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Luo Y, Sun C, Wei M, Ma H, Wu Y, Chen Z, Dai H, Jian J, Sun B, Zhong C, Li J, Richardson KA, Lin H, Li L. Integrated Flexible Microscale Mechanical Sensors Based on Cascaded Free Spectral Range-Free Cavities. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8898-8906. [PMID: 37676244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Photonic mechanical sensors offer several advantages over their electronic counterparts, including immunity to electromagnetic interference, increased sensitivity, and measurement accuracy. Exploring flexible mechanical sensors on deformable substrates provides new opportunities for strain-optical coupling operations. Nevertheless, existing flexible photonics strategies often require cumbersome signal collection and analysis with bulky setups, limiting their portability and affordability. To address these challenges, we propose a waveguide-integrated flexible mechanical sensor based on cascaded photonic crystal microcavities with inherent deformation and biaxial tensile state analysis. Leveraging the advanced multiplexing capability of the sensor, for the first time, we successfully demonstrate 2D shape reconstruction and quasi-distributed strain sensing with 110 μm spatial resolution. Our microscale mechanical sensor also exhibits exceptional sensitivity with a detected force level as low as 13.6 μN in real-time measurements. This sensing platform has potential applications in various fields, including biomedical sensing, surgical catheters, aircraft and spacecraft engineering, and robotic photonic skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chunlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Maoliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yingchun Wu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jialing Jian
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Boshu Sun
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chuyu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kathleen A Richardson
- The College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hongtao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Feng T, Su J, Wei D, Li D, Li C, Yan F, Steve Yao X. Effective linewidth compression of a single-longitudinal-mode fiber laser with randomly distributed high scattering centers in the fiber induced by femtosecond laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4238-4252. [PMID: 36785397 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond lasers can be used to create many functional devices in silica optical fibers with high designability. In this work, a femtosecond laser-induced high scattering fiber (HSF) with randomly distributed high scattering centers is used to effectively compress the linewidth of a fiber laser for the first time. A dual-wavelength, single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) is constructed for the demonstration, which is capable of switching among two single-wavelength operations and one dual-wavelength operation. We find that the delayed self-heterodyne beating linewidth of the laser can be reduced from >1 kHz to <150 Hz when the length of the HSF in the laser cavity increases from 0 m to 20 m. We also find that the intrinsic Lorentzian linewidth of the laser can be compressed to several Hz using the HSF. The efficiency and effectiveness of linewidth reduction are also validated for the case that the laser operates in simultaneous dual-wavelength lasing mode. In addition to the linewidth compression, the EDFL shows outstanding overall performance after the HSF is incorporated. In particular, the optical spectrum and SLM lasing state are stable over long periods of time. The relative intensity noise is as low as <-150 dB/Hz@>3 MHz, which is very close to the shot noise limit. The optical signal-to-noise ratios of >85 dB for single-wavelength operation and >83 dB for dual-wavelength operation are unprecedented over numerous SLM fiber lasers reported previously. This novel method for laser linewidth reduction is applicable across gain-medium-type fiber lasers, which enables low-cost, high-performance, ultra-narrow linewidth fiber laser sources for many applications.
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Palmieri L, Schenato L, Santagiustina M, Galtarossa A. Rayleigh-Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22186811. [PMID: 36146159 PMCID: PMC9505392 DOI: 10.3390/s22186811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distributed optical fiber sensing is a unique technology that offers unprecedented advantages and performance, especially in those experimental fields where requirements such as high spatial resolution, the large spatial extension of the monitored area, and the harshness of the environment limit the applicability of standard sensors. In this paper, we focus on one of the scattering mechanisms, which take place in fibers, upon which distributed sensing may rely, i.e., the Rayleigh scattering. One of the main advantages of Rayleigh scattering is its higher efficiency, which leads to higher SNR in the measurement; this enables measurements on long ranges, higher spatial resolution, and, most importantly, relatively high measurement rates. The first part of the paper describes a comprehensive theoretical model of Rayleigh scattering, accounting for both multimode propagation and double scattering. The second part reviews the main application of this class of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palmieri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Schenato
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Santagiustina
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Galtarossa
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Zhang L, Xie W, Feng Y, Meng Y, Bai Y, Yang J, Wei W, Dong Y. Modeling and optimization of an unbalanced delay interferometer based OPLL system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1994-2005. [PMID: 35209349 DOI: 10.1364/oe.445900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present and establish a versatile analytical model that allows overall analysis and optimization for the phase noise performance of the delay interferometer based optical phase-locked loop (OPLL). It allows considering any type of lasers with arbitrary frequency noise properties while taking into account the contributions from various practical noise sources, thus enabling comprehensive investigation for the complicated interaction among underlying limiting factors. The quantitative analysis for their evolution along with the change of the delay of the interferometer unveils the resulting impact on the fundamental limit and dynamics of the output phase noise, leading to a well-balanced loop bandwidth and sensitivity thus enabling the overall optimization in terms of closed-loop noise performance. The tendencies observed and the results predicted in terms of coherence metrics in numerical verification with different lasers have testified to the precision and effectiveness of the proposed model, which is quite capable of acting as a design tool for the insightful analysis and overall optimization with guiding significance for practical applications.
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Feng T, Wei D, Bi W, Sun W, Wu S, Jiang M, Yan F, Suo Y, Yao XS. Wavelength-switchable ultra-narrow linewidth fiber laser enabled by a figure-8 compound-ring-cavity filter and a polarization-managed four-channel filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31179-31200. [PMID: 34615217 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a high-performance wavelength-switchable erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL), enabled by a figure-8 compound-ring-cavity (F8-CRC) filter for single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) selection and a polarization-managed four-channel filter (PM-FCF) for defining four lasing wavelengths. We introduce a novel methodology utilizing signal-flow graph combined with Mason's rule to analyze a CRC filter in general and apply it to obtain the important design parameters for the F8-CRC used in this paper. By combining the functions of the F8-CRC filter and the PM-FCF assisted by the enhanced polarization hole-burning and polarization dependent loss, we achieve the EDFL with fifteen lasing states, including four single-, six dual-, four tri- and one quad-wavelength lasing operations. In particular, all the four single-wavelength operations are in stable SLM oscillation, typically with a linewidth of <600 Hz, a RIN of ≤-154.58 dB/Hz@≥3 MHz and an output power fluctuation of ≤±3.45%. In addition, all the six dual-wavelength operations have very similar performances, with the performance parameters close to those of the four single-wavelength operations, superior to our previous work and others' similar work significantly. Finally, we achieve the wavelength-spacing tuning of dual-wavelength operations for photonic generation of tunable microwave signals, and successfully obtain a signal at 23.10 GHz as a demonstration.
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Fu Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Fu S, Qin Y, Shen L, Cheng M, Yang Q, Tang M, Liu D, Deng L. Simple and precise characterization of differential modal group delay arising in few-mode fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2856-2859. [PMID: 34129558 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a simple and high-precision differential modal group delay (DMGD) characterization method for few-mode fibers (FMF) by using the frequency-modulated continuous wave. Since the detected signals are located at the low-frequency range, our DMGD characterization method waives the use of expensive equipment, such as vector network or optical spectrum analyzers. Due to the high linearity of the used Mach-Zehnder modulator, our DMGD measurement is free from the complex auxiliary interferometer, leading to an improvement of characterization precision. Meanwhile, we propose a novel spectrum recovery algorithm to overcome the shortcoming that the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT) method is incapable to deal with spectrum features arising in a periodic signal. Therefore, the characterization precision is no longer limited by the FFT length. When a commercial 23299.8 m two-mode fiber is used in the experiment, the DMGD measurement of LP11 mode relative to LP01 mode has a high precision of ±0.007ps/m over the C-band. Our proposed method shows the potential for characterizing the wavelength-dependent DMGD of FMF with more than two LP modes.
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Liu F, Zhang W, Wu P, He Z. Fault detection sensitivity enhancement based on high-order spatial mode trend filtering for few-mode fiber link. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5226-5235. [PMID: 33726062 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and experimentally verify a method for optimizing the fault detection sensitivity of few mode fiber (FMF) link based on high-order spatial mode trend filtering. The employment of high-order mode trend filtering as a signal processing tool identifies meaningful level shifts from FMF optical time-domain reflectometer (FMF-OTDR) profile, which is associated with the problem of the minimization of the intrinsic random noise and modal crosstalk impact on the acquired data. A FMF link fault detection system is built, and the proposed method is utilized to detect the fault loss characteristics of 7.2 km 6-mode fiber with three fusion splice points with different fusion quality, and the detection results of each mode are compared with the results obtained by FMF-OTDR. The experimental results show that our proposed method can effectively improve the low fault detection sensitivity of high-order spatial mode caused by random noise and mode crosstalk.
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