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Reuss T, Nair Lalithambika SS, David C, Döring F, Jooss C, Risch M, Techert S. Advancements in Liquid Jet Technology and X-ray Spectroscopy for Understanding Energy Conversion Materials during Operation. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:203-214. [PMID: 36636991 PMCID: PMC9910040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWater splitting is intensively studied for sustainable and effective energy storage in green/alternative energy harvesting-storage-release cycles. In this work, we present our recent developments for combining liquid jet microtechnology with different types of soft X-ray spectroscopy at high-flux X-ray sources, in particular developed for studying the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We are particularly interested in the development of in situ photon-in/photon-out techniques, such as in situ resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) techniques at high-repetition-frequency X-ray sources, pointing toward operando capabilities. The pilot catalytic systems we use are perovskites having the general structure ABO3 with lanthanides or group II elements at the A sites and transition metals at the B sites. Depending on the chemical substitutions of ABO3, their catalytic activity for OER can be tuned by varying the composition.In this work, we present our in situ RIXS studies of the manganese L-edge of perovskites during OER. We have developed various X-ray spectroscopy approaches like transmission zone plate-, reflection zone plate-, and grating-based emission spectroscopy techniques. Combined with tunable incident X-ray energies, we yield complementary information about changing (inverse) X-ray absorption features of the perovskites, allowing us to deduce element- and oxidation-state-specific chemical monitoring of the catalyst. Adding liquid jet technology, we monitor element- and oxidation-state-specific interactions of the catalyst with water adsorbate during OER. By comparing the different technical spectroscopy approaches combined with high-repetition-frequency experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, we conclude that the combination of liquid jet with low-resolution zone-plate-based X-ray spectroscopy is sufficient for element- and oxidation-state-specific chemical monitoring during OER and easy to handle.For an in-depth study of OER mechanisms, however, including the characterization of catalyst-water adsorbate in terms of their charge transfer properties and especially valence intermediates formed during OER, high-resolution spectroscopy tools based on a combination of liquid jets with gratings bear bigger potential since they allow resolution of otherwise-overlapping X-ray spectroscopy transitions. Common for all of these experimental approaches is the conclusion that without the versatile developments of liquid jets and liquid beam technologies, elaborate experiments such as high-repetition experiments at high-flux X-ray sources (like synchrotrons or free-electron lasers) would hardly be possible. Such experiments allow sample refreshment for every single X-ray shot for repetition frequencies of up to 5 MHz, so that it is possible (a) to study X-ray-radiation-sensitive samples and also (b) to utilize novel types of flux-hungry X-ray spectroscopy tools like photon-in/photon-out X-ray spectroscopy to study the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Reuss
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian David
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Florian Döring
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institute
of Material Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Risch
- Institute
of Material Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany,Institute
for X-ray Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
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Kleine C, Ekimova M, Winghart MO, Eckert S, Reichel O, Löchel H, Probst J, Braig C, Seifert C, Erko A, Sokolov A, Vrakking MJJ, Nibbering ETJ, Rouzée A. Highly efficient soft x-ray spectrometer for transient absorption spectroscopy with broadband table-top high harmonic sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:034302. [PMID: 34235230 PMCID: PMC8249000 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel soft x-ray spectrometer for ultrafast absorption spectroscopy utilizing table-top femtosecond high-order harmonic sources. Where most commercially available spectrometers rely on spherical variable line space gratings with a typical efficiency on the order of 3% in the first diffractive order, this spectrometer, based on a Hettrick-Underwood design, includes a reflective zone plate as a dispersive element. An improved efficiency of 12% at the N K-edge is achieved, accompanied by a resolving power of 890. The high performance of the soft x-ray spectrometer is further demonstrated by comparing nitrogen K-edge absorption spectra from calcium nitrate in aqueous solution obtained with our high-order harmonic source to previous measurements performed at the electron storage ring facility BESSY II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Reichel
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Löchel
- Nano Optics Berlin GmbH, Krumme Strasse 64, 10627 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Probst
- Nano Optics Berlin GmbH, Krumme Strasse 64, 10627 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Braig
- Institute of Applied Photonics (IAP) e.V., Rudower Chaussee 29/31, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Seifert
- Institute of Applied Photonics (IAP) e.V., Rudower Chaussee 29/31, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Institute of Applied Photonics (IAP) e.V., Rudower Chaussee 29/31, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Sokolov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc J. J. Vrakking
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Alonso Mori R, Baker ML, Bennett DA, Cho HM, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Gaffney KJ, Gallo A, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Jang H, Joe YI, Kenney CJ, Knight J, Kroll T, Lee JS, Li D, Lu D, Marks R, Minitti MP, Morgan KM, Ogasawara H, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Sokaras D, Ullom JN, Weng TC, Williams C, Young BA, Swetz DS, Irwin KD, Nordlund D. Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113101. [PMID: 31779391 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present results obtained with a new soft X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) composed of Mo/Cu bilayers coupled to bismuth absorbers. This spectrometer simultaneously provides excellent energy resolution, high detection efficiency, and broadband spectral coverage. The new spectrometer is optimized for incident X-ray energies below 2 keV. Each pixel serves as both a highly sensitive calorimeter and an X-ray absorber with near unity quantum efficiency. We have commissioned this 240-pixel TES spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1 (BL 10-1) and used it to probe the local electronic structure of sample materials with unprecedented sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime. As mounted, the TES spectrometer has a maximum detection solid angle of 2 × 10-3 sr. The energy resolution of all pixels combined is 1.5 eV full width at half maximum at 500 eV. We describe the performance of the TES spectrometer in terms of its energy resolution and count-rate capability and demonstrate its utility as a high throughput detector for synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy. Results from initial X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments obtained with the spectrometer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Cho
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hoyoung Jang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Young Il Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Jason Knight
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Donghui Lu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ronald Marks
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Betty A Young
- Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Miedema PS, Thielemann-Kühn N, Calafell IA, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Beye M. Strain analysis from M-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of nickel oxide films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21596-21602. [PMID: 31538993 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structure modifications due to strain are an effective method for tailoring nano-scale functional materials. Demonstrated on nickel oxide (NiO) thin films, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) at the transition-metal M2,3-edge is shown to be a powerful tool for measuring the electronic structure modification due to strain in the near-surface region. Analyses from the M2,3-edge RIXS in comparison with dedicated crystal field multiplet calculations show distortions in 40 nm NiO grown on a magnesium oxide (MgO) substrate (NiO/MgO) similar to those caused by surface relaxation of bulk NiO. The films of 20 and 10 nm NiO/MgO show slightly larger differences from bulk NiO. Quantitatively, the NiO/MgO samples all are distorted from perfect octahedral (Oh) symmetry with a tetragonal parameter Ds of about -0.1 eV, very close to the Ds distortion from octahedral (Oh) symmetry parameter of -0.11 eV obtained for the surface-near region from a bulk NiO crystal. Comparing the spectra of a 20 nm film of NiO grown on a 20 nm magnetite (Fe3O4) film on a MgO substrate (NiO/Fe3O4/MgO) with the calculated multiplet analyses, the distortion parameter Ds appears to be closer to zero, showing that the surface-near region of this templated film is less distorted from Oh symmetry than the surface-near region in bulk NiO. Finally, the potential of M2,3-edge RIXS for other investigations of strain on electronic structure is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - N Thielemann-Kühn
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research (FG-ISRR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany and Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - I Alonso Calafell
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research (FG-ISRR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Schüßler-Langeheine
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research (FG-ISRR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kleine C, Ekimova M, Goldsztejn G, Raabe S, Strüber C, Ludwig J, Yarlagadda S, Eisebitt S, Vrakking MJJ, Elsaesser T, Nibbering ETJ, Rouzée A. Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solutions Using a Table-Top Femtosecond Soft X-ray Source. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:52-58. [PMID: 30547598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the water window using a table-top laser-based approach with organic molecules and inorganic salts in aqueous solution. A high-order harmonic source delivers femtosecond pulses of short wavelength radiation in the photon energy range from 220 to 450 eV. We report static soft X-ray absorption measurements in transmission on the solvated compounds O=C(NH2)2, CaCl2, and NaNO3 using flatjet technology. We monitor the absorption of the molecular samples between the carbon (∼280 eV) and nitrogen (∼400 eV) K-edges and compare our results with previous measurements performed at the BESSYII facility. We discuss the roles of pulse stability and photon flux in the outcome of our experiments. Our work paves the way toward table-top femtosecond, solution-phase soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the water window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kleine
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Raabe
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Strüber
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Suresh Yarlagadda
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Erik T J Nibbering
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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