as the protonation of the 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) ligand through a catalytic process resulting from the presence of Cu(II) within the reaction. These initial conditions allowed obtaining the new coordination compounds [Cu2(5-FUA)2(ox)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP2), [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP3), as well as the ionic pair [(H2bipy)+2 2NO3-] (1). The mother liquor evolved rapidly at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, due to the change in concentration of the initial reagents and the presence of the new chemical species generated in the reaction process, yielding CPs [Cu(5-FUA)2(bipy)]n·3.5n H2O, [Cu3(ox)3(bipy)4]n and [Cu(ox)(bipy)]n. The molecular compound [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)4]·4H2O (more thermodynamically stable) ended up in the mother liquor after filtration at longer reaction times at 25 °C and 1 atm., cohabiting in the medium with the other crystalline solids in different proportions. In addition, the evaporation of H2O caused the single-crystal to single-crystal transformation (SCSC) of [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP3) into [Cu(5-FUA)2(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP4). A theoretical study was performed to analyze the thermodynamic stability of the phases. The observed SCSC transformation also involved a perceptible color change, highlighting this compound as a possible water sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Vegas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Hernán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguilar-Galindo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de DRX Monocristal, Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Memon MM, Liu Q, Manthar A, Wang T, Zhang W. Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor: A Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14050945. [PMID: 37241569 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Growing demands for humidity detection in commercial and industrial applications led to the rapid development of humidity sensors based on different techniques. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology is one of these methods that has been found to provide a powerful platform for humidity sensing owing to its intrinsic features, including small size, high sensitivity, and simple operational mechanism. Similar to other techniques, the principle of humidity sensing in SAW devices is also realized by an overlaid sensitive film, which serves as the core element whose interaction with water molecules is responsible for overall performance. Therefore, most researchers are focused on exploring different sensing materials to achieve optimum performance characteristics. This article reviews sensing materials used to develop SAW humidity sensors and their responses based on theoretical aspects and experimental outcomes. Herein the influence of overlaid sensing film on the performance parameters of the SAW device, such as quality factor, signal amplitude, insertion loss, etc., is also highlighted. Lastly, a recommendation to minimize the significant change in device characteristics is presented, which we believe will be a good step for the future development of SAW humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muzamil Memon
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ali Manthar
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
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Al-Hamry A, Lu T, Chen H, Adiraju A, Nasraoui S, Brahem A, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Weheabby S, Pašti IA, Kanoun O. Ultra-Sensitive and Fast Humidity Sensors Based on Direct Laser-Scribed Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composites. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13091473. [PMID: 37177018 PMCID: PMC10180099 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the relative humidity sensor properties of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide/multiwalled nanotubes (GO/MWNTs) composites have been investigated. Composite sensors were fabricated by direct laser scribing and characterized using UV-vis-NIR, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies, electron scanning microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and impedance spectroscopy (IS). These methods confirm the composite homogeneity and laser reduction of GO/MWNT with dominant GO characteristics, while ISresults analysis reveals the circuit model for rGO-GO-rGO structure and the effect of MWNT on the sensor properties. Although direct laser scribing of GO-based humidity sensor shows an outstanding response (|ΔZ|/|Z| up to 638,800%), a lack of stability and repeatability has been observed. GO/MWNT-based humidity sensors are more conductive than GO sensors and relatively less sensitive (|ΔZ|/|Z| = 163,000%). However, they are more stable in harsh humid conditions, repeatable, and reproducible even after several years of shelf-life. In addition, they have fast response/recovery times of 10.7 s and 9.3 s and an ultra-fast response time of 61 ms when abrupt humidification/dehumidification is applied by respiration. All carbon-based sensors' overall properties confirm the advantage of introducing the GO/MWNT hybrid and laser direct writing to produce stable structures and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Hamry
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Haoran Chen
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Anurag Adiraju
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Salem Nasraoui
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Amina Brahem
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Danica Bajuk-Bogdanović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saddam Weheabby
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Igor A Pašti
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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Breglio G, Bernini R, Berruti GM, Bruno FA, Buontempo S, Campopiano S, Catalano E, Consales M, Coscetta A, Cutolo A, Cutolo MA, Di Palma P, Esposito F, Fienga F, Giordano M, Iele A, Iadicicco A, Irace A, Janneh M, Laudati A, Leone M, Maresca L, Marrazzo VR, Minardo A, Pisco M, Quero G, Riccio M, Srivastava A, Vaiano P, Zeni L, Cusano A. Innovative Photonic Sensors for Safety and Security, Part III: Environment, Agriculture and Soil Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3187. [PMID: 36991894 PMCID: PMC10053851 DOI: 10.3390/s23063187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to complete this set of three companion papers, in this last, we focus our attention on environmental monitoring by taking advantage of photonic technologies. After reporting on some configurations useful for high precision agriculture, we explore the problems connected with soil water content measurement and landslide early warning. Then, we concentrate on a new generation of seismic sensors useful in both terrestrial and under water contests. Finally, we discuss a number of optical fiber sensors for use in radiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Breglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Diocleziano 328, 81024 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Berruti
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Bruno
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Buontempo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ester Catalano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Consales
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agnese Coscetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Antonello Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Di Palma
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Fienga
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michele Giordano
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Iele
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Irace
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohammed Janneh
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Marco Leone
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luca Maresca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Minardo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Marco Pisco
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Michele Riccio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anubhav Srivastava
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vaiano
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Zhang T, Han Q, Liang Z, Jiang J, Cheng Z. A Fabry-Perot Sensor with Cascaded Polymer Films Based on Vernier Effect for Simultaneous Measurement of Relative Humidity and Temperature. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2800. [PMID: 36905002 PMCID: PMC10006980 DOI: 10.3390/s23052800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, fiber sensor based on Vernier effect for simultaneous measurement of relative humidity (RH) and temperature is proposed. The sensor is fabricated by coating two kinds of ultraviolet (UV) glue with different refractive indexes (RI) and thicknesses on the end face of a fiber patch cord. The thicknesses of two films are controlled to generate the Vernier effect. The inner film is formed by a cured lower-RI UV glue. The exterior film is formed by a cured higher-RI UV glue, of which thickness is much thinner than the inner film. Through the analysis of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the reflective spectrum, the Vernier effect is formed by the inner lower-RI polymer cavity and the cavity composed of both polymer films. By calibrating the RH and temperature response of two peaks on the envelope of the reflection spectrum, simultaneous measurements of RH and temperature are realized by solving a set of quadratic equations. Experimental results show that the highest RH and temperature sensitivities of the sensor are 387.3 pm/%RH (in 20%RH to 90%RH) and -533.0 pm/°C (in 15 °C to 40 °C), respectively. The sensor has merits of low cost, simple fabrication, and high sensitivity, which makes it very attractive for applications that need to simultaneously monitor these two parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Han
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhizhuang Liang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenzhou Cheng
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Ku CA, Chung CK. Advances in Humidity Nanosensors and Their Application: Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23042328. [PMID: 36850926 PMCID: PMC9960561 DOI: 10.3390/s23042328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the technology revolution and industrialization have flourished in the last few decades, the development of humidity nanosensors has become more important for the detection and control of humidity in the industry production line, food preservation, chemistry, agriculture and environmental monitoring. The new nanostructured materials and fabrication in nanosensors are linked to better sensor performance, especially for superior humidity sensing, following the intensive research into the design and synthesis of nanomaterials in the last few years. Various nanomaterials, such as ceramics, polymers, semiconductor and sulfide, carbon-based, triboelectrical nanogenerator (TENG), and MXene, have been studied for their potential ability to sense humidity with structures of nanowires, nanotubes, nanopores, and monolayers. These nanosensors have been synthesized via a wide range of processes, including solution synthesis, anodization, physical vapor deposition (PVD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The sensing mechanism, process improvement and nanostructure modulation of different types of materials are mostly inexhaustible, but they are all inseparable from the goals of the effective response, high sensitivity and low response-recovery time of humidity sensors. In this review, we focus on the sensing mechanism of direct and indirect sensing, various fabrication methods, nanomaterial geometry and recent advances in humidity nanosensors. Various types of capacitive, resistive and optical humidity nanosensors are introduced, alongside illustration of the properties and nanostructures of various materials. The similarities and differences of the humidity-sensitive mechanisms of different types of materials are summarized. Applications such as IoT, and the environmental and human-body monitoring of nanosensors are the development trends for futures advancements.
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Afsharipour E, Malviya KD, Montazeri M, Mortazy E, Soltanzadeh R, Hassani A, Rosei F, Chaker M. Evanescent-Field Excited Surface Plasmon-Enhanced U-Bent Fiber Probes Coated with Au and ZnO Nanoparticles for Humidity Detection. Processes (Basel) 2023; 11:642. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a humidity sensor based on an optical fiber-based evanescent wave probe. The fiber was bent into a U-shape and de-cladded at the location of the bending. The de-cladded section was coated either with Au or with ZnO nanoparticles. Humidity is detected based on the interaction in the surface plasmon resonance of the Au/ZnO nanoparticles excited by an evanescent wave of light passing through the optical fiber. The response of the U-bent fibers to humidity was investigated using a specifically designed low-voltage portable interrogation box. We found that the fibers coated with ZnO nanoparticles were able to detect a minimum 0.1% change in humidity with an average sensitivity of 143 µV/%RH and 95% linearity over the 10% to 80% humidity range. In comparison, samples coated with Au and Au + ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated a minimum change detection of 0.3% RH and 2% RH respectively. The response and recovery time of the sensor were measured to be 3 s and 4 s, respectively, for a 60% change in humidity from 20% to 80%. The entire measurement system was operated by consuming an electrical power of 1.62 W at an input voltage of 12 Vdc.
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Peng YC, Lin HW, Zhou SH, Jin JC, Zhuang TH, Ablez A, Wang ZP, Du KZ, Huang XY. Reversible Luminescent Switching Induced by Heat/Water Treatment in a Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Antimony(Ⅲ) Chloride. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041978. [PMID: 36838966 PMCID: PMC9965921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently zero-dimensional (0-D) inorganic-organic metal halides (IOMHs) have become a promising class of optoelectronic materials. Herein, we report a new photoluminescent (PL) 0-D antimony(III)-based IOMH single crystal, namely [H2BPZ][SbCl5]·H2O (BPZ = benzylpiperazine). Photophysical characterizations indicate that [H2BPZ][SbCl5]·H2O exhibits singlet/triplet dual-band emission. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that [H2BPZ][SbCl5]·H2O has the large energy difference between singlet and triplet states, which might induce the dual emission in this compound. Temperature-dependent PL spectra analyses suggest the soft lattice and strong electron-phonon coupling in this compound. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the water molecules in the lattice of the title crystal could be removed by thermal treatment, giving rise to a dehydrated phase of [H2BPZ][SbCl5]. Interestingly, such structural transformation is accompanied by a reversible PL emission transition between red light (630 nm, dehydrated phase) and yellow light (595 nm, water-containing phase). When being exposed to an environment with 77% relative humidity, the emission color of the dehydrated phase was able to change from red to yellow within 20 s, and the red emission could be restored after reheating. The red to yellow emission switching could be achieved in acetone with water concentration as low as 0.2 vol%. The reversible PL transition phenomenon makes [H2BPZ][SbCl5]·H2O a potential material for luminescent water-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hao-Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jian-Ce Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting-Hui Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Abdusalam Ablez
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ze-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ke-Zhao Du
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-591-6317-3145
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Yuan M, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhao Y. Recent Progress of Energy-Storage-Device-Integrated Sensing Systems. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13040645. [PMID: 36839014 PMCID: PMC9964226 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid prosperity of the Internet of things, intelligent human-machine interaction and health monitoring are becoming the focus of attention. Wireless sensing systems, especially self-powered sensing systems that can work continuously and sustainably for a long time without an external power supply have been successfully explored and developed. Yet, the system integrated by energy-harvester needs to be exposed to a specific energy source to drive the work, which provides limited application scenarios, low stability, and poor continuity. Integrating the energy storage unit and sensing unit into a single system may provide efficient ways to solve these above problems, promoting potential applications in portable and wearable electronics. In this review, we focus on recent advances in energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems for wearable electronics, including tactile sensors, temperature sensors, chemical and biological sensors, and multifunctional sensing systems, because of their universal utilization in the next generation of smart personal electronics. Finally, the future perspectives of energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems are discussed.
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Sullivan RP, Castellanos-Trejo E, Ma R, Welker ME, Jurchescu OD. Humidity sensors based on molecular rectifiers. Nanoscale 2022; 15:171-176. [PMID: 36484707 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ambient humidity plays a key role in the health and well-being of us and our surroundings, making it necessary to carefully monitor and control it. To achieve this goal, several types of instruments based on various materials and operating principles have been developed. Reducing the production costs for such systems without affecting their sensitivity and reliability would allow for broader use and greater efficiency. Organic materials are prime candidates for incorporation in humidity sensors given their extraordinary chemical diversity, low cost, and ease of processing. Here, we designed, assembled and tested humidity sensors based on molecular rectifiers that can electrically transduce the changes in the ambient humidity to offer accurate quantitative information in the range of 0 to 70% relative humidity. Their operation relies on the changes occurring in the electric field experienced by the molecular layer upon absorption of the polar water molecules, resulting in modifications in the height and shape of the tunneling barrier. The response is reversible and reproducible upon multiple cycles and, coupled with the simplicity of the device architecture and manufacturing, makes these nanoscale sensors attractive for incorporation in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sullivan
- Department of Physics, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
| | - Eduardo Castellanos-Trejo
- Department of Physics, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
| | - Renate Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
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Wang Z, Sun G, Chen J, Xie Y, Jiang H, Sun L. Upconversion Luminescent Humidity Sensors Based on Lanthanide-Doped MOFs. Chemosensors 2022; 10:66. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped metal-organic frameworks (Y/Yb/Er-MOF) were synthesized by a low-cost solvothermal method. The obtained Y/Yb/Er-MOF shows the cooperative upconversion luminescence of Yb3+ and upconversion luminescence of Er3+ (Yb3+-sensitized) irradiated by a continuous wave 980 nm laser. In order to explore the potential application of Y/Yb/Er-MOF in relative humidity (RH) sensors, the RH responsiveness of Y/Yb/Er-MOF was investigated by measuring the intensity changes of upconversion luminescence. The Y/Yb/Er-MOF possesses two luminescence centers, in which Yb3+ forms emission at 500 nm through the cooperative luminescence effect, and Er3+ achieves 660 nm emission through excited state absorption and successive energy transfer from Yb3+. Hence, the ratio meter luminescence sensor for RH is constructed based on Y/Yb/Er-MOF. The results show that the response of Y/Yb/Er-MOF to RH presents a linear relationship in the range of 11–95%. The cycle stability of Y/Yb/Er-MOF responses to RH was investigated with the intensity changes of upconversion luminescence, and the recovery ratio was more than 93% each time. Therefore, the Y/Yb/Er-MOF is a humidity-sensitive material with great potential for applications such as humidity sensors.
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