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Yang Y, Jiang Q, Zhang F. Nanocrystals for Deep-Tissue In Vivo Luminescence Imaging in the Near-Infrared Region. Chem Rev 2024; 124:554-628. [PMID: 37991799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for both fundamental research and clinical practice. In particular, luminescence imaging in the tissue-transparent near-infrared (NIR, 700-1700 nm) region offers tremendous potential for visualizing biological architectures and pathophysiological events in living subjects with deep tissue penetration and high imaging contrast owing to the reduced light-tissue interactions of absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence. The distinctive quantum effects of nanocrystals have been harnessed to achieve exceptional photophysical properties, establishing them as a promising category of luminescent probes. In this comprehensive review, the interactions between light and biological tissues, as well as the advantages of NIR light for in vivo luminescence imaging, are initially elaborated. Subsequently, we focus on achieving deep tissue penetration and improved imaging contrast by optimizing the performance of nanocrystal fluorophores. The ingenious design strategies of NIR nanocrystal probes are discussed, along with their respective biomedical applications in versatile in vivo luminescence imaging modalities. Finally, thought-provoking reflections on the challenges and prospects for future clinical translation of nanocrystal-based in vivo luminescence imaging in the NIR region are wisely provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Qunying Jiang
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Cho J, Kang S, Lee B, Moon J, Lim YS, Jang M, Choi W. Time-resolved detection of early-arriving ballistic waves in a quasi-diffusive regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35640-35650. [PMID: 34808994 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic waves directly carry image information in imaging through a scattering medium, but they are often obscured by much intense multiple-scattered waves. Detecting early arriving photons has been an effective method to extract ballistic waves in the transmission-mode imaging. However, it has been difficult to identify the temporal distribution of ballistic waves relative to the multiple scattering waves in the quasi-diffusive regime. Here, we present a method to separately quantify ballistic and multiple-scattered waves at their corresponding flight times even when multiple scattering is much stronger than the ballistic waves. This is realized by measuring the transmission matrix of an object embedded within scattering medium and comparing the coherent accumulation of ballistic waves with their incoherent addition. To further elucidate the temporal behavior of ballistic waves in quasi-diffusive regime, we analyze the flight time difference between ballistic and multiple-scattered waves and the effect of coherence gating on their relative intensities for the scattering medium of different thicknesses. The presented method to distinctively detect the temporal behavior of ballistic and multiple-scattered waves will lay a foundation to exploit multiple-scattered waves for deep-tissue imaging.
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3
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Borycki D, Kholiqov O, Srinivasan VJ. Correlation gating quantifies the optical properties of dynamic media in transmission. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5881-5884. [PMID: 30499965 PMCID: PMC6535211 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying light transport in turbid media is a long-standing challenge. This challenge arises from the difficulty in experimentally separating unscattered, ballistic light from forward scattered light. Correlation gating is a new approach that numerically separates light paths based on statistical dynamics of the optical field. Here we apply correlation gating with interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) to separate and independently quantify ballistic and scattered light transmitted through thick samples. First, we present evidence that correlation gating improves the isolation of ballistic light in a thick, intrinsically dynamic medium with Brownian motion. Then, from a single set of iNIRS transmission measurements, we determine the ballistic attenuation coefficient and group refractive index from the time-of-flight (TOF) resolved static intensity, and we determine the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients from the diffusive part of the TOF resolved dynamic intensity. Finally, we show that correlation gating is applicable in intrinsically static media in which motion is induced externally. Thus, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the key optical properties of a turbid medium can be derived from a single set of transmission measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Borycki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oybek Kholiqov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 96817, USA
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4
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Yang W, Li G, Situ G. Imaging through scattering media with the auxiliary of a known reference object. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9614. [PMID: 29941974 PMCID: PMC6018555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging through scattering media has been one of the main challenges in optics, and are encountered in many different disciplines of sciences, ranging from biology, mesoscopic physics to astronomy. Recently, various methods have been proposed. In this manuscript, we propose a robust method for imaging through scattering media in a reflective geometry, a scenario widely encountered in non-invasive and marker-free biological imaging. The proposed method relies on the a priori information of a known reference object in the neighborhood of the target, and uses it as an auxiliary to reconstruct the target image. We show that the target image can be analytically reconstructed from the autocorrelation of the recorded speckle if the reference is point-like, otherwise, deconvolution with the reference speckle should be performed. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed method in a proof-of-concept system with an LED illumination through a thick ground glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqin Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guohai Situ
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Singh AK, Pedrini G, Takeda M, Osten W. Scatter-plate microscope for lensless microscopy with diffraction limited resolution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10687. [PMID: 28878361 PMCID: PMC5587816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering media have always been looked upon as an obstacle in imaging. Various methods, ranging from holography to phase compensation as well as to correlation techniques, have been proposed to cope with this obstacle. We, on the other hand, have a different understanding about the role of the diffusing media. In this paper we propose and demonstrate a ‘scatter-plate microscope’ that utilizes the diffusing property of the random medium for imaging micro structures with diffraction-limited resolution. The ubiquitous property of the speckle patterns permits to exploit the scattering medium as an ultra-thin lensless microscope objective with a variable focal length and a large working distance. The method provides a light, flexible and cost effective imaging device as an alternative to conventional microscope objectives. In principle, the technique is also applicable to lensless imaging in UV and X-ray microscopy. Experiments were performed with visible light to demonstrate the microscopic imaging of USAF resolution test target and a biological sample with varying numerical aperture (NA) and magnifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- Institut für Technische Optik and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Giancarlo Pedrini
- Institut für Technische Optik and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mitsuo Takeda
- Institut für Technische Optik and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Yoto 7-1-2, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Osten
- Institut für Technische Optik and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Gozali R, Nguyen TA, Bendau E, Alfano RR. Compact OAM microscope for edge enhancement of biomedical and object samples. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:093701. [PMID: 28964247 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of orbital angular momentum (OAM) by using a q-plate, which functions as an electrically tunable spatial frequency filter, provides a simple and efficient method of edge contrast in biological and medical sample imaging for histological evaluation of tissue, smears, and PAP smears. An instrument producing OAM, such as a q-plate, situated at the Fourier plane of a 4f lens system, similar to the use of a high-pass spatial filter, allows the passage of high spatial frequencies and enables the production of an image with highly illuminated edges contrasted against a dark background for both opaque and transparent objects. Compared with ordinary spiral phase plates and spatial light modulators, the q-plate has the added advantage of electric control and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gozali
- Department of Physics, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Complex Light Center, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Thien-An Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Complex Light Center, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Ethan Bendau
- Department of Physics, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Complex Light Center, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Robert R Alfano
- Department of Physics, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Complex Light Center, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
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7
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Badon A, Li D, Lerosey G, Boccara AC, Fink M, Aubry A. Smart optical coherence tomography for ultra-deep imaging through highly scattering media. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600370. [PMID: 27847864 PMCID: PMC5099988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple scattering of waves in disordered media is a nightmare whether it is for detection or imaging purposes. So far, the best approach to get rid of multiple scattering is optical coherence tomography. This basically combines confocal microscopy and coherence time gating to discriminate ballistic photons from a predominant multiple scattering background. Nevertheless, the imaging-depth range remains limited to 1 mm at best in human soft tissues because of aberrations and multiple scattering. We propose a matrix approach of optical imaging to push back this fundamental limit. By combining a matrix discrimination of ballistic waves and iterative time reversal, we show, both theoretically and experimentally, an extension of the imaging-depth limit by at least a factor of 2 compared to optical coherence tomography. In particular, the reported experiment demonstrates imaging through a strongly scattering layer from which only 1 reflected photon out of 1000 billion is ballistic. This approach opens a new route toward ultra-deep tissue imaging.
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8
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Shi L, Sordillo LA, Rodríguez-Contreras A, Alfano R. Transmission in near-infrared optical windows for deep brain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:38-43. [PMID: 26556561 PMCID: PMC4827444 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) radiation has been employed using one- and two-photon excitation of fluorescence imaging at wavelengths 650-950 nm (optical window I) for deep brain imaging; however, longer wavelengths in NIR have been overlooked due to a lack of suitable NIR-low band gap semiconductor imaging detectors and/or femtosecond laser sources. This research introduces three new optical windows in NIR and demonstrates their potential for deep brain tissue imaging. The transmittances are measured in rat brain tissue in the second (II, 1,100-1,350 nm), third (III, 1,600-1,870 nm), and fourth (IV, centered at 2,200 nm) NIR optical tissue windows. The relationship between transmission and tissue thickness is measured and compared with the theory. Due to a reduction in scattering and minimal absorption, window III is shown to be the best for deep brain imaging, and windows II and IV show similar but better potential for deep imaging than window I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Department of Biology, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Laura A Sordillo
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Contreras
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Biology, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Robert Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
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9
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Alfano RR, Wang WB, Wang L, Gayen SK. Light Propagation in Highly Scattering Turbid Media: Concepts, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications. PHOTONICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119011804.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Sedarsky D, Berrocal E, Linne M. Quantitative image contrast enhancement in time-gated transillumination of scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1866-1883. [PMID: 21369002 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental work in turbid media has shown that trans-illumination images can be significantly improved by limiting light collection to a subset of photons which are minimally distorted by scattering. The literature details numerous schemes (commonly termed ballistic imaging), most often based on time-gating and/or spatially filtering the detected light. However, due to the complex nature of the detected signal, analysis of this optical filtering process has been heretofore limited to qualitative comparisons of image results. In this article we present the implementation of a complete system model for the simulation of light propagation, including both the scattering medium and all stages of the optical train. Validation data from ballistic imaging (BI) measurements of monodisperse scatterers with diameter, d = 0.7 µm, at optical depths 5, 10, and 14, are compared with model results, showing excellent agreement. In addition, the validated model is subsequently applied to a modified time-gated optical system to probe the comparative performance of the BI system used in validation and the modified BI system. This instrument comparison examines scatterers with diameters of 0.7 and 15 µm at optical depths 10 and 14, and highlights the benefits of each system design for these specific scattering conditions. These results show that the modified optics configuration is more suitable for particles which are much larger than the incident wavelength, d >> λ, while the configuration employed in the validation system provides a better contrast for particle diameters on the order of the wavelength, d ~λ, where the scattering process exhibits a more homogeneous phase function. The insights and predictions made available by the full numerical model are important for the design of optimized imaging systems suited to specific turbid media, and make possible the quantitative understanding of both the effects of light propagation in the measurement and the performance of the complete imaging system.
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11
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Berrocal E, Sedarsky DL, Paciaroni ME, Meglinski IV, Linne MA. Laser light scattering in turbid media Part II: Spatial and temporal analysis of individual scattering orders via Monte Carlo simulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:13792-809. [PMID: 19654786 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.013792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Part I of this study [1], good agreement between experimental measurements and results from Monte Carlo simulations were obtained for the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam propagating within a turbid environment. In this second part, the validated Monte Carlo model is used to investigate spatial and temporal effects from distinct scattering orders on image formation. The contribution of ballistic photons and the first twelve scattering orders are analyzed individually by filtering the appropriate data from simulation results. Side-scattering and forward-scattering detection geometries are investigated and compared. We demonstrate that the distribution of positions for the final scattering events is independent of particle concentration when considering a given scattering order in forward detection. From this observation, it follows that the normalized intensity distribution of each order, in both space and time, is independent of the number density of particles. As a result, the amount of transmitted information is constant for a given scattering order and is directly related to the phase function in association with the detection acceptance angle. Finally, a contrast analysis is performed in order to quantify this information at the image plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Berrocal
- Department of Combustion Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund 221 00, Sweden.
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12
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Wong CH, Chong SP, Sheppard CJR, Chen N. Simple spatial phase modulator for focal modulation microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:3237-3242. [PMID: 19516376 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.003237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Focal modulation microscopy (FMM) is an emerging microscopy technique for fluorescence imaging of thick biological tissue in vivo. A spatial phase modulator is a critical component whose characteristics have a significant impact on the performance of a FMM system. We have designed a simple spatial phase modulator based on a tilting glass plate that provides superb modulation stability. Image quality has been improved remarkably after integrating such a modulator into a FMM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Howe Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Chang HF, Chou C, Yau HF, Chan YH, Yih JN, Wu JS. Angular distribution of polarized photon-pairs in a scattering medium with a Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope. J Microsc 2006; 223:26-32. [PMID: 16872428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel confocal microscope designed for use with turbid media is proposed. We use a Zeeman laser as the light source. Based on the properties of two-frequency polarized photon-pairs and the common-path feature of polarized photon-pairs with heterodyne detection employed in the proposed confocal microscope, three gatings (spatial filtering gating, polarization gating and spatial coherence gating) are thus simultaneously incorporated in the microscope. Experimental results for the angular distribution of polarized photon-pairs in a scattering medium indicate that polarization gating and spatial coherence gating preclude the detection of multiply scattered photons, whereas the pinhole selects the least scattered photon-pairs. Thus, better performance for axial resolution than can be obtained with a conventional confocal microscope is demonstrated experimentally. In addition, the proposed microscope is able to either look deeper into a turbid medium or work with a denser medium; furthermore, the axial resolution is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Chang
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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14
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Ikuta M, Hagari R, Obara M, Tokida Y, Oda M, Shiratori A. Full-color imaging through a turbid medium by use of photorefractive coherence gating and a technique to separate the recording spaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:1882-1887. [PMID: 11936785 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate full-color imaging through a turbid medium by use of photorefractive coherence gating and a technique to separate the recording space of each color from those of the other colors. We found that the recording spaces must be separate when a multicolor image is recorded in a photorefractive crystal to prevent the interference of the holograms with one another. For full-color imaging we used a He-Cd white-light laser, which is compact and useful for full-color holography. Full-color-image retrieval is demonstrated through five mean free paths of a turbid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ikuta
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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15
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Walker JG, Chang PC, Hopcraft KI. Visibility depth improvement in active polarization imaging in scattering media. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:4933-4941. [PMID: 18350087 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.004933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple image-subtraction technique for further enhancement of the visibility depth in polarized imaging of surfaces immersed in scattering media is proposed and assessed. The technique is based on active illumination with circular or linear polarization states and image detection in the original and the opposite, or orthogonal, states. Contrast enhancement is achieved by subtraction of a fraction of the image recorded in the original state from that recorded in the opposite state. Results demonstrating the effectiveness of this method, obtained with Monte Carlo techniques, show that the visibility depth can be increased by as much as a mean free path. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by use of two alternative methods.
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16
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Tyo JS. Enhancement of the point-spread function for imaging in scattering media by use of polarization-difference imaging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2000; 17:1-10. [PMID: 10641832 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.17.000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-difference (PD) imaging techniques have been demonstrated to improve the detectability of target features that are embedded in scattering media. The improved detectability occurs for both passive imaging in moderately scattering media (<5 optical depths) and active imaging in more highly scattering media. These improvements are relative to what is possible with equivalent polarization-blind, polarization-sum (PS) imaging under the same conditions. In this investigation, the point-spread functions (PSF's) for passive PS and PD imaging in single-scattering media are studied analytically, and Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the PSF's in single- and moderately multiple-scattering media. The results indicate that the PD PSF can be significantly narrower than the corresponding PS PSF, implying that better images of target features with high-spatial-frequency information can be obtained by using differential polarimetry in scattering media. Although the analysis was performed for passive imaging at moderate optical depths, the results lend insight into experiments that have been performed in more highly scattering media with active imaging methods to help mitigate the effects of multiple scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Tyo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943-5000, USA.
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17
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Leith EN, Hoover BG, Grannell SM, Mills KD, Chen HS, Dilworth DS. Realization of time gating by use of spatial filtering. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:1370-1376. [PMID: 18305755 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for simulating conventional time gating in low-coherence optical imaging processes in highly scattering media is given. The method uses monochromatic instead of broadband light, and spatial filtering is substituted for time gating. The process enables the study of imaging techniques in scattering media to be carried out in an easy and highly controllable way. Experimental results are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Leith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, USA.
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18
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Delfyett PJ, Yusim A, Grantham S, Gee S, Gabel K, Richardson M, Alphonse G, Connolly J. Ultrafast semiconductor laser-diode-seeded Cr:LiSAF regenerative amplifier system. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:3375-3379. [PMID: 18253351 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafast, hybrid mode-locked semiconductor laser-diode system has been used to seed a flash-lamp-pumped Cr:LiSAF regenerative amplifier system, producing subpicosecond pulses with millijoule output pulse energy. This system has the potential to eliminate argon-ion-pumped-based, ultrafast laser systems.
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19
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Morgan SP, Khong MP, Somekh MG. Effects of polarization state and scatterer concentration on optical imaging through scattering media. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:1560-1565. [PMID: 18250835 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The imaging resolution in turbid media is severely degraded by light scattering. Resolution can be improved if the unscattered or weakly scattered light is extracted. Here the state of polarization of the emerging light is used to discriminate photon path length, with the more weakly scattered photons maintaining their original polarization state. It is experimentally demonstrated that over a wide range of scatterer concentrations there exist three distinct imaging regimes. It is also shown that within the intermediate regime one of two distinct imaging techniques is appropriate, depending on the particle size.
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20
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Wienke D, Cammann K. Analytical 4D Infrared Tomography Using an InSb Focal Plane Array Sensor. 1. 3D Infrared Tomography (Single-Wavelength Approach). Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960120i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wienke
- SONY Germany GmbH, Stuttgart Technology Center, Environmental Center Europe, Stuttgarter Strasse 106, D-70736 Stuttgart-Fellbach, Germany, and Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Wilhelms-University of Münster, Mendel-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K. Cammann
- SONY Germany GmbH, Stuttgart Technology Center, Environmental Center Europe, Stuttgarter Strasse 106, D-70736 Stuttgart-Fellbach, Germany, and Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Wilhelms-University of Münster, Mendel-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wienke D, Cammann K. Analytical 4D Infrared Tomography Using an InSb Focal Plane Array Sensor. 2. 4D Infrared Tomography (Multiwavelength Approach). Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wienke
- SONY Germany GmbH, Stuttgart Technology Centre, Environmental Centre Europe, Stuttgarter Strasse 106, D-70736 Stuttgart-Fellbach, Germany, and Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Wilhelms-University of Münster, Mendel-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K. Cammann
- SONY Germany GmbH, Stuttgart Technology Centre, Environmental Centre Europe, Stuttgarter Strasse 106, D-70736 Stuttgart-Fellbach, Germany, and Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Wilhelms-University of Münster, Mendel-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
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22
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Papazoglou TG, Liu WQ, Vasiliou A, Grassmel R, Kalpouzos C, Fotakis C. Effect of diffraction on early-arriving photons during femtosecond laser transillumination of highly scattering media of biological significance. APPLIED OPTICS 1996; 35:3759-3762. [PMID: 21102773 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Early-arriving photons of 100-fs laser pulses transmitted through highly scattering media have been detected by a streak camera. Because of their partial spatial coherence, they are affected by diffraction from small hidden discontinuities. The experimental data of the patterns are analyzed with Fresnel diffraction theory and then corrected accordingly. Submillimeter hidden objects were scanned and imaged. Diffraction correction resulted in a significantly improved contrast in the hidden object's image.
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Gu M, Tannous T, Sheppard JR. Effect of an annular pupil on confocal imaging through highly scattering media. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:312-314. [PMID: 19865389 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on confocal scanning imaging through highly scattering media. Various practical effects including those of the annular pupils and the size of the confocal pinhole as well as of the numerical aperture of objectives on the image quality are examined xperimentally. The combination of an annular objective with a finitesized detector may prove advantageous for improving image quality.
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24
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Hyde SC, Barry NP, Jones R, Dainty JC, French PM, Klein MB, Wechsler BA. Depth-resolved holographic imaging through scattering media by photorefraction. OPTICS LETTERS 1995; 20:1331-1333. [PMID: 19859516 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A depth-resolved near-infrared imaging system has been demonstrated for recording three-dimensional images of objects embedded in diffuse media. Time-gated holographic imaging employing rhodium-doped barium titanate as the recording medium is used to acquire whole depth-resolved two-dimensional images in 1 s. Millimeter depth resolution has been achieved with a transverse resolution of ~ 30 microm.
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