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Stoneman MR, McCoy VE, Gee CT, Bober KMM, Raicu V. Two-photon excitation fluorescence microspectroscopy protocols for examining fluorophores in fossil plants. Commun Biol 2024; 7:53. [PMID: 38184735 PMCID: PMC10771488 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence emission is common in plants. While fluorescence microscopy has been widely used to study living plants, its application in quantifying the fluorescence of fossil plants has been limited. Fossil plant fluorescence, from original fluorophores or formed during fossilization, can offer valuable insights into fluorescence in ancient plants and fossilization processes. In this work, we utilize two-photon fluorescence microspectroscopy to spatially and spectrally resolve the fluorescence emitted by amber-embedded plants, leaf compressions, and silicified wood. The advanced micro-spectroscope utilized, with its pixel-level spectral resolution and line-scan excitation capabilities, allows us to collect comprehensive excitation and emission spectra with high sensitivity and minimal laser damage to the specimens. By applying linear spectral unmixing to the spectrally resolved fluorescence images, we can differentiate between (a) the matrix and (b) the materials that comprise the fossil. Our analysis suggests that the latter correspond to durable tissues such as lignin and cellulose. Additionally, we observe potential signals from chlorophyll derivatives/tannins, although minerals may have contributed to this. This research opens doors to exploring ancient ecosystems and understanding the ecological roles of fluorescence in plants throughout time. Furthermore, the protocols developed herein can also be applied to analyze non-plant fossils and biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Stoneman
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Victoria E McCoy
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
- School of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Carole T Gee
- Institute of Geosciences, Division of Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katherine M M Bober
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Valerică Raicu
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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Dal Fovo A, Mattana S, Marchetti M, Anichini M, Giovannelli A, Baria E, Fontana R, Cicchi R. Combined TPEF and SHG Imaging for the Microstructural Characterization of Different Wood Species Used in Artworks. Photonics 2022; 9:170. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The morphological and chemical conformation of wood microstructures is characteristic of individual species and strongly influences the macromechanical properties of the material, as well as its sensitivity to deterioration factors. Noninvasive techniques enabling the visualization of wood microstructures, while simultaneously providing compositional information, can significantly facilitate the analysis of wooden artworks for conservation purposes. In this paper, we present the application of combined two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging as a versatile diagnostic tool for the microcharacterization of three hardwood species never analyzed by this method. Multimodal mapping of the molecular constituents based on the detected nonlinear signals provides useful information for studying the biological and biochemical deterioration of wood, opening a new field of application for a well-established and widely used imaging technology.
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Maceda A, Terrazas T. Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for the Analysis and Characterization of Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050961. [PMID: 35267784 PMCID: PMC8912355 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most studied and analyzed materials due to its importance in cell structure and in lignocellulosic biomass. Because lignin exhibits autofluorescence, methods have been developed that allow it to be analyzed and characterized directly in plant tissue and in samples of lignocellulose fibers. Compared to destructive and costly analytical techniques, fluorescence microscopy presents suitable alternatives for the analysis of lignin autofluorescence. Therefore, this review article analyzes the different methods that exist and that have focused specifically on the study of lignin because with the revised methods, lignin is characterized efficiently and in a short time. The existing qualitative methods are Epifluorescence and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy; however, other semi-qualitative methods have been developed that allow fluorescence measurements and to quantify the differences in the structural composition of lignin. The methods are fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy, two-photon microscopy, Föster resonance energy transfer, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, total internal reflection fluorescence, and stimulated emission depletion. With these methods, it is possible to analyze the transport and polymerization of lignin monomers, distribution of lignin of the syringyl or guaiacyl type in the tissues of various plant species, and changes in the degradation of wood by pulping and biopulping treatments as well as identify the purity of cellulose nanofibers though lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Maceda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico;
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555622-9116
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Dal Fovo A, Striova J, Quintero Balbas D, Mattana S, Tacconi N, Cicchi R, Fontana R. Nonlinear imaging and vibrational spectroscopic analysis of cellulosic fibres treated with COEX® flame-retardant for tapestry preservation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26744-26752. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This innovative approach, based on SHG/TPEF imaging and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, investigates the effect of flame-retardant COEX® treatment on flax and cotton fibres by relating micrometric structural properties to the chemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dal Fovo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jana Striova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Diego Quintero Balbas
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Niccolò Tacconi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 24, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fontana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Volpi F, Fiocco G, Rovetta T, Invernizzi C, Albano M, Licchelli M, Malagodi M. New Insights on the Stradivari “Coristo” Mandolin: A Combined Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Approach. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:11626. [DOI: 10.3390/app112411626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, one of the two existing mandolins made by Antonio Stradivari has been investigated for the first time, as a rare exemplar of the lesser-known class of plucked string instruments. The mandolin was studied by non-invasive reflection Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) on different areas previously selected by UV-induced fluorescence imaging. The analytical campaign was aimed at (i) identifying the materials used by Stradivari in the finishing of the mandolin, (ii) comparing these materials with those traditionally used in violin making, and (iii) increasing the knowledge of materials and techniques applied by Stradivari in the rare production of plucked string instruments. The combined spectroscopic approach allowed us to hypothesize original materials and finishing procedures similar to those used in violin making: a possible sizing treatment of the wood with protein-based materials and silicates, externally coated with an oil–resin varnish. XRF results were essential to support FT-IR findings and to detect possible iron-based pigments in the finishing layers. Moreover, it permitted us to distinguish original areas from the restored areas, including the purflings on the top plate and the varnished area on the treble side of the mandolin for which the originality was assumed.
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Su C, Chen S, Chung J, Li G, Brandmair B, Huthwelker T, Fulton JL, Borca CN, Huang S, Nagyvary J, Tseng H, Chang C, Chung D, Vescovi R, Tsai Y, Cai W, Lu B, Xu J, Hsu C, Wu J, Li H, Jheng Y, Lo S, Chen HM, Hsieh Y, Chung P, Chen C, Sun Y, Chan JCC, Tai H. Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Szu‐Yu Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Jen‐Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Guo‐Chian Li
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | | | | | - John L. Fulton
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Nagyvary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station USA
| | - Hsiao‐Han Tseng
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hui Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Cultural Industry and Tourism Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Bing‐Jyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry Soochow University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jia‐Wei Xu
- Department of Optics and Photonics National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Jun‐Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hao‐Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Kai Jheng
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Ilan University I-Lan Taiwan
| | - Sheng‐Fong Lo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Ilan University I-Lan Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry Soochow University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Po‐Wen Chung
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yuh‐Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Jerry Chun Chung Chan
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Hwan‐Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
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Su CK, Chen SY, Chung JH, Li GC, Brandmair B, Huthwelker T, Fulton JL, Borca CN, Huang SJ, Nagyvary J, Tseng HH, Chang CH, Chung DT, Vescovi R, Tsai YS, Cai W, Lu BJ, Xu JW, Hsu CS, Wu JJ, Li HZ, Jheng YK, Lo SF, Chen HM, Hsieh YT, Chung PW, Chen CS, Sun YC, Chan JCC, Tai HC. Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19144-19154. [PMID: 34062043 PMCID: PMC8457145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range of spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data and historical information, we may deduce the minerals being added and their potential functions—borax and metal sulfates for fungal suppression, table salt for moisture control, alum for molecular crosslinking, and potash or quicklime for alkaline treatment. The overall purpose may have been wood preservation or acoustic tuning. Hemicellulose fragmentation and altered cellulose nanostructures are observed in heavily treated Stradivari specimens, which show diminished second‐harmonic generation signals. Guarneri's practice of crosslinking wood fibers via aluminum coordination may also affect mechanical and acoustic properties. Our data suggest that old masters undertook materials engineering experiments to produce soundboards with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Chian Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | - John L Fulton
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Shing-Jong Huang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Nagyvary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Hsiao-Han Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Cultural Industry and Tourism, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bing-Jyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Xu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Jheng
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fong Lo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jerry Chun Chung Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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