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Fernández-Galiana Á, Bibikova O, Vilms Pedersen S, Stevens MM. Fundamentals and Applications of Raman-Based Techniques for the Design and Development of Active Biomedical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210807. [PMID: 37001970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method based on light-matter interactions that can interrogate the vibrational modes of matter and provide representative molecular fingerprints. Mediated by its label-free, non-invasive nature, and high molecular specificity, Raman-based techniques have become ubiquitous tools for in situ characterization of materials. This review comprehensively describes the theoretical and practical background of Raman spectroscopy and its advanced variants. The numerous facets of material characterization that Raman scattering can reveal, including biomolecular identification, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and spatial mapping of biomolecular species in bioactive materials, are highlighted. The review illustrates the potential of these techniques in the context of active biomedical material design and development by highlighting representative studies from the literature. These studies cover the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, including engineered tissue constructs, biopolymer systems, ceramics, and nanoparticle formulations, among others. To increase the accessibility and adoption of these techniques, the present review also provides the reader with practical recommendations on the integration of Raman techniques into the experimental laboratory toolbox. Finally, perspectives on how recent developments in plasmon- and coherently-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can propel Raman from underutilized to critical for biomaterial development are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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Gupta S, Omar T, Muzzio FJ. SEM/EDX and Raman chemical imaging of pharmaceutical tablets: A comparison of tablet surface preparation and analysis methods. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121331. [PMID: 34864123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of a pharmaceutical tablet's microstructure has the potential to unlock the black box between material attributes, process parameters and the critical quality attributes. Microstructure determination requires measuring the spatial-, particle size-distributions (absolute and relative) of the ingredients, and the void space, which is the overt goal of chemical Imaging (CI). Reliable quantitative results can be obtained by imaging multiple layers per tablet, with each layer having a minimal surface roughness. This study utilized scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and Raman chemical imaging (RCI) to provide a comparative discussion of results obtained when determining the microstructure of commercial zinc sulfate tablets, using three methods of tablet surface preparation: scoring & hand-fracturing, microtoming, and grating. A description of the working principles of the measurement and surface preparation methods is followed by a comparison of microstructure (particle size distribution and homogeneity of distribution) using chemical images. A comparison of the general advantages and disadvantages of SEM/EDX and RCI and the common errors in analyzing microstructure are also discussed. The results indicate that in addition to selecting the correct tablet surface preparation method, chemical imaging method, and the subsequent microstructural analyses method, correct problem formulation is also critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Gupta
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thamer Omar
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fernando J Muzzio
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Smith GP, McGoverin CM, Fraser SJ, Gordon KC. Raman imaging of drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:21-41. [PMID: 25632843 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review article includes an introduction to the principals of Raman spectroscopy, an outline of the experimental systems used for Raman imaging and the associated important considerations and limitations of this method. Common spectral analysis methods are briefly described and examples of interesting published studies which utilised Raman imaging of pharmaceutical and biomedical devices are discussed, along with summary tables of the literature at this point in time.
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Schulmerich MV, Reddy R, Kodali AK, Elgass LJ, Tangella K, Bhargava R. Dark Field Raman Microscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6273-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1014194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Schulmerich
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rohith Reddy
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Anil K. Kodali
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Laura Jane Elgass
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Krishnarao Tangella
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Provena Covenant Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1400 W. Park, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Lin D, Zhao Y. Innovations in the Development and Application of Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Vara DS, Odlyha M, Seifalian AM. Review paper: Principles and Applications of Surface Analytical Techniques at the Vascular Interface. J Biomater Appl 2006; 21:5-32. [PMID: 16684795 DOI: 10.1177/0885328206065728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface properties have been found to be one of the key parameters which cause degradation and of thrombogenicity in all polymers used in biomedical devices, thus signifying the importance and the necessity for quantitative and accurate characterization of the polymer surface itself as used in the construction of the device. The characterization techniques employed generally involve thermal and spectroscopic measurements, in which class the electrochemical investigations and scanning probe microscopies can also be included. Current hypotheses on the correlations that exist between surface parameters and hemocompatibility and degradation of polymers are examined herein, but concentrating on the field of clinically utilized polymeric materials as used within medical devices themselves. Furthermore, this review provides a brief but complete synopsis of these techniques and other emerging ones, which have proven useful in the analysis of the surface properties of polymeric materials as used in the construction of cardiovascular devices. Statements and examples are given as to how specific information can be acquired from these differing methodologies and how it aids in the design and development of new polymers for usage in biomedical device construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Y Kannan
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Centre (BTEC), Academic Division of Surgical and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Hsu BL, Weng YM, Liao YH, Chen W. Structural investigation of edible zein films/coatings and directly determining their thickness by FT-Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5089-95. [PMID: 15969480 DOI: 10.1021/jf0501490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy was employed to study the molecular structure of edible zein films/coatings, which were fabricated directly from zein protein. The secondary structure of zein protein was mainly in alpha-helix and remained unaltered during film formation as evidenced by the vibrational modes of amide I at 1656 cm(-1) and amide III at 1274 cm(-1). Raman results indicated that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in the formation of zein film and disulfide bonding might be responsible for the structural stability of zein protein during film formation. To enhance its antimicrobial property, an antimicrobial zein film was manufactured by incorporating zein protein with benzoic acid whose structure was then characterized by FT-Raman. It showed that physical entrapment or hydrophobic interaction was crucial to the incorporation of benzoic acid with zein protein, and the secondary structure of the antimicrobial film was still maintained in alpha-helical form. In addition, FT-Raman exhibits its preference in directly determining the thickness of zein films/coatings. By correlating the Raman intensity ratio of nu(1003) to nu(84) (I(1003/84)) versus the thickness of zein film, a linear relationship with high coefficient (R(2) = 0.9927) was obtained, which was then used pragmatically to determine the thickness of zein coatings on apple. It showed that the FT-Raman result (thickness = 0.27 +/- 0.01 mm) was consistent with that of classical micrometric measurement (thickness = 0.28 +/- 0.02 mm). Consequently, FT-Raman provides a direct, simple, and reagent-free method to characterize the structure and the thickness of zein films/coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lian Hsu
- Department of Food Science, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Park T, Lee M, Choo J, Kim YS, Lee EK, Kim DJ, Lee SH. Analysis of passive mixing behavior in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic channel using confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 58:1172-1179. [PMID: 15527517 DOI: 10.1366/0003702042336019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) have been applied to monitor the laminar flow mixing behavior in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic channel. Two passive PDMS micromixing devices were fabricated for this purpose: a two-dimensional round-wave channel and a three-dimensional serpentine channel. The microscale laminar flow mixing of ethanol and isopropanol was evaluated using the CFM and CRM at various flow rates. The mixing behavior of confluent streams in the microchannel was assessed by determining the degree of color change in Rhodamine 6G dye on mixing using the CFM. However, it was also possible to quantitatively evaluate the mixing process without employing a fluorescence label using the CRM. The results show a strong potential for CRM as a highly sensitive detection tool to measure fundamental fluid mixing processes and to provide detailed information on chemical changes of non-fluorescent reaction mixtures in a PDMS microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
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Zhang D, Xie Y, Mrozek MF, Ortiz C, Davisson VJ, Ben-Amotz D. Raman detection of proteomic analytes. Anal Chem 2004; 75:5703-9. [PMID: 14588009 DOI: 10.1021/ac0345087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The compatibility of nonenhanced Raman spectroscopy with chromatographic and mass spectroscopic proteomic sensing is demonstrated for the first time. High-quality normal Raman spectra are derived from protein solutions with concentrations down to 1 microM and 1 fmol of protein nondestructively probed within the excitation laser beam. These results are obtained using a drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) method in which the solution of interest is microdeposited (or microprinted) on a compatible substrate, followed by solvent evaporation and backscattering detection. Representative applications include the DCDR detection of insulin derived from an HPLC fraction, nondestructive DCDR followed by MALDI-TOF of lysozyme, the DCDR detection of protein spots deposited using an ink-jet microprinter, and the identification of spectral differences between glycan isomers of equal mass (such as those derived from posttranslationally modified proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indianapolis, Indiana 47907, USA
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