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Sun T, Piao D. Diffuse photon remission associated with the center-illuminated-area-detection geometry: Part I, an approach to the steady-state model. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9143-9153. [PMID: 36607047 DOI: 10.1364/ao.468342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse photon remission associated with the center-illuminated-area-detection (CIAD) geometry has been useful for non-contact sensing and may inform single-fiber reflectance (SfR). This series of work advances model approaches that help enrich the understanding and applicability of the photon remission by CIAD. The general approach is to derive the diffuse photon remission by the area integration of the radially resolved diffuse reflectance while limiting the analysis to a medium exhibiting only the Heyney-Greenstein (HG) scattering phase function. Part I assesses the steady-state photon remission in CIAD over a reduced scattering scaled diameter of μ s ' d a r e a ∈[0.5×10-3,103] that covers the range extensively modeled for SfR. The corresponding radially resolved diffuse reflectance is obtained by concatenating an empirical expression for the semi-ballistic region near the point-of-illumination and a formula utilizing a master-slave dual-source scheme over the semi-diffusive to a diffusive regime while being constrained by an extrapolated zero-boundary condition. The terminal algebraic photon remission is examined against Monte Carlo simulations for an absorption coefficient over [0.001,1]m m -1, a reduced scattering coefficient over [0.01,1000]m m -1, a HG scattering anisotropy factor within [0.5,0.95], and a diameter of the area of collection ranging [50,1000]µm. The algebraic model is also applied to phantom data acquired over a ∼2c m non-contact CIAD configuration and with a 200 µm SfR probe. The model approach will be extended in a subsequent work towards the time-of-flight characteristics of CIAD.
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Bugter O, Aaboubout Y, Algoe M, de Bruijn HS, Keereweer S, Sewnaik A, Monserez DA, Koljenović S, Hardillo JAU, Robinson DJ, Baatenburg de Jong RJ. Detecting head and neck lymph node metastases with white light reflectance spectroscopy; a pilot study. Oral Oncol 2021; 123:105627. [PMID: 34826688 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A challenge in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer is the management of occult cervical lymph node (LN) metastases. Single-fiber reflectance (SFR) spectroscopy has the potential to detect physiological tissue changes that occur in a positive LN. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether SFR spectroscopy could serve as an alternative or additional technique to detect cervical lymph node metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed intraoperative SFR spectroscopy measurements of LNs with and without malignancies. We analyzed if physiological and scattering parameters were significantly altered in positive LNs. RESULTS Nine patients with a total of nineteen LNs were included. Three parameters, blood volume fraction (BVF), microvascular saturation (StO2), and Rayleigh amplitude, were significantly lower in positive LNs. They were combined into one optical parameter 'delta', using discriminant analysis. Delta was significantly decreased in positive LNs, p = 0,0006. It had a high diagnostic accuracy where the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 90,0%, 88.9%, 90,0%, and 88.9%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 96.7% (95% confidence interval 89.7-100.0%). CONCLUSION This proof of principle study is a first step in the development of an SFR spectroscopy technique to detect LN metastases in real time. A next step towards this goal is replicating these results in LNs with smaller metastases and in a larger cohort of patients. This future study will combine SFR spectroscopy with fine-needle aspiration, using the same needle, to perform preoperative in vivo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Bugter
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yassine Aaboubout
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mahesh Algoe
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte S de Bruijn
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniel Sewnaik
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dominiek A Monserez
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jose A U Hardillo
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Post AL, Faber DJ, Sterenborg HJCM, van Leeuwen TG. Experimental validation of a recently developed model for single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200341R. [PMID: 33641270 PMCID: PMC7913601 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We recently developed a model for the reflectance measured with (multi-diameter) single-fiber reflectance (SFR) spectroscopy as a function of the reduced scattering coefficient μs', the absorption coefficient μa, and the phase function parameter psb. We validated this model with simulations. AIM We validate our model experimentally. To prevent overfitting, we investigate the wavelength-dependence of psb and propose a parametrization with only three parameters. We also investigate whether this parametrization enables measurements with a single fiber, as opposed to multiple fibers used in multi-diameter SFR (MDSFR). APPROACH We validate our model on 16 phantoms with two concentrations of Intralipid-20% (μs'=13 and 21 cm - 1 at 500 nm) and eight concentrations of Evans Blue (μa = 1 to 20 cm - 1 at 605 nm). We parametrize psb as 10 - 5 · ( p1 ( λ / 650 ) + p2(λ/650)2 + p3(λ/650)3 ) . RESULTS Average errors were 7% for μs', 11% for μa, and 16% with the parametrization of psb; and 7%, 17%, and 16%, respectively, without. The parametrization of psb improved the fit speed 25 times (94 s to <4 s). Average errors for only one fiber were 50%, 33%, and 186%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our recently developed model provides accurate results for MDSFR measurements but not for a single fiber. The psb parametrization prevents overfitting and speeds up the fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk L. Post
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Address all correspondence to Anouk L. Post,
| | - Dirk J. Faber
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang XU, Faber DJ, Van Leeuwen TG, Sterenborg HJCM. Effect of probe pressure on skin tissue optical properties measurement using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Zhang XU, van der Zee P, Atzeni I, Faber DJ, van Leeuwen TG, Sterenborg HJCM. Multidiameter single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy of heavily pigmented skin: modeling the inhomogeneous distribution of melanin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31820596 PMCID: PMC7006040 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.12.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
When analyzing multidiameter single-fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectra, the inhomogeneous distribution of melanin pigments in skin tissue is usually not accounted for. Especially in heavily pigmented skins, this can result in bad fits and biased estimation of tissue optical properties. A model is introduced to account for the inhomogeneous distribution of melanin pigments in skin tissue. In vivo visible MDSFR measurements were performed on heavily pigmented skin of type IV to VI. Skin tissue optical properties and related physiological properties were extracted from the measured spectra using the introduced model. The absorption of melanin pigments described by the introduced model demonstrates a good correlation with the co-localized measurement of the well-known melanin index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu U. Zhang
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Address all correspondence to Xu U. Zhang, E-mail:
| | | | - Isabella Atzeni
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Faber
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun T, Piao D. Simple analytical total diffuse reflectance over a reduced-scattering-pathlength scaled dimension of [10 -5, 10 -1] from a medium with HG scattering anisotropy. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:9279-9289. [PMID: 31873607 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.009279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Model approximation is necessary for reflectance assessment of tissue at sub-diffusive to non-diffusive scale. For tissue probing over a sub-diffusive circular area centered on the point of incidence, we demonstrate simple analytical steady-state total diffuse reflectance from a semi-infinite medium with the Henyey-Greenstein (HG) scattering anisotropy (factor $g$g). Two physical constraints are abided to: (1) the total diffuse reflectance is the integration of the radial diffuse reflectance; (2) the radial and total diffuse reflectance at $g \gt {0}$g>0 analytically must resort to their respective forms corresponding to isotropic scattering as $g$g becomes zero. Steady-state radial diffuse reflectance near the point of incidence from a semi-infinite medium of $g \approx 0$g≈0 is developed based on the radiative transfer for isotropic scattering, then integrated to find the total diffuse reflectance for $g \approx 0$g≈0. The radial diffuse reflectance for $g \ge 0.5$g≥0.5 is semi-empirically formulated by comparing to Monte Carlo simulation results and abiding to the second constraint. Its integration leads to a total diffuse reflectance for $g \ge 0.5$g≥0.5 that is also bounded by the second constraint. Over a collection diameter of the reduced-scattering pathlength ($1/\mu _s^{ \prime}$1/μs') scaled size of [${{10}^{ - 5}}$10-5, ${{10}^{ - 1}}$10-1] for $g = [{0.5},{0.95}]$g=[0.5,0.95] and the absorption coefficient as strong as the reduced scattering coefficient, the simple analytical total diffuse reflectance is found to be accurate, with an average error of 16.1%.
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Bugter O, Hardillo JA, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Optical pre-screening for laryngeal cancer using reflectance spectroscopy of the buccal mucosa. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4665-4678. [PMID: 30319894 PMCID: PMC6179391 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new approach in early cancer detection focuses on detecting field cancerization (FC) instead of the tumor itself. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether reflectance spectroscopy can detect FC in the buccal mucosa of patients with laryngeal cancer. The optical properties of the buccal mucosa of patients were measured with multidiameter single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy. The blood oxygen saturation and blood volume fraction were significantly lower in the buccal mucosa of laryngeal cancer patients than in non-oncologic controls. The data of these two parameters were combined to form a single 'biomarker α', which optimally discriminates these two groups. Alpha was lower in the laryngeal cancer group (0.28) than the control group (0.30, p = 0.007). Alpha could identify oncologic patients with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 74%. These results might be the first step toward optical pre-screening for laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Bugter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jose A. Hardillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Stegehuis PL, Boogerd LSF, Inderson A, Veenendaal RA, van Gerven P, Bonsing BA, Sven Mieog J, Amelink A, Veselic M, Morreau H, van de Velde CJH, Lelieveldt BPF, Dijkstra J, Robinson DJ, Vahrmeijer AL. Toward optical guidance during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations of pancreatic masses using single fiber reflectance spectroscopy: a feasibility study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:24001. [PMID: 28170030 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic masses suffer from sample errors and low-negative predictive values. Fiber-optic spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared wavelength spectrum can noninvasively extract physiological parameters from tissue and has the potential to guide the sampling process and reduce sample errors. We assessed the feasibility of single fiber (SF) reflectance spectroscopy measurements during EUS-FNA of pancreatic masses and its ability to distinguish benign from malignant pancreatic tissue. A single optical fiber was placed inside a 19-gauge biopsy needle during EUS-FNA and at least three reflectance measurements were taken prior to FNA. Spectroscopy measurements did not cause any related adverse events and prolonged procedure time with ? 5 ?? min . An accurate correlation between spectroscopy measurements and cytology could be made in nine patients (three benign and six malignant). The oxygen saturation and bilirubin concentration were significantly higher in benign tissue compared with malignant tissue (55% versus 21%, p = 0.038 ; 166 ?? ? mol / L versus 17 ?? ? mol / L , p = 0.039 , respectively). To conclude, incorporation of SF spectroscopy during EUS-FNA was feasible, safe, and relatively quick to perform. The optical properties of benign and malignant pancreatic tissue are different, implying that SF spectroscopy can potentially guide the FNA sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien L Stegehuis
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The NetherlandsbLeiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonora S F Boogerd
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Akin Inderson
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland A Veenendaal
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P van Gerven
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Sven Mieog
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of Optics, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Veselic
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jouke Dijkstra
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Correction for tissue optical properties enables quantitative skin fluorescence measurements using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:64-73. [PMID: 25911633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fluorescence measurements in the skin are very much affected by absorption and scattering but existing methods to correct for this are not applicable to superficial skin measurements. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The first use of multiple-diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) and single fiber fluorescence (SFF) spectroscopy in human skin was investigated. MDSFR spectroscopy allows a quantification of the full optical properties in superficial skin (μa, μs' and γ), which can next be used to retrieve the corrected - intrinsic - fluorescence of a fluorophore Qμa,x(f). Our goal was to investigate the importance of such correction for individual patients. We studied this in 22 patients undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratosis. RESULTS The magnitude of correction of fluorescence was around 4 (for both autofluorescence and protoporphyrin IX). Moreover, it was variable between patients, but also within patients over the course of fractionated aminolevulinic acid PDT (range 2.7-7.5). Patients also varied in the amount of protoporphyrin IX synthesis, photobleaching percentages and resynthesis (>100× difference between the lowest and highest PpIX synthesis). The autofluorescence was lower in actinic keratosis than contralateral normal skin (0.0032 versus 0.0052; P<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of correcting the measured fluorescence for optical properties, because these vary considerably between individual patients and also during PDT. Protoporphyrin IX synthesis and photobleaching kinetics allow monitoring clinical PDT which facilitates individual-based PDT dosing and improvement of clinical treatment protocols. Furthermore, the skin autofluorescence can be relevant for diagnostic use in the skin, but it may also be interesting because of its association with several internal diseases.
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Single-Fiber Reflectance Spectroscopy of Isotropic-Scattering Medium: An Analytic Perspective to the Ratio-of-Remission in Steady-State Measurements. PHOTONICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics1040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kanick SC, McClatchy DM, Krishnaswamy V, Elliott JT, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW. Sub-diffusive scattering parameter maps recovered using wide-field high-frequency structured light imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3376-90. [PMID: 25360357 PMCID: PMC4206309 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the hypothesis that structured light reflectance imaging with high spatial frequency patterns [Formula: see text] can be used to quantitatively map the anisotropic scattering phase function distribution [Formula: see text] in turbid media. Monte Carlo simulations were used in part to establish a semi-empirical model of demodulated reflectance ([Formula: see text]) in terms of dimensionless scattering [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], a metric of the first two moments of the [Formula: see text] distribution. Experiments completed in tissue-simulating phantoms showed that simultaneous analysis of [Formula: see text] spectra sampled at multiple [Formula: see text] in the frequency range [0.05-0.5] [Formula: see text] allowed accurate estimation of both [Formula: see text] in the relevant tissue range [0.4-1.8] [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] in the range [1.4-1.75]. Pilot measurements of a healthy volunteer exhibited [Formula: see text]-based contrast between scar tissue and surrounding normal skin, which was not as apparent in wide field diffuse imaging. These results represent the first wide-field maps to quantify sub-diffuse scattering parameters, which are sensitive to sub-microscopic tissue structures and composition, and therefore, offer potential for fast diagnostic imaging of ultrastructure on a size scale that is relevant to surgical applications.
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Keereweer S, Van Driel PBAA, Robinson DJ, Lowik CWGM. Shifting focus in optical image-guided cancer therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:1-9. [PMID: 24037176 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients could benefit from a surgical procedure that helps the surgeon to determine adequate tumor resection margins. Systemic injection of tumor-specific fluorescence agents with subsequent intraoperative optical imaging can guide the surgeon in this process. However, tumor heterogeneity hampers tumor-specific targeting. In addition, determination of adequate resection margins can be very challenging due to invasive tumor strands that are difficult to resolve and because of the confounding effect of variations in tissue optical properties in the surgical margin. We provide an overview of the "classic approach" of imaging tumor-specific targets or tumor-associated pathophysiological processes, and explain the limitations of these targeting strategies. It is proposed that problems of tumor heterogeneity can theoretically be circumvented by shifting focus of tumor targeting towards the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Furthermore, we discuss why objective determination of resection margins is required to improve resection of the invasive strands, a goal that may be achieved by targeting the FSHR. When invasive strands would nevertheless extend beyond such a standardized resection margin, we suggest that adjuvant photodynamic therapy would be a very suitable therapeutic regimen. Finally, we describe how point optical spectroscopy can be used to scrutinize suspect tissue that is difficult to differentiate from normal tissue by measuring the local tissue optical properties to recover a local intrinsic fluorescence measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Gamm UA, Hoy CL, van Leeuwen - van Zaane F, Sterenborg HJCM, Kanick SC, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from single fiber fluorescence measurements on a turbid medium: experimental validation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1913-25. [PMID: 24940549 PMCID: PMC4052919 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The detailed mechanisms associated with the influence of scattering and absorption properties on the fluorescence intensity sampled by a single optical fiber have recently been elucidated based on Monte Carlo simulated data. Here we develop an experimental single fiber fluorescence (SFF) spectroscopy setup and validate the Monte Carlo data and semi-empirical model equation that describes the SFF signal as a function of scattering. We present a calibration procedure that corrects the SFF signal for all system-related, wavelength dependent transmission efficiencies to yield an absolute value of intrinsic fluorescence. The validity of the Monte Carlo data and semi-empirical model is demonstrated using a set of fluorescent phantoms with varying concentrations of Intralipid to vary the scattering properties, yielding a wide range of reduced scattering coefficients (μ's = 0-7 mm (-1)). We also introduce a small modification to the model to account for the case of μ's = 0 mm (-1) and show its relation to the experimental, simulated and theoretically calculated value of SFF intensity in the absence of scattering. Finally, we show that our method is also accurate in the presence of absorbers by performing measurements on phantoms containing red blood cells and correcting for their absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. A. Gamm
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - C. L. Hoy
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - F. van Leeuwen - van Zaane
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - H. J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - S. C. Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
| | - D. J. Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - A. Amelink
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
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van Leeuwen–van Zaane F, Gamm UA, van Driel PBAA, Snoeks TJA, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg–van den Heuvel A, Mol IM, Löwik CWGM, Sterenborg HJCM, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. In vivo quantification of the scattering properties of tissue using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:696-708. [PMID: 23667786 PMCID: PMC3646597 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multi diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy is a non-invasive optical technique based on using multiple fibers of different diameters to determine both the reduced scattering coefficient (μs') and a parameter γ that is related to the angular distribution of scattering, where γ = (1-g2)/(1-g1) and g1 and g2 the first and second moment of the phase function, respectively. Here we present the first in vivo MDSFR measurements of μs'(λ) and γ(λ) and their wavelength dependence. MDSFR is performed on nineteen mice in four tissue types including skin, liver, normal tongue and in an orthotopic oral squamous cell carcinoma. The wavelength-dependent slope of μs'(λ) (scattering power) is significantly higher for tongue and skin than for oral cancer and liver. The reduced scattering coefficient at 800 nm of oral cancer is significantly higher than of normal tongue and liver. Gamma generally increases with increasing wavelength; for tumor it increases monotonically with wavelength, while for skin, liver and tongue γ(λ) reaches a plateau or even decreases for longer wavelengths. The mean γ(λ) in the wavelength range 400-850 nm is highest for liver (1.87 ± 0.07) and lowest for skin (1.37 ± 0.14). Gamma of tumor and normal tongue falls in between these values where tumor exhibits a higher average γ(λ) (1.72 ± 0.09) than normal tongue (1.58 ± 0.07). This study shows the potential of using light scattering spectroscopy to optically characterize tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. van Leeuwen–van Zaane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - U. A. Gamm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - T. J. A. Snoeks
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. S. de Bruijn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. van der Ploeg–van den Heuvel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. M. Mol
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. W. G. M. Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Amelink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Robinson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Optical Diagnostics
and Therapy, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
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15
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Hoy CL, Gamm UA, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Use of a coherent fiber bundle for multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2452-64. [PMID: 23082287 PMCID: PMC3469986 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multi-diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy enables quantitative measurement of tissue optical properties, including the reduced scattering coefficient and the phase function parameter γ. However, the accuracy and speed of the procedure are currently limited by the need for co-localized measurements using multiple fiber optic probes with different fiber diameters. This study demonstrates the use of a coherent fiber bundle acting as a single fiber with a variable diameter for the purposes of MDSFR spectroscopy. Using Intralipid optical phantoms with reduced scattering coefficients between 0.24 and 3 mm(-1), we find that the spectral reflectance and effective path lengths measured by the fiber bundle (NA = 0.40) are equivalent to those measured by single solid-core fibers (NA = 0.22) for fiber diameters between 0.4 and 1.0 mm (r ≥ 0.997). This one-to-one correlation may hold for a 0.2 mm fiber diameter as well (r = 0.816); however, the experimental system used in this study suffers from a low signal-to-noise for small dimensionless reduced scattering coefficients due to spurious back reflections within the experimental system. Based on these results, the coherent fiber bundle is suitable for use as a variable-diameter fiber in clinical MDSFR quantification of tissue optical properties.
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16
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Gamm UA, Kanick SC, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Quantification of the reduced scattering coefficient and phase-function-dependent parameter γ of turbid media using multidiameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy: experimental validation. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1838-40. [PMID: 22660046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multidiameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy is a method that allows the quantification of μs' and the phase-function-dependent parameter γ of a turbid medium by utilizing multiple fibers with different diameters. We have previously introduced the theory behind MDSFR and its limitations, and here we present an experimental validation of this method based on phantoms containing a fractal distribution of polystyrene spheres both in the absence and presence of the absorber Evans Blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Gamm
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kanick SC, Robinson DJ, Sterenborg HJCM, Amelink A. Extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from single fiber fluorescence measurements on a turbid medium. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:948-50. [PMID: 22378448 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study utilizes Monte Carlo simulations of single fiber fluorescence to develop an empirical model that corrects for the influence of scattering and absorption on fluorescence intensity (F(SF)). The model expresses F(SF) in terms of the reduced scattering coefficient (μs') and absorption coefficient (μ(a)), each determined independently at excitation and emission wavelengths (λ(x) and λ(m)), and the fiber diameter (d(f)). This model returns accurate descriptions (mean residual <6%) of F(SF) across a biologically relevant range of μs' and μ(a) values and is insensitive to the form of the scattering phase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Kanick
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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18
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Gamm UA, Kanick SC, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Measurement of tissue scattering properties using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy: in silico sensitivity analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:3150-66. [PMID: 22076275 PMCID: PMC3207383 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) measurements of turbid media can be used to determine the reduced scattering coefficient (μ'(s)) and a parameter that characterizes the phase function (γ). The MDSFR method utilizes a semi-empirical model that expresses the collected single fiber reflectance intensity as a function of fiber diameter (d(fiber)), μ'(s), and γ. This study investigated the sensitivity of the MDSFR estimates of μ'(s) and γ to the choice of fiber diameters and spectral information incorporated into the fitting procedure. The fit algorithm was tested using Monte Carlo simulations of single fiber reflectance intensities that investigated biologically relevant ranges of scattering properties (μ'(s) ∈ [0.4 - 4]mm(-1)) and phase functions (γ ∈ [1.4 - 1.9]) and for multiple fiber diameters (d(fiber) ∈ [0.2 - 1.5] mm). MDSFR analysis yielded accurate estimates of μ'(s) and γ over the wide range of scattering combinations; parameter accuracy was shown to be sensitive to the range of fiber diameters included in the analysis, but not to the number of intermediate fibers. Moreover, accurate parameter estimates were obtained without a priori knowledge about the spectral shape of γ. Observations were used to develop heuristic guidelines for the design of clinically applicable MDSFR probes.
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