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Mitra M, Kumar A, Khandare S, Gaddale P, Anandan Y, Pedibhotla S, Roy K, Chen H, Pratap R, Kothapalli SR. Low-Cost Scalable PCB-Based 2-D Transducer Arrays for Volumetric Photoacoustic Imaging. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024; 24:4380-4386. [PMID: 38505656 PMCID: PMC10947080 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2023.3344824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging provides deep tissue molecular imaging of chromophores with optical absorption contrast and ultrasonic resolution. Present PA imaging techniques are predominantly limited to one 2D plane per acquisition. 2D ultrasound transducers, required for real-time 3D PA imaging, are high-cost, complex to fabricate and have limited scalability in design. We present novel PCB-based 2D matrix ultrasound transducer arrays that are capable of being bulk manufactured at low-cost without using laborious ultrasound fabrication tools. The 2D ultrasound array specifications are easily scalable with respect to widely available PCB design and fabrication tools at low cost. To demonstrate scalability, we fabricated low (11 MHz) frequency 8x8 matrix array and high (40 MHz) frequency 4x4 matrix array by directly bonding an undiced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric material of desired thickness to the custom designed PCB substrate. Characterization results demonstrate wideband PA receive sensitivity for both low (87%) and high (188%) frequency arrays. Volumetric PA imaging results of light absorbing targets inside optical scattering medium demonstrate improved spatial resolution and field of view with increase in aperture size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaan Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Shubham Khandare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Prameth Gaddale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yashoda Anandan
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Srian Pedibhotla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kaustav Roy
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
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Gong Z, Tao C, Liu X, Deng M. Enhancing tissue imaging contrast in photoacoustic tomography using the ultrasound thermal effect. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:234-237. [PMID: 38194536 DOI: 10.1364/ol.510625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a powerful technique for obtaining high-resolution images of vascular distribution and physiological information about blood by utilizing the light absorption coefficient as an imaging contrast. However, visualizing weakly light-absorbing components without specific contrast agents or multi-wavelength techniques presents a challenge due to significant differences in light absorption between these components and blood. In this study, we propose a novel method that leverages the thermal effect of ultrasound to induce temperature differences and enhance the contrast of photoacoustic imaging. We conducted phantom experiments to verify the feasibility of our method. Our method effectively highlighted weakly light-absorbing components with strong acoustic absorption, even in the presence of highly light-absorbing components such as blood or melanin. Furthermore, it enabled the differentiation of components with similar light absorption but different acoustic absorption.
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Li S, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li W, Sun Y, Li C. Photoacoustic imaging of peripheral vessels in extremities by large-scale synthetic matrix array. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11519. [PMID: 38259508 PMCID: PMC10800540 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Significance Various peripheral vascular diseases (PVD) in extremities, such as arterial atherosclerosis or venous occlusion in arm or legs, are a serious global health threat. Noninvasive vascular imaging is of great value for both diagnosis and assessment of PVD. Approach By scanning a one-dimensional non-focusing linear array, an equivalent large two-dimensional (2D) matrix array with hundreds of thousands or more ultrasound elements is formed, thereby achieving a wide signal reception angle as well as large imaging area for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of peripheral extremities. Aim To provide a feasible bedside and noninvasive imaging method for vascular imaging in extremities. Results Our system can achieve high-quality photoacoustic (PA) peripheral vessel imaging. The 3D subcutaneous vascular imaging results of the palms and arms of healthy volunteers demonstrate the superior performance of the system. Conclusions This work proposes a clinically oriented PA 3D subcutaneous vascular imaging system for human extremities. The system employs a synthetic matrix array via scanning a one-dimensional non-focusing linear probe, providing noninvasive, high-resolution, and high-contrast images of human extremities. It has potential application value in the diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Li
- Peking University, College of Future Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
- Peking University, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing, China
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Lee C, Kim C, Park B. Review of Three-Dimensional Handheld Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging Systems and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8149. [PMID: 37836978 PMCID: PMC10575128 DOI: 10.3390/s23198149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-invasive biomedical imaging technique that combines the benefits of optics and acoustics to provide high-resolution structural and functional information. This review highlights the emergence of three-dimensional handheld PA imaging systems as a promising approach for various biomedical applications. These systems are classified into four techniques: direct imaging with 2D ultrasound (US) arrays, mechanical-scanning-based imaging with 1D US arrays, mirror-scanning-based imaging, and freehand-scanning-based imaging. A comprehensive overview of recent research in each imaging technique is provided, and potential solutions for system limitations are discussed. This review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in advancements and opportunities in three-dimensional handheld PA imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyeop Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lee C, Cho S, Lee D, Lee J, Park JI, Kim HJ, Park SH, Choi W, Kim U, Kim C. Panoramic volumetric clinical handheld photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100512. [PMID: 37252650 PMCID: PMC10208888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has gained much attention, providing structural and functional information in combination with clinical ultrasound (US) imaging systems. 2D PA and US imaging is easily implemented, but its heavy dependence on operator skills makes 3D imaging preferable. In this study, we propose a panoramic volumetric clinical PA and US imaging system equipping a handheld imaging scanner weighing 600 g and measuring 70 × 62 × 110 mm3. Multiple PA/US scans were performed to cover a large field-of-view (FOV), and the acquired PA/US volumes were mosaic-stitched after manually correcting the positions and rotations in a total of 6 degrees of freedom. PA and US maximum amplitude projection images were visualized online, while spectral unmixed data was quantified offline. The performance of the system was tested via tissue-mimicking phantom experiments. The system's potential was confirmed in vivo by panoramically imaging vascular networks in human arms and necks, with FOVs of 331 × 38 and 129 × 120 mm2, respectively. Further, we quantified hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels in the radial artery, brachial artery, carotid artery, and jugular vein. We hope that this system can be applied for various clinical fields such as cardiovascular imaging, dermatology, vascular surgery, internal medicine, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyeop Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Cho
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hyun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Veterans Hospital, Daegu 42835, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Choi W, Kim C, Park B, Kim J. Review on ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging for complementary analyses of biological systems in vivo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:762-774. [PMID: 37452700 PMCID: PMC10468641 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231181341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging has been developed as a new biomedical molecular imaging modality. Due to its similarity to conventional ultrasound imaging in terms of signal detection and image generation, dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging has been applied to visualize physiological and morphological information in biological systems in vivo. By complementing each other, dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging showed synergistic advances in photoacoustic imaging with the guidance of ultrasound images. In this review, we introduce our recent progresses in dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging systems at various scales of study, from preclinical small animals to clinical humans. A summary of the works reveals various strategies for combining the structural information of ultrasound images with the molecular information of photoacoustic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeni Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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