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Weng Y, Mei L, Wu G, Chen S, Zhan B, Goda K, Liu S, Lei C. Analysis of signal detection configurations in optical time-stretch imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29272-29284. [PMID: 33114830 DOI: 10.1364/oe.403454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical time-stretch (OTS) imaging is effective for observing ultra-fast dynamic events in real time by virtue of its capability of acquiring images with high spatial resolution at high speed. In different implementations of OTS imaging, different configurations of its signal detection, i.e. fiber-coupled and free-space detection schemes, are employed. In this research, we quantitatively analyze and compare the two detection configurations of OTS imaging in terms of sensitivity and image quality with the USAF-1951 resolution chart and diamond films, respectively, providing a valuable guidance for the system design of OTS imaging in diverse fields.
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Lei C, Kobayashi H, Wu Y, Li M, Isozaki A, Yasumoto A, Mikami H, Ito T, Nitta N, Sugimura T, Yamada M, Yatomi Y, Di Carlo D, Ozeki Y, Goda K. High-throughput imaging flow cytometry by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1603-1631. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wu JL, Xu YQ, Xu JJ, Wei XM, Chan ACS, Tang AHL, Lau AKS, Chung BMF, Cheung Shum H, Lam EY, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Ultrafast laser-scanning time-stretch imaging at visible wavelengths. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16196. [PMID: 30167195 PMCID: PMC6061895 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical time-stretch imaging enables the continuous capture of non-repetitive events in real time at a line-scan rate of tens of MHz-a distinct advantage for the ultrafast dynamics monitoring and high-throughput screening that are widely needed in biological microscopy. However, its potential is limited by the technical challenge of achieving significant pulse stretching (that is, high temporal dispersion) and low optical loss, which are the critical factors influencing imaging quality, in the visible spectrum demanded in many of these applications. We present a new pulse-stretching technique, termed free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED), with three distinguishing features absent in the prevailing dispersive-fiber-based implementations: (1) it generates substantial, reconfigurable temporal dispersion in free space (>1 ns nm-1) with low intrinsic loss (<6 dB) at visible wavelengths; (2) its wavelength-invariant pulse-stretching operation introduces a new paradigm in time-stretch imaging, which can now be implemented both with and without spectral encoding; and (3) pulse stretching in FACED inherently provides an ultrafast all-optical laser-beam scanning mechanism at a line-scan rate of tens of MHz. Using FACED, we demonstrate not only ultrafast laser-scanning time-stretch imaging with superior bright-field image quality compared with previous work but also, for the first time, MHz fluorescence and colorized time-stretch microscopy. Our results show that this technique could enable a wider scope of applications in high-speed and high-throughput biological microscopy that were once out of reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Lai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yi-Qing Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Wei
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Antony CS Chan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Anson HL Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Andy KS Lau
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bob MF Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Edmund Y Lam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kenneth KY Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Lei C, Ito T, Ugawa M, Nozawa T, Iwata O, Maki M, Okada G, Kobayashi H, Sun X, Tiamsak P, Tsumura N, Suzuki K, Di Carlo D, Ozeki Y, Goda K. High-throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2703-8. [PMID: 27446699 PMCID: PMC4948623 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-throughput label-free single-cell image cytometry and image-based classification of Euglena gracilis (a microalgal species) under different culture conditions. We perform it with our high-throughput optofluidic image cytometer composed of a time-stretch microscope with 780-nm resolution and 75-Hz line rate, and an inertial-focusing microfluidic device. By analyzing a large number of single-cell images from the image cytometer, we identify differences in morphological and intracellular phenotypes between E. gracilis cell groups and statistically classify them under various culture conditions including nitrogen deficiency for lipid induction. Our method holds promise for real-time evaluation of culture techniques for E. gracilis and possibly other microalgae in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;
| | - Takuro Ito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Ugawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nozawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Maki
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genki Okada
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Xinlei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pimsiri Tiamsak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Norimichi Tsumura
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan;
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Long-distance temporal quantum ghost imaging over optical fibers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26022. [PMID: 27194078 PMCID: PMC4872159 DOI: 10.1038/srep26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first quantum ghost imaging (QGI) experiment in 1995, many QGI schemes have been put forward. However, the position-position or momentum-momentum correlation required in these QGI schemes cannot be distributed over optical fibers, which limits their large-scale geographical applications. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a scheme for long-distance QGI utilizing frequency correlated photon pairs. In this scheme, the frequency correlation is transformed to the correlation between the illuminating position of one photon and the arrival time of the other photon, by which QGI can be realized in the time domain. Since frequency correlation can be preserved when the photon pairs are distributed over optical fibers, this scheme provides a way to realize long-distance QGI over large geographical scale. In the experiment, long-distance QGI over 50 km optical fibers has been demonstrated.
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Hu S, Yao J, Liu M, Luo AP, Luo ZC, Xu WC. Gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:10786-10796. [PMID: 27409899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.010786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast time-stretch microscopy has been proposed to enhance the temporal resolution of a microscopy system. The optical source is a key component for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy system. Herein, we reported on the gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. By virtue of the excellent characteristics of the gain-guided soliton, the output power and the 3-dB bandwidth of the stable mode-locked soliton could be up to 3 mW and 33.7 nm with a high-quality rectangle shape, respectively. With the proposed robust optical source, the ultrafast time-stretch microscopy with the 49.6 μm resolution and a scan rate of 11 MHz was achieved without the external optical amplification. The obtained results demonstrated that the gain-guided soliton fiber laser could be used as an alternative high-quality optical source for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy and will introduce some applications in fields such as biology, chemical, and optical sensing.
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Dai B, Zhuo R, Yin S, Lv M, Hong R, Wang Q, Zhang D, Wang X. Ultrafast imaging with anti-aliasing based on optical time-division multiplexing. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:882-885. [PMID: 26974070 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Serial time-encoded amplified microscopy (STEAM) is a novel ultrafast imaging technique that is based on space-to-time-to-wavelength mapping. Nevertheless, the technique requires a high-cost electronic digitizer of several tens of gigahertz sampling rate to read out sufficient image information. To acquire a large amount of image information by using a relatively low-sampling-rate electronic digitizer, an anti-aliasing technique based on optical time-division multiplexing is proposed. A 38.88 MHz line-scan imaging system is demonstrated experimentally. By using the proposed anti-aliasing technique, a 20 GS/s sampling rate is achieved by employing a 10 GS/s electronic digitizer. Defects and scratches on the target that were not identifiable originally can be clearly distinguished after using the proposed technique. Numerical analysis shows that the image quality can be improved by 4.16 dB, compared to that not using the anti-aliasing technique and at least 2.3 dB comparing to those obtained by bilinear, bicubic, and nearest-neighbor interpolation and Lanczos resampling techniques.
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Ugawa M, Lei C, Nozawa T, Ideguchi T, Di Carlo D, Ota S, Ozeki Y, Goda K. High-throughput optofluidic particle profiling with morphological and chemical specificity. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4803-6. [PMID: 26469624 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for high-throughput optofluidic particle analysis that provides both the morphological and chemical profiles of individual particles in a large heterogeneous population. This method is based on an integration of a time-stretch optical microscope with a submicrometer spatial resolution of 780 nm and a three-color fluorescence analyzer on top of an inertial-focusing microfluidic device. The integrated system can perform image- and fluorescence-based screening of particles with a high throughput of 10,000 particles/s, exceeding previously demonstrated imaging particle analyzers in terms of specificity without sacrificing throughput.
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Bosworth BT, Stroud JR, Tran DN, Tran TD, Chin S, Foster MA. High-speed flow microscopy using compressed sensing with ultrafast laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10521-10532. [PMID: 25969092 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an imaging system employing continuous high-rate photonically-enabled compressed sensing (CHiRP-CS) to enable efficient microscopic imaging of rapidly moving objects with only a few percent of the samples traditionally required for Nyquist sampling. Ultrahigh-rate spectral shaping is achieved through chirp processing of broadband laser pulses and permits ultrafast structured illumination of the object flow. Image reconstructions of high-speed microscopic flows are demonstrated at effective rates up to 39.6 Gigapixel/sec from a 720-MHz sampling rate.
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Lei C, Chen H, Xing F, Chen M, Yang S, Xie S. Time-stretch high-speed microscopic imaging system based on temporally and spectrally shaped amplified spontaneous emission. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:946-9. [PMID: 25768153 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, a time-stretch high-speed microscopic imaging system based on temporally and spectrally shaped amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. We significantly reduced the complexity and cost of the light source by applying ASE in the time-stretch microscopic imaging system. Furthermore, by slicing and preprocessing the spectrum of the ASE with a Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter, the random intensity vibration of the ASE can be significantly suppressed, which would notably simplify the image recovery process afterward. The resolution of the proposed system is better than 35 μm and the effective 1D scan rate could reach 50 MHz.
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Wei X, Lau AKS, Xu Y, Zhang C, Mussot A, Kudlinski A, Tsia KK, Wong KKY. Broadband fiber-optical parametric amplification for ultrafast time-stretch imaging at 1.0 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5989-5992. [PMID: 25361137 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a broadband all-fiber-optical parametric amplifier for ultrafast time-stretch imaging at 1.0 μm, featured by its compact design, alignment-free, high efficiency, and flexible gain spectrum through fiber nonlinearity- and dispersion-engineering: specifically on a dispersion-stabilized photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) to achieve a net gain over 20 THz (75 nm) and a highest gain of ~6000 (37.5 dB). Another unique feature of the parametric amplifier, over other optical amplifiers, is the coherent generation of a synchronized signal replica (called idler) that can be exploited to offer an extra 3-dB gain by optically superposing the signal and idler. It further enhances signal contrast and temporal stability. For proof-of-concept purpose, ultrahigh speed and diffraction-limited time-stretch microscopy is demonstrated with a single-shot line-scan rate of 13 MHz based on the dual-band (signal and idler) detection. Our scheme can be extended to other established bioimaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography, near infrared fluorescence, and photoacoustic imaging, where weak signal detection at high speed is required.
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Xu J, Wei X, Yu L, Zhang C, Xu J, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Performance of megahertz amplified optical time-stretch optical coherence tomography (AOT-OCT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22498-512. [PMID: 25321720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Enabled by the ultrahigh-speed all-optical wavelength-swept mechanism and broadband optical amplification, amplified optical time-stretch optical coherence tomography (AOT-OCT) has recently been demonstrated as a practical alternative to achieve ultrafast A-scan rate of multi-MHz in OCT. With the aim of identifying the optimal scenarios for MHz operation in AOT-OCT, we here present a theoretical framework to evaluate its performance metric. In particular, the analysis discusses the unique features of AOT-OCT, such as its superior coherence length, and the relationship between the optical gain and the A-scan rate. More importantly, we evaluate the sensitivity of AOT-OCT in the MHz regime under the influence of the amplifier noise. Notably, the model shows that AOT-OCT is particularly promising when operated at the A-scan rate well beyond multi-MHz--not trivially achievable by any existing swept-source OCT platform. A sensitivity beyond 90 dB, close to the shot-noise limit, can be maintained in the range of 2 - 10 MHz with an optical net gain of ~10 dB. Experimental measurement also shows excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction. While distributed fiber Raman amplification is mainly considered in this paper, the theoretical model is generally applicable to any type of amplification schemes. As a result, our analysis serves as a useful tool for further optimization of AOT-OCT system--as a practical alternative to enable MHz OCT operation.
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Lau AKS, Wong TTW, Ho KKY, Tang MTH, Chan ACS, Wei X, Lam EY, Shum HC, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Interferometric time-stretch microscopy for ultrafast quantitative cellular and tissue imaging at 1 μm. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:76001. [PMID: 24983913 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.7.076001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has been proven to be a powerful tool for label-free characterization of biological specimens. However, the imaging speed, largely limited by the image sensor technology, impedes its utility in applications where high-throughput screening and efficient big-data analysis are mandated. We here demonstrate interferometric time-stretch (iTS) microscopy for delivering ultrafast quantitative phase cellular and tissue imaging at an imaging line-scan rate >20 MHz—orders-of-magnitude faster than conventional QPI. Enabling an efficient time-stretch operation in the 1-μm wavelength window, we present an iTS microscope system for practical ultrafast QPI of fixed cells and tissue sections, as well as ultrafast flowing cells (at a flow speed of up to 8 m∕s). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that time-stretch imaging could reveal quantitative morphological information of cells and tissues with nanometer precision. As many parameters can be further extracted from the phase and can serve as the intrinsic biomarkers for disease diagnosis, iTS microscopy could find its niche in high-throughput and high-content cellular assays (e.g., imaging flow cytometry) as well as tissue refractometric imaging (e.g., whole-slide imaging for digital pathology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy K S Lau
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence T W Wong
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Ho
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T H Tang
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Antony C S Chan
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoming Wei
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund Y Lam
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, ChinacUniversity of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen Software Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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