1
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Wu C, Reep T, Brems S, Jussot J, Mootheri V, Van Campenhout J, Huyghebaert C, Pantouvaki M, Wang Z, Van Thourhout D. High-efficiency dual single layer graphene modulator integrated on slot waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36872-36882. [PMID: 38017828 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of a graphene-integrated electro-absorption modulator (EAM) based on a slot waveguide. Due to the enhanced light-matter interaction of graphene, the device exhibits an impressive modulation efficiency (0.038 dBµm-1V-1) and bandwidth (≈ 16 GHz). Starting from these results, we carried out an extensive design study, focusing on three crucial design parameters and exploring the associated trade-offs in insertion loss, extinction ratio and bandwidth. The simulation results offer valuable insights into the influence of each design parameter, reaffirming that our slot waveguide platform holds great promise for realizing a high-performance EAM balancing optical and electrical performance. It is important to note that the slot waveguide was defined through standard deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography, allowing seamless integration into high-density systems.
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2
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Dhingra N, Mehrvar H, Berini P. High-speed polarization-independent plasmonic modulator on a silicon waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22481-22496. [PMID: 37475358 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The electrical bandwidth of an electro-optic modulator plays a vital role in determining the throughput of an optical communications link. We propose a broadband plasmonic electro-optic modulator operating at telecommunications wavelengths (λ0 ∼ 1550 nm), based on free carrier dispersion in indium tin oxide (ITO). The ITO is driven through its epsilon-near-zero point within the accumulation layers of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures. The MOS structures are integrated into a pair of coupled metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides aligned on a planarized silicon waveguide. The coupled MIM waveguides support symmetric and asymmetric plasmonic supermodes, excited adiabatically using mode transformation tapers, by the fundamental TM0 and TE0 modes of the underlying silicon waveguide, respectively, such that the modulator can operate in either mode as selected by the input polarisation to the silicon waveguide. The modulator has an active section 1.5 to 2 µm long, enabling the modulator to operate as a lumped element to bandwidths exceeding 200 GHz (3 dB electrical, RC-limited). The modulators produce an extinction ratio in the range of 3.5 to 6 dB, and an insertion loss in the range of 4 to 7.5 dB including input/output mode conversion losses. The AC drive voltage is ±1.75 V. The devices comprise only inorganic materials and are realisable using standard deposition, etching and nanolithography techniques.
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3
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Sorianello V, Montanaro A, Giambra MA, Ligato N, Templ W, Galli P, Romagnoli M. Graphene Photonics I/Q Modulator for Advanced Modulation Formats. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1446-1453. [PMID: 37215326 PMCID: PMC10197173 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Starting from its classical domain of long distance links, optical communication is conquering new application areas down to chip-to-chip interconnections in response to the ever-increasing demand for higher bandwidth. The use of coherent modulation formats, typically employed in long-haul systems, is now debated to be extended to short links to increase the bandwidth density. Next-generation transceivers are targeting high bandwidth, high energy efficiency, compact footprint, and low cost. Integrated photonics is the only technology to reach this goal, and silicon photonics is expected to play the leading actor. However, silicon modulators have some limits, in terms of bandwidth and footprint. Graphene is an ideal material to be integrated with silicon photonics to meet the requirements of next generation transceivers. This material provides optimal properties: high mobility, fast carrier dynamics and ultrabroadband optical properties. Graphene photonics for direct detection systems based on binary modulation formats have been demonstrated so far, including electro-absorption modulators, phase modulators, and photodetectors. However, coherent modulation for increased data-rates has not yet been reported for graphene photonics yet. In this work, we present the first graphene photonics I/Q modulator based on four graphene on silicon electro-absorption modulators for advanced modulation formats and demonstrate quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation up to 40 Gb/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Sorianello
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab − CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Montanaro
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab − CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Tecip
Institute − Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Ligato
- INPHOTEC,
CamGraPhIC srl, Via G.
Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Templ
- Nokia
Bell Laboratories, Magirusstr. 10, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paola Galli
- Nokia
Solutions and Networks Italia, via Energy Park 14, 20871 Vimercate, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab − CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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4
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High-performance Mach-Zehnder modulator using tailored plasma dispersion effects in an ITO/graphene-based waveguide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12738. [PMID: 35882945 PMCID: PMC9325717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance electro-optic Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) with outstanding characteristics is proposed. The MZM is in a push-pull configuration that is constructed using an ITO/graphene-based silicon waveguide. A novel idea for engineering of the plasma dispersion effect in an ITO/graphene-based waveguide is proposed so that the modulation characteristics of the MZM are highly improved. Plasma dispersion effects of ITO and graphene layers are tailored in such a way that a large difference between real parts of guided mode effective index of the two arms is achieved while their corresponding imaginary parts are equal. As a result, a very low \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\mathrm {V}}}_{\pi }L_{\pi }$$\end{document}VπLπ of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$10 \, \hbox {V} \upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}10Vμm is achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the lowest \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\mathrm {V}}}_{\pi }L_{\pi }$$\end{document}VπLπ reported for an electro-optic modulator. In addition, the proposed modulator exhibits a very high extinction ratio of more than 30 dB, low insertion loss of 2.8 dB and energy consumption of as low as 10 fJ/bit, which are all promising for optical communication and processing systems.
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5
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Awad E. Graphene Metamaterial Embedded within Bundt Optenna for Ultra-Broadband Infrared Enhanced Absorption. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132131. [PMID: 35807966 PMCID: PMC9268047 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is well-known for its extraordinary physical properties such as broadband optical absorption, high electron mobility, and electrical conductivity. All of these make it an excellent candidate for several infrared applications such as photodetection, optical modulation, and optical sensing. However, a standalone monolayer graphene still suffers from a weak infrared absorption, which is ≅2.3%. In this work, a novel configuration of graphene metamaterial embedded inside Bundt optical-antenna (optenna) is demonstrated. It can leverage the graphene absorption up to 57.7% over an ultra-wide wavelength range from 1.26 to 1.68 µm (i.e., Bandwidth ≅ 420 nm). This range covers the entire optical communication bands of O, E, S, C, L, and U. The configuration mainly consists of a Bundt-shaped plasmonic antenna with a graphene metamaterial stack embedded within its nano-wide waveguide that has a 1.5 µm length. The gold average plasmonic loss is ≅25%. This configuration can enhance graphene ultra-broadband absorption through multiple mechanisms. It can nano-focus the infrared radiation down to a 50 nm spot on the graphene metamaterial, thus yielding an 11.5 gain in optical intensity (i.e., 10.6 dB). The metamaterial itself has seven concentric cylindrical graphene layers separated by silicon dioxide thin films, thus each layer contributes to the overall absorption. The focused infrared propagates tangential to the graphene metamaterial layers (i.e., grazing propagation), and thus maximizes the light–graphene interaction length. In addition, each graphene layer experiences a double-face exposure to the nano-focused propagating spot, which increases each layer’s absorption. This configuration is compact and polarization-insensitive. The estimated maximum absorption enhancement compared to the standalone monolayer graphene was 25.1 times (i.e., ≅4 dB). The estimated maximum absorption coefficient of the graphene stack was 5700 cm−1, which is considered as one of the record-high reported coefficients up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Awad
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Jin M, Tao Y, Gao X, Wei Z, Shu H, Yin J, Peng H, Wang X. Linearity of a silicon-based graphene electro-absorption modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3075-3078. [PMID: 35709054 DOI: 10.1364/ol.459876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A silicon-based graphene modulator, holding the advantages of high modulation efficiency, high speed, and being ultra-compact, is regarded as a promising candidate for next-generation communication networks. Although the properties involved for optical communications have been widely studied, very few works evaluate the performance required for the microwave scenarios. Here, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the linearity of silicon-based graphene electro-absorption modulator (EAM) is analyzed and experimentally characterized through spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) with 82.5 dB·Hz1/2 and 100.3 dB·Hz2/3. Further calculations reveal that a higher SFDR value could be achieved through optimizing the bias voltage. Variations of capacitor structural parameters have little influence on the linearity. Such performance leads to the first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstration of a Gbps-level pulse-amplitude 4-level modulation scheme (PAM-4) eye diagram in a silicon-based graphene modulator.
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7
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Pogna EA, Tomadin A, Balci O, Soavi G, Paradisanos I, Guizzardi M, Pedrinazzi P, Mignuzzi S, Tielrooij KJ, Polini M, Ferrari AC, Cerullo G. Electrically Tunable Nonequilibrium Optical Response of Graphene. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3613-3624. [PMID: 35188753 PMCID: PMC9098177 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tune the optical response of a material via electrostatic gating is crucial for optoelectronic applications, such as electro-optic modulators, saturable absorbers, optical limiters, photodetectors, and transparent electrodes. The band structure of single layer graphene (SLG), with zero-gap, linearly dispersive conduction and valence bands, enables an easy control of the Fermi energy, EF, and of the threshold for interband optical absorption. Here, we report the tunability of the SLG nonequilibrium optical response in the near-infrared (1000-1700 nm/0.729-1.240 eV), exploring a range of EF from -650 to 250 meV by ionic liquid gating. As EF increases from the Dirac point to the threshold for Pauli blocking of interband absorption, we observe a slow-down of the photobleaching relaxation dynamics, which we attribute to the quenching of optical phonon emission from photoexcited charge carriers. For EF exceeding the Pauli blocking threshold, photobleaching eventually turns into photoinduced absorption, because the hot electrons' excitation increases the SLG absorption. The ability to control both recovery time and sign of the nonequilibrium optical response by electrostatic gating makes SLG ideal for tunable saturable absorbers with controlled dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A.
A. Pogna
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Tomadin
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Osman Balci
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ioannis Paradisanos
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Michele Guizzardi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrinazzi
- L-NESS,
Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Sandro Mignuzzi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST & CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Marco Polini
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Laboratories, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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8
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Tyagi A, Mišeikis V, Martini L, Forti S, Mishra N, Gebeyehu ZM, Giambra MA, Zribi J, Frégnaux M, Aureau D, Romagnoli M, Beltram F, Coletti C. Ultra-clean high-mobility graphene on technologically relevant substrates. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2167-2176. [PMID: 35080556 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene grown via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on copper foil has emerged as a high-quality, scalable material, that can be easily integrated on technologically relevant platforms to develop promising applications in the fields of optoelectronics and photonics. Most of these applications require low-contaminated high-mobility graphene (i.e., approaching 10 000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature) to reduce device losses and implement compact device design. To date, these mobility values are only obtained when suspending or encapsulating graphene. Here, we demonstrate a rapid, facile, and scalable cleaning process, that yields high-mobility graphene directly on the most common technologically relevant substrate: silicon dioxide on silicon (SiO2/Si). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spatially-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that this approach is instrumental to rapidly eliminate most of the polymeric residues which remain on graphene after transfer and fabrication and that have adverse effects on its electrical properties. Raman measurements show a significant reduction of graphene doping and strain. Transport measurements of 50 Hall bars (HBs) yield hole mobility μh up to ∼9000 cm2 V-1 s-1 and electron mobility μe up to ∼8000 cm2 V-1 s-1, with average values μh ∼ 7500 cm2 V-1 s-1 and μe ∼ 6300 cm2 V-1 s-1. The carrier mobility of ultraclean graphene reaches values nearly double than those measured in graphene processed with acetone cleaning, which is the method widely adopted in the field. Notably, these mobility values are obtained over large-scale and without encapsulation, thus paving the way to the adoption of graphene in optoelectronics and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Tyagi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stiven Forti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Zewdu M Gebeyehu
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Jihene Zribi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR 8180 Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Mathieu Frégnaux
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR 8180 Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Damien Aureau
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR 8180 Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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9
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Abstract
With the increasing demand for capacity in communications networks, the use of integrated photonics to transmit, process and manipulate digital and analog signals has been extensively explored. Silicon photonics, exploiting the complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible fabrication technology to realize low-cost, robust, compact, and power-efficient integrated photonic circuits, is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation chip-scale information and communication technology (ICT). However, the electro-optic modulators, a key component of Silicon photonics, face challenges in addressing the complex requirements and limitations of various applications under state-of-the-art technologies. In recent years, the graphene EO modulators, promising small footprints, high temperature stability, cost-effective, scalable integration and a high speed, have attracted enormous interest regarding their hybrid integration with SiPh on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) chips. In this paper, we summarize the developments in the study of silicon-based graphene EO modulators, which covers the basic principle of a graphene EO modulator, the performance of graphene electro-absorption (EA) and electro-refractive (ER) modulators, as well as the recent advances in optical communications and microwave photonics (MWP). Finally, we discuss the emerging challenges and potential applications for the future practical use of silicon-based graphene EO modulators.
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10
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Arreyes F, Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Correlations in twisted double-layer graphene with virtual photons in a microcavity. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:115602. [PMID: 34915453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the entanglement generation of a system composed of two decoupled rotated graphene layers inside a planar microcavity. By considering the electromagnetic field of the cavity in the vacuum state and using time-dependent perturbation theory it is possible to obtain the range of geometric parameters at which the quantum states of electrons in different layers are entangled. By employing the negativity measure, correlations between layers are obtained for time scales smaller than the light-crossing time of the layers. It is shown that the negativity measure is modulated by the rotation angle between layers, allowing manipulation ofXstates. Finally, an experimental protocol is analyzed in order to detect non-causal effects between layers, by allowing back-voltage switching functions in the two layers with supports that do not overlap in time. By turning off the second-back voltage at a time smaller than the light-crossing time, it is possible to obtain correlations between layers through the independent interaction with virtual photons. The exchange of virtual photons implies that the propagator can be nonzero outside the light cone and this non-causal propagation can create entangled quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Arreyes
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Federico Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Juan Sebastián Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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11
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Graphene on Silicon Photonics: Light Modulation and Detection for Cutting-Edge Communication Technologies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene—a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon in a single-layer honeycomb lattice nanostructure—has several distinctive optoelectronic properties that are highly desirable in advanced optical communication systems. Meanwhile, silicon photonics is a promising solution for the next-generation integrated photonics, owing to its low cost, low propagation loss and compatibility with CMOS fabrication processes. Unfortunately, silicon’s photodetection responsivity and operation bandwidth are intrinsically limited by its material characteristics. Graphene, with its extraordinary optoelectronic properties has been widely applied in silicon photonics to break this performance bottleneck, with significant progress reported. In this review, we focus on the application of graphene in high-performance silicon photonic devices, including modulators and photodetectors. Moreover, we explore the trend of development and discuss the future challenges of silicon-graphene hybrid photonic devices.
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12
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Schuler S, Muench JE, Ruocco A, Balci O, Thourhout DV, Sorianello V, Romagnoli M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Goykhman I, Ferrari AC, Mueller T. High-responsivity graphene photodetectors integrated on silicon microring resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3733. [PMID: 34145226 PMCID: PMC8213857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene integrated photonics provides several advantages over conventional Si photonics. Single layer graphene (SLG) enables fast, broadband, and energy-efficient electro-optic modulators, optical switches and photodetectors (GPDs), and is compatible with any optical waveguide. The last major barrier to SLG-based optical receivers lies in the current GPDs' low responsivity when compared to conventional PDs. Here we overcome this by integrating a photo-thermoelectric GPD with a Si microring resonator. Under critical coupling, we achieve >90% light absorption in a ~6 μm SLG channel along a Si waveguide. Cavity-enhanced light-matter interactions cause carriers in SLG to reach ~400 K for an input power ~0.6 mW, resulting in a voltage responsivity ~90 V/W, with a receiver sensitivity enabling our GPDs to operate at a 10-9 bit-error rate, on par with mature semiconductor technology, but with a natural generation of a voltage, rather than a current, thus removing the need for transimpedance amplification, with a reduction of energy-per-bit, cost, and foot-print.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuler
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Vienna, Austria
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J E Muench
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Ruocco
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Balci
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D van Thourhout
- Ghent University-IMEC, Photonics Research Group, Gent, Belgium
| | - V Sorianello
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni and Inphotec, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Romagnoli
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni and Inphotec, Pisa, Italy
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - I Goykhman
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - T Mueller
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Pace S, Martini L, Convertino D, Keum DH, Forti S, Pezzini S, Fabbri F, Mišeikis V, Coletti C. Synthesis of Large-Scale Monolayer 1T'-MoTe 2 and Its Stabilization via Scalable hBN Encapsulation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4213-4225. [PMID: 33605730 PMCID: PMC8023802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Out of the different structural phases of molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2), the distorted octahedral 1T' possesses great interest for fundamental physics and is a promising candidate for the implementation of innovative devices such as topological transistors. Indeed, 1T'-MoTe2 is a semimetal with superconductivity, which has been predicted to be a Weyl semimetal and a quantum spin Hall insulator in bulk and monolayer form, respectively. Large instability of monolayer 1T'-MoTe2 in environmental conditions, however, has made its investigation extremely challenging so far. In this work, we demonstrate homogeneous growth of large single-crystal (up to 500 μm) monolayer 1T'-MoTe2 via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and its stabilization in air with a scalable encapsulation approach. The encapsulant is obtained by electrochemically delaminating CVD hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) from copper foil, and it is applied on the freshly grown 1T'-MoTe2 via a top-down dry lamination step. The structural and electrical properties of encapsulated 1T'-MoTe2 have been monitored over several months to assess the degree of degradation of the material. We find that when encapsulated with hBN, the lifetime of monolayer 1T'-MoTe2 successfully increases from a few minutes to more than a month. Furthermore, the encapsulated monolayer can be subjected to transfer, device processing, and heating and cooling cycles without degradation of its properties. The potential of this scalable heterostack is confirmed by the observation of signatures of low-temperature phase transition in monolayer 1T'-MoTe2 by both Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. The growth and encapsulation methods reported in this work can be employed for further fundamental studies of this enticing material as well as facilitate the technological development of monolayer 1T'-MoTe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pace
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Dong Hoon Keum
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stiven Forti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Pezzini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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14
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Giambra M, Mišeikis V, Pezzini S, Marconi S, Montanaro A, Fabbri F, Sorianello V, Ferrari AC, Coletti C, Romagnoli M. Wafer-Scale Integration of Graphene-Based Photonic Devices. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3171-3187. [PMID: 33522789 PMCID: PMC7905876 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and related materials can lead to disruptive advances in next-generation photonics and optoelectronics. The challenge is to devise growth, transfer and fabrication protocols providing high (≥5000 cm2 V-1 s-1) mobility devices with reliable performance at the wafer scale. Here, we present a flow for the integration of graphene in photonics circuits. This relies on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of single layer graphene (SLG) matrices comprising up to ∼12000 individual single crystals, grown to match the geometrical configuration of the devices in the photonic circuit. This is followed by a transfer approach which guarantees coverage over ∼80% of the device area, and integrity for up to 150 mm wafers, with room temperature mobility ∼5000 cm2 V-1 s-1. We use this process flow to demonstrate double SLG electro-absorption modulators with modulation efficiency ∼0.25, 0.45, 0.75, 1 dB V-1 for device lengths ∼30, 60, 90, 120 μm. The data rate is up to 20 Gbps. Encapsulation with single-layer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is used to protect SLG during plasma-enhanced CVD of Si3N4, ensuring reproducible device performance. The processes are compatible with full automation. This paves the way for large scale production of graphene-based photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco
A. Giambra
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- INPHOTEC, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Pezzini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- NEST,
Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Marconi
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, Tecip Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Montanaro
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- NEST,
Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, Cambridge University, 9 J.J. Thompson, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- INPHOTEC, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CamGraPhiC, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Agarwal H, Terrés B, Orsini L, Montanaro A, Sorianello V, Pantouvaki M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thourhout DV, Romagnoli M, Koppens FHL. 2D-3D integration of hexagonal boron nitride and a high-κ dielectric for ultrafast graphene-based electro-absorption modulators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1070. [PMID: 33594048 PMCID: PMC7887197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electro-absorption (EA) waveguide-coupled modulators are essential building blocks for on-chip optical communications. Compared to state-of-the-art silicon (Si) devices, graphene-based EA modulators promise smaller footprints, larger temperature stability, cost-effective integration and high speeds. However, combining high speed and large modulation efficiencies in a single graphene-based device has remained elusive so far. In this work, we overcome this fundamental trade-off by demonstrating the 2D-3D dielectric integration in a high-quality encapsulated graphene device. We integrated hafnium oxide (HfO2) and two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) within the insulating section of a double-layer (DL) graphene EA modulator. This combination of materials allows for a high-quality modulator device with high performances: a ~39 GHz bandwidth (BW) with a three-fold increase in modulation efficiency compared to previously reported high-speed modulators. This 2D-3D dielectric integration paves the way to a plethora of electronic and opto-electronic devices with enhanced performance and stability, while expanding the freedom for new device designs. Here, three-dimensional hafnium oxide and two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride are integrated in the insulating section of double-layer graphene optical modulators, leading to a maximum bandwidth of 39 GHz and enhanced modulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Agarwal
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
| | - Bernat Terrés
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Orsini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain.,Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Fermi", Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Alberto Montanaro
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Photonic Networks and Technologies National Laboratory, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Photonic Networks and Technologies National Laboratory, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tuskuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dries Van Thourhout
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-IMEC, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Photonic Networks and Technologies National Laboratory, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain. .,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
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16
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Marconi S, Giambra MA, Montanaro A, Mišeikis V, Soresi S, Tirelli S, Galli P, Buchali F, Templ W, Coletti C, Sorianello V, Romagnoli M. Photo thermal effect graphene detector featuring 105 Gbit s -1 NRZ and 120 Gbit s -1 PAM4 direct detection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:806. [PMID: 33547318 PMCID: PMC7864989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges of next generation optical communication is to increase the available bandwidth while reducing the size, cost and power consumption of photonic integrated circuits. Graphene has been recently proposed to be integrated with silicon photonics to meet these goals because of its high mobility, fast carrier dynamics and ultra-broadband optical properties. We focus on graphene photodetectors for high speed datacom and telecom applications based on the photo-thermo-electric effect, allowing for direct optical power to voltage conversion, zero dark current, and ultra-fast operation. We report on a chemical vapour deposition graphene photodetector based on the photo-thermoelectric effect, integrated on a silicon waveguide, providing frequency response >65 GHz and optimized to be interfaced to a 50 Ω voltage amplifier for direct voltage amplification. We demonstrate a system test leading to direct detection of 105 Gbit s-1 non-return to zero and 120 Gbit s-1 4-level pulse amplitude modulation optical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Marconi
- grid.263145.70000 0004 1762 600XTecip Institute – Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. A. Giambra
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Montanaro
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Mišeikis
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy ,grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - S. Soresi
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy ,Fondazione INPHOTEC, Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Tirelli
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy ,Fondazione INPHOTEC, Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Galli
- Nokia Solutions and Networks Italia, Vimercate, Italy
| | - F. Buchali
- grid.425792.fNokia Bell Labs, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W. Templ
- grid.425792.fNokia Bell Labs, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C. Coletti
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy ,grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - V. Sorianello
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Romagnoli
- Photonic Networks and Technologies Lab – CNIT, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Mišeikis V, Marconi S, Giambra MA, Montanaro A, Martini L, Fabbri F, Pezzini S, Piccinini G, Forti S, Terrés B, Goykhman I, Hamidouche L, Legagneux P, Sorianello V, Ferrari AC, Koppens FHL, Romagnoli M, Coletti C. Ultrafast, Zero-Bias, Graphene Photodetectors with Polymeric Gate Dielectric on Passive Photonic Waveguides. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11190-11204. [PMID: 32790351 PMCID: PMC7513472 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report compact, scalable, high-performance, waveguide integrated graphene-based photodetectors (GPDs) for telecom and datacom applications, not affected by dark current. To exploit the photothermoelectric (PTE) effect, our devices rely on a graphene/polymer/graphene stack with static top split gates. The polymeric dielectric, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), allows us to preserve graphene quality and to generate a controllable p-n junction. Both graphene layers are fabricated using aligned single-crystal graphene arrays grown by chemical vapor deposition. The use of PVA yields a low charge inhomogeneity ∼8 × 1010 cm-2 at the charge neutrality point, and a large Seebeck coefficient ∼140 μV K-1, enhancing the PTE effect. Our devices are the fastest GPDs operating with zero dark current, showing a flat frequency response up to 67 GHz without roll-off. This performance is achieved on a passive, low-cost, photonic platform, and does not rely on nanoscale plasmonic structures. This, combined with scalability and ease of integration, makes our GPDs a promising building block for next-generation optical communication devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Marconi
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- TeCIP
Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco A. Giambra
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- TeCIP
Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Montanaro
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Pezzini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Piccinini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stiven Forti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bernat Terrés
- ICFO
- Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Ilya Goykhman
- Technion
- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Louiza Hamidouche
- Thales
Research and Technology, 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Legagneux
- Thales
Research and Technology, 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, Cambridge University, 9 J.J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OFA, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- ICFO
- Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA,
Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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18
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Alessandri C, Asselberghs I, Brems S, Huyghebaert C, Van Campenhout J, Van Thourhout D, Pantouvaki M. 5 × 25 Gbit/s WDM transmitters based on passivated graphene-silicon electro-absorption modulators. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1156-1162. [PMID: 32225255 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today, one of the key challenges of graphene devices is establishing fabrication processes that can ensure performance stability and repeatability and that can eventually enable production in high volumes. In this paper, we use up-scalable fabrication processes to demonstrate three five-channel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmitters, each based on five graphene-silicon electro-absorption modulators. A passivation-first approach is used to encapsulate graphene, which results in hysteresis-free and uniform performance across the five channels of each WDM transmitter, for a total of 15 modulators. Open-eye diagrams are obtained at 25 Gb/s using $ 2.5\;{{\rm V}_{{\rm pp}}} $2.5Vpp, thus demonstrating potential for multi-channel data transmission at ${5}\times {25}\;{\rm Gb/s}$5×25Gb/s on each of the three WDM transmitters.
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19
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Muench JE, Ruocco A, Giambra MA, Miseikis V, Zhang D, Wang J, Watson HFY, Park GC, Akhavan S, Sorianello V, Midrio M, Tomadin A, Coletti C, Romagnoli M, Ferrari AC, Goykhman I. Waveguide-Integrated, Plasmonic Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7632-7644. [PMID: 31536362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a micrometer-scale, on-chip integrated, plasmonic enhanced graphene photodetector (GPD) for telecom wavelengths operating at zero dark current. The GPD is designed to directly generate a photovoltage by the photothermoelectric effect. It is made of chemical vapor deposited single layer graphene, and has an external responsivity ∼12.2 V/W with a 3 dB bandwidth ∼42 GHz. We utilize Au split-gates to electrostatically create a p-n-junction and simultaneously guide a surface plasmon polariton gap-mode. This increases the light-graphene interaction and optical absorption and results in an increased electronic temperature and steeper temperature gradient across the GPD channel. This paves the way to compact, on-chip integrated, power-efficient graphene based photodetectors for receivers in tele- and datacom modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob E Muench
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Marco A Giambra
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Vaidotas Miseikis
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Dengke Zhang
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Junjia Wang
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F Y Watson
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Gyeong C Park
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Shahab Akhavan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Michele Midrio
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , University of Udine , 33100 Udine , Italy
| | - Andrea Tomadin
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Pisa , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Goykhman
- Micro Nanoelectronics Research Center , Technion , Haifa 320000 , Israel
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