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Zeng Q, Tang Z, Ouyang D, Yu L, Wang J, Luo X, Dong W, Yan P, Wang J, Wang P, Lue Q, Guo C, Ruan S. Wavelength-tunable spatiotemporal mode-locking in a large-mode-area Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 µm. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1117-1120. [PMID: 38426952 DOI: 10.1364/ol.515735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We report a tunable spatiotemporally mode-locked large-mode-area Er:ZBLAN fiber laser based on the nonlinear polarization rotation technique. A diffraction grating is introduced to select the operating wavelength. Under the spectral and spatial filtering effects provided by the grating and spatial coupling respectively, stable ps-level spatiotemporally mode-locked pulses around 2.8 µm with a repetition rate of 43.4 MHz are generated. Through a careful adjustment of the grating, a broad wavelength tuning range from 2747 to 2797 nm is realized. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first wavelength-tunable spatiotemporally mode-locked fiber laser in the mid-infrared region.
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Ferreira MFS, Brambilla G, Thévenaz L, Feng X, Zhang L, Sumetsky M, Jones C, Pedireddy S, Vollmer F, Dragic PD, Henderson-Sapir O, Ottaway DJ, Strupiechonski E, Hernandez-Cardoso GG, Hernandez-Serrano AI, González FJ, Castro Camus E, Méndez A, Saccomandi P, Quan Q, Xie Z, Reinhard BM, Diem M. Roadmap on optical sensors. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2024; 26:013001. [PMID: 38116399 PMCID: PMC10726224 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ad0e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensors and sensing technologies are playing a more and more important role in our modern world. From micro-probes to large devices used in such diverse areas like medical diagnosis, defence, monitoring of industrial and environmental conditions, optics can be used in a variety of ways to achieve compact, low cost, stand-off sensing with extreme sensitivity and selectivity. Actually, the challenges to the design and functioning of an optical sensor for a particular application requires intimate knowledge of the optical, material, and environmental properties that can affect its performance. This roadmap on optical sensors addresses different technologies and application areas. It is constituted by twelve contributions authored by world-leading experts, providing insight into the current state-of-the-art and the challenges their respective fields face. Two articles address the area of optical fibre sensors, encompassing both conventional and specialty optical fibres. Several other articles are dedicated to laser-based sensors, micro- and nano-engineered sensors, whispering-gallery mode and plasmonic sensors. The use of optical sensors in chemical, biological and biomedical areas is discussed in some other papers. Different approaches required to satisfy applications at visible, infrared and THz spectral regions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xian Feng
- Jiangsu Normal University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Misha Sumetsky
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Pedireddy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Dragic
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Ori Henderson-Sapir
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Mirage Photonics, Oaklands Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Ottaway
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paola Saccomandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Qimin Quan
- NanoMosaic Inc., United States of America
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, United States of America
| | - Max Diem
- Northeastern University and CIRECA LLC, United States of America
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Michaud LC, Boilard T, Magnan-Saucier S, Paradis P, Talbot L, Thiboult A, Nadeau DF, Vallée R, Bernier M. Towards real-time active imaging of greenhouse gases using tunable mid-infrared all-fiber lasers. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:G69-G76. [PMID: 37707065 DOI: 10.1364/ao.486929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a tunable all-fiber laser emitting a maximum output power of 2.55 W around 3240 nm. The fiber laser cavity based on a fluoride fiber doped with dysprosium ions yields an efficiency of 42% according to the in-band launched pump power at 2825 nm. Due to a custom piezoelectric fiber Bragg grating (FBG) package, mechanical strains applied to the narrowband FBG used as the input cavity coupler allowed for fast tuning of the emission wavelength over a spectral range of 1.5 nm. This laser was deployed in the field in northern Québec (Canada) to assess its performances for remote sensing of methane in the presence of a significant amount of water vapor, i.e., over a hydroelectric reservoir. The preliminary results acquired during this field campaign confirm the great potential of the proposed approach for the development of a real-time active imaging system of greenhouse gases.
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Atosuo E, Mäntymäki M, Pesonen L, Mizohata K, Hatanpää T, Leskelä M, Ritala M. Atomic layer deposition of CoF 2, NiF 2 and HoF 3 thin films. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37486012 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01717f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes and characterization of CoF2, NiF2, and HoF3 thin films. For CoF2 deposition CoCl2(TMEDA) (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and NH4F were used as precursors. CoF2 deposition was studied at 180-275 °C, resulting in a growth per cycle (GPC) of 0.7 to 1.2 Å. All the films consist of tetragonal CoF2 according to XRD. The impurity contents were measured with ToF-ERDA and less than 1 at% of N and Cl were detected in the films, indicating effective reactions. In addition, the F/Co ratio is close to 2 as measured by the same method. The saturation of the GPC with respect to precursor pulses and purges was verified at 250 °C. The common feature of ALD metal fluoride films - remarkable roughness - is encountered also in this process. However, the films became smoother as the deposition temperature was increased. CoF2 deposition was also demonstrated on graphite substrates. NiF2 deposition was studied at 210-250 °C by using Ni(thd)2 and TaF5 or a new fluoride source NbF5 as the precursors. Tetragonal NiF2 was obtained, but the oxygen and hydrogen contents in the films were remarkable, up to ∼11 at%, as measured by ToF-ERDA. This was observed also when the films were in situ capped with YF3. NbF5 was shown to be a potential fluoride precursor by combining it with Ho(thd)3 to deposit HoF3 films. Orthorhombic HoF3 was obtained at deposition temperatures of 200-275 °C. The films deposited at 235-275 °C are pure, and the Nb contents in films deposited at 250 and 275 °C are only 0.21 and 0.15 at%. The main impurity in both films is oxygen, but the contents are only 1.5 and 1.6 at%. The saturation of the GPC with respect to precursor pulses was verified at 250 °C. The GPC is ∼1 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Atosuo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miia Mäntymäki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leevi Pesonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Timo Hatanpää
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Tessitore G, Mandl GA, Maurizio SL, Kaur M, Capobianco JA. The role of lanthanide luminescence in advancing technology. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17787-17811. [PMID: 37323462 PMCID: PMC10263103 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our society is indebted to the numerous inventors and scientists who helped bring about the incredible technological advances in modern society that we all take for granted. The importance of knowing the history of these inventions is often underestimated, although our reliance on technology is escalating. Lanthanide luminescence has paved the way for many of these inventions, from lighting and displays to medical advancements and telecommunications. Given the significant role of these materials in our daily lives, knowingly or not, their past and present applications are reviewed. A majority of the discussion is devoted to pointing out the benefits of using lanthanides over other luminescent species. We aimed to give a short outlook outlines promising directions for the development of the considered field. This review aims to provide the reader enough content to further appreciate the benefits that these technologies have brought into our lives, with the perspective of travelling among the past and latest advances in lanthanide research, aiming for an even brighter future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tessitore
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for NanoScience Research 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval 1045 Av. de la Médecine Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Gabrielle A Mandl
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for NanoScience Research 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest Montreal QC Canada
| | - Steven L Maurizio
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for NanoScience Research 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest Montreal QC Canada
| | - Mannu Kaur
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for NanoScience Research 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest Montreal QC Canada
| | - John A Capobianco
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for NanoScience Research 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest Montreal QC Canada
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Ye S, Chu Y, Huang S, Luo Q, Tang S, Xu Z, Liu H, Li C, Jiang C, Wang X, Chen K, Zhang W, Yu R, Gao W. High-efficiency mode-locked erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser around 2.8 µm by directly depositing Bi 2S 3 particles onto a cavity mirror. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2055-2060. [PMID: 37133093 DOI: 10.1364/ao.482243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) pulsed lasers near a 3 µm waveband show great potential for the high absorption of water molecules and many important gas molecules. A passively Q-switched mode-locked (QSML) E r 3+-doped fluoride fiber laser with a low laser threshold and high slope efficiency around a 2.8 µm waveband is reported. The improvement is achieved by depositing bismuth sulfide (B i 2 S 3) particles onto the cavity mirror directly as a saturable absorber and using the cleaved end of the fluoride fiber as output directly. -QSML pulses begin to appear with the pump power of 280 mW. The repetition rate of the QSML pulses reaches a maximum of 33.59 kHz with the pump power of 540 mW. When the pump power is further increased, the output of the fiber laser switches from the QSML to the continuous-wave mode-locked operation with the repetition rate of 28.64 MHz and the slope efficiency of 12.2%. The results indicate that B i 2 S 3 is a promising modulator for the pulsed lasers near a 3 µm waveband, which paves the way for further development of various applications in MIR wavebands, including material processing, MIR frequency combs, and modern healthcare.
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Yu L, Zeng Q, Wang S, Liang J, Wang J, Wang J, Luo X, Yan P, Dong F, Liu X, Lue Q, Guo C, Ruan S. Mid-infrared ultrashort pulses generated from a hybrid mode-locked Er:ZBLAN fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2261-2269. [PMID: 36785243 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By combining nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) and semiconductor saturable absorber, we report a hybrid mode-locked Er:ZBLAN fiber oscillator at 2.8 µm. Stable 325-fs mode-locked pulses with an average power of 131 mW and a record signal-to-noise ratio of 79 dB at the fundamental frequency of 55.4 MHz are generated. Numerical simulations are carried out based on the modified coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations, and offer new insights into the underlying dynamics of pulse generation. The simulations indicate that compared with Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers mode-locked by NPR alone, the hybrid mode-locked Er:ZBLAN fiber oscillator allows a wider range and a lower threshold of the pump power while maintaining the ultrashort pulse width. Moreover, we numerically demonstrate that the hybrid mode-locked oscillator is less sensitive to the variation of polarization states, which will increase its robustness against environmental disturbance. This is the first time that the hybrid mode-locking technique is applied in the mid-infrared, opening up new opportunities for the development of stable ultrafast mid-infrared laser sources and practical applications outside the laboratory.
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Luo H, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang B, Li J, Liu Y. Red-diode-clad-pumped Er 3+/Dy 3+ codoped ZrF 4 fiber: A promising mid-infrared laser platform. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5313-5316. [PMID: 36240350 DOI: 10.1364/ol.470436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser generation, from a red-diode-clad-pumped Er3+/Dy3+ codoped ZrF4 fiber laser. A free-running laser at ∼3.4 µm, mainly from the 4F9/2→4I9/2 transition of Er3+, directly excited by a 659-nm laser diodehas been achieved at room temperature with a maximum power of 0.8 W and 8.8% slope efficiency. In this system, the long-lived 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 states are rapidly depopulated by energy transfer to the codoped Dy3+ ions and energy transfer upconversion between the Er3+ ions, resulting in the accelerated recycling of ions. Additionally, the free-running dual-wavelength operation state at ∼3.3 and ∼3.5 µm is also observed, producing a total maximum power of 0.95 W with 10.7% slope efficiency, representing the first watt-class output from a diode-pumped rare-earth-doped fiber laser far beyond 3 µm. By employing a diffraction grating, continuous spectral tuning across the 642-nm range from 3053.9 to 3695.9 nm has been demonstrated. The proposed scheme provides, to the best of our knowledge, a promising new platform for laser generation in the mid-IR region of 3-4 µm.
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Femtosecond tunable solitons up to 4.8 µm using soliton self-frequency shift in an InF 3 fiber. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15898. [PMID: 36151236 PMCID: PMC9508244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A tunable ultrashort soliton pulse source reaching up to 4.8 µm is demonstrated based on a 2.8 µm femtosecond fiber laser coupled to a zirconium fluoride fiber amplifier followed by a small core indium fluoride fiber. This demonstration is extending by 300 nm the long wavelength limit previously reported with soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) sources based on fluoride fibers. Our experimental and numerical investigation highlighted the spectral dynamics associated with the generation of highly redshifted pulses in the mid-infrared using SSFS enhanced by soliton fission. This study is intended at providing a better understanding of the potential and limitations of SSFS based tunable femtosecond fiber sources in the 3-5 µm spectral range.
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Zhang J, Wang R, Fu S, Sheng Q, Xia W, Zhang L, Shi W, Yao J. Erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser pumped at 1.7 µm for emission at 2.8 µm. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3684-3687. [PMID: 35913289 DOI: 10.1364/ol.463186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, efficient pump scheme for an erbium-doped fluoride fiber laser with emission at 2.8 µm in the mid-infrared region is proposed and demonstrated. A singular pump source at 1.7 µm is used to excite Er3+ ions from ground state 4I15/2 to lower laser level 4I13/2, and then further boost the ions to 4I9/2, where a non-radiation transition occurs for the Er3+ ions to reach upper laser level 4I11/2. This scheme can efficiently recycle ions on the lower laser level 4I13/2 by excited-state absorption, therefore realizing population inversion and enhancing laser efficiency. In our demonstration, a 660-mW laser output at 2.8 µm is achieved from a 1.7-µm core-pumped erbium-doped fluoride fiber laser, where the slope efficiency versus launched pump power is 23.7%. The proposed innovative pump scheme shows great potential to realize high-power, high-efficiency erbium-doped fiber lasers at 2.8 µm.
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Bowers MS, Canalias C, Mirov S, Nilsson J, Saraceno CJ, Schunemann PG. Feature issue introduction: advanced solid-state lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20762-20766. [PMID: 36224813 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This joint issue of Optics Express and Optical Materials Express features 36 state-of-the art articles written by authors who participated in the international conference advanced solid state lasers held online from October 3-7, 2021. This review provides a summary of these articles covering a wide spectrum of topics around solid-state lasers from materials research to sources and from design innovation to applications.
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