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FTIR Spectrometry with PLS Regression for Rapid TBN Determination of Worn Mineral Engine Oils. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13236438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TBN (Total Base Number) parameter is generally recognized by both engine oil processors and engine manufacturers as a key factor of oil quality. This is especially true for lubricating oils used in diesel and gas engines, which are exposed to relatively high temperatures and, therefore, require more effective protection against degradation. The FTIR spectrometry method together with a multivariate statistical software helped to create a model for the determination of TBN of worn motor oil SAE 15W-40 ACEA: E5/E7, API: CI-4. The best results were provided using a model FTIR with Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression in an overall range of 4000–650 cm−1 without the use of mathematical adjustments of the scanned spectra by derivation. Individual spectral information was condensed into nine principal components with linear combinations of the original absorbances at given wavenumbers that are mutually not correlated. A correlation coefficient (R) between values of TBN predicted by the FTIR-PLS model and values determined using a potentiometric titration in line with the ČSN ISO 3771 standard reached a value of 0.93. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) was determined to be 0.171 mg KOH.g−1, and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 0.140 mg KOH.g−1. The main advantage of the proposed FTIR-PLS model can be seen in a rapid determination and elimination of the necessity to work with dangerous chemicals. FTIR-PLS is used mainly in areas of oil analysis where the speed of analysis is often more important than high accuracy.
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Koczoń P, Lipińska E, Czerniawska-Piątkowska E, Mikuła M, Bartyzel BJ. The change of fatty acids composition of Polish biscuits during storage. Food Chem 2016; 202:341-8. [PMID: 26920303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available Polish biscuits were stored for 10months under different storage conditions i.e. in temperatures of 5°C and 20°C. The chemical quality alteration caused by chemical reactions occurring within biscuits were studied in terms of change of composition of fat extracted from studied samples in one-month intervals. Correlation of data from standard methods e.g. gas chromatography or classic titration with FT-IR spectroscopy, was followed by calculation of four statistical models that accurately predicted peroxide value, oxidative stability, polar fraction content and unsaturated trans fatty acid content in any samples. On the basis of data obtained, scheme of chemical reactions involved in oxidation process was suggested. A critical time of storage was proposed as an indicator of the period of the highest rate of chemical changes. Among factors considered to influence oxidative stability, the following had the greatest impact: initial water content, initial fat content, and time of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Koczoń
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Organic and Food Chemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Lipińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska
- Department of Ruminant Science, Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Doktora Judyma 10, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mikuła
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej J Bartyzel
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Meng X, Li L, Ye Q, van de Voort F. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a Utilitarian Tool for the Routine Determination of Acidity in Ester-Based Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8333-8338. [PMID: 26321291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A primary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method capable of determining acidity in ester-based oils is described and evaluated. Absolute free fatty acid (%FFA) and acid value (AV) calibrations were devised by spiking oleic acid into a refined, acid-free oil and measuring ν COO(-) at ∼ 1569 and ν phenolate(-) at ∼ 1588 cm(-1), respectively, in the second-derivative differential spectra. The FTIR acidity predictions were compared to the AOCS titrimetric method using acid mixtures as well as acid containing used vendor oils of undefined makeup and provenance, using two spectroscopically divergent reference oils as AC0. Relative to the AOCS reference method, the FTIR procedure was found to be both more accurate (± 0.107 vs ± 0.122) and reproducible (± 0.025 vs ± 0.077) in determining %FFA and similar in predicting AV. The FTIR phenolate method overcomes a variety of limitations of earlier FTIR-based methods, being particularly simple and well suited to routine, semiautomated acidity analysis of ester-based oils using a basic FTIR spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Meng
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Frederik van de Voort
- McGill IR Group, Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal H9X 3V9, Canada
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Winterfield C, van de Voort FR. Automated acid and base number determination of mineral-based lubricants by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: commercial laboratory evaluation. SLAS Technol 2014; 19:577-86. [PMID: 25271046 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214551825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Fluid Life Corporation assessed and implemented Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based methods using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-like stoichiometric reactions for determination of acid and base number for in-service mineral-based oils. The basic protocols, quality control procedures, calibration, validation, and performance of these new quantitative methods are assessed. ASTM correspondence is attained using a mixed-mode calibration, using primary reference standards to anchor the calibration, supplemented by representative sample lubricants analyzed by ASTM procedures. A partial least squares calibration is devised by combining primary acid/base reference standards and representative samples, focusing on the main spectral stoichiometric response with chemometrics assisting in accounting for matrix variability. FTIR(AN/BN) methodology is precise, accurate, and free of most interference that affects ASTM D664 and D4739 results. Extensive side-by-side operational runs produced normally distributed differences with mean differences close to zero and standard deviations of 0.18 and 0.26 mg KOH/g, respectively. Statistically, the FTIR methods are a direct match to the ASTM methods, with superior performance in terms of analytical throughput, preparation time, and solvent use. FTIR(AN/BN) analysis is a viable, significant advance for in-service lubricant analysis, providing an economic means of trending samples instead of tedious and expensive conventional ASTM(AN/BN) procedures.
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Modeling and Forecasting of Depletion of Additives in Car Engine Oils Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fast Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. LUBRICANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants2040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tavassoli‐Kafrani MH, Curtis JM, van de Voort FR. A single‐sample method to determine the hydroxyl values of polyols using mid‐FTIR spectroscopy. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Lipid Chemistry Group, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlberta, CanadaT6G 2P5
| | - Frederik R. van de Voort
- McGill IR Group, Department of Food ScienceMcGill UniversitySt. Anne de BellevueQuebec, CanadaH9X 2V9
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Tavassoli-Kafrani MH, Curtis JM, van de Voort FR. A Primary Method for the Determination of Hydroxyl Value of Polyols by Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ehsan S, Sedman J, van de Voort FR, Akochi-Koblé E, Yuan T, Takouk D. Analysis of base content in in-service oils by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. SLAS Technol 2012; 17:201-10. [PMID: 22357563 DOI: 10.1177/2211068211431108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An automated FTIR method for the determination of the base content (BC(pKa)) of oils at rates of > 120 samples/h has been developed. The method uses a 5% solution of trifluoroacetic acid in 1-propanol (TFA/P) added to heptane-diluted oil to react with the base present and measures the ν(COO(-)) absorption of the TFA anion produced, with calibrations devised by gravimetrically adding 1-methylimidazole to a heptane-TFA/P mixture. To minimize spectral interferences, all spectra are transformed to 2(nd) derivative spectra using a gap-segment algorithm. Any solvent displacement effects resulting from sample miscibility are spectrally accounted for by measurement of the changes in the 1-propanol overtone band at 1936 cm(-1). A variety of oils were analyzed for BC(0.5), expressed as mEq base/g oil as well as converted to base number (BN) units (mg KOH/g oil) to facilitate direct comparison with ASTM D2896 and ASTM D974 results for the same samples. Linear relationships were obtained between FTIR and D2896 and D974, with the ASTM methods producing higher BN values by factors of ~1.5 and ~1.3, respectively. Thus, the FTIR BC method correlates well with ASTM potentiometric procedures and, with its much higher throughput, promises to be a useful alternative means of rapidly determining reserve alkalinity in commercial oil condition monitoring laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ehsan
- McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Canada
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Boyatzis SC, Douvas AM, Argyropoulos V, Siatou A, Vlachopoulou M. Characterization of a water-dispersible metal protective coating with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, modulated differential scanning calorimetry, and ellipsometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:580-590. [PMID: 22524964 DOI: 10.1366/11-06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, formulated by BASF as a waterborne suspension of its alkylammonium salt and used, among other applications, in art conservation as a temporary protective coating was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy aided by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and ellipsometry. The thermal conversion of thin copolymer films from the freshly applied state, where carboxylic acid and carboxylate ion functional groups co-exist, to a purely acidic working state was spectroscopically followed. Transmission mid-infrared data of the working state showed a 1 : 12 ratio of methacrylic acid towards ethylene units. The glass transition temperature (T(g)) in the same state was found at 45 °C. Copolymer films spin-coated on mechanically polished bronze and iron coupons were characterized with transflection infrared spectroscopy and compared to corresponding transmission mid-infrared spectra of copolymer films spin-coated on silicon wafers. In the case of bronze coupons, evidence for interaction of the carboxylate ion with the copper substrate was obtained. The chemical structure and the thermal behavior of the coating, as well as some implications on its protective capability towards iron and copper alloys, is discussed as this material has received considerable attention in the field of metal conservation and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis C Boyatzis
- Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, Egaleo 12210, Greece.
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Rahimi B, Semnani A, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Shakoori Langeroodi H, Hakim Davood M. Monitoring of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Gasoline Engine Oil during Its Usage. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:819524. [PMID: 22567569 PMCID: PMC3335424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of a mineral-based gasoline engine oil have been monitored at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500, 6000, 8500, and 11500 kilometer of operation. Tracing has been performed by inductively coupled plasma and some other techniques. At each series of measurements, the concentrations of twenty four elements as well as physical properties such as: viscosity at 40 and 100°C; viscosity index; flash point; pour point; specific gravity; color; total acid and base numbers; water content have been determined. The results are indicative of the decreasing trend in concentration of additive elements and increasing in concentration for wear elements. Different trends have been observed for various physical properties. The possible reasons for variations in physical and chemical properties have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Shasreza 86145-311, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Semnani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
- *Abolfazl Semnani:
| | - Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Shasreza 86145-311, Iran
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Kovács A, Czinkota I, Tóth J. Improving Acid Number Testing of Biodiesel Feedstock and Product. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Automated Acid Content Determination in Lubricants by FTIR Spectroscopy as an Alternative to Acid Number Determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1520/jai102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Perspectives on Quantitative Mid-FTIR Spectroscopy in Relation to Edible Oil and Lubricant Analysis: Evolution and Integration of Analytical Methodologies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-008-9031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Georgiev A, Karamancheva I, Topalova L. Determination of oxidation products in transformer oils using FT-IR spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van de Voort FR, Sedman J, Yaylayan V, Saint Laurent C, Mucciardi C. Quantitative determination of moisture in lubricants by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 58:193-8. [PMID: 17140479 DOI: 10.1366/000370204322842922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a practical Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) method for the determination of moisture in lubricants through the combined use of signal transduction and differential spectroscopy to circumvent matrix effects. The acid-catalyzed stoichiometric reaction of 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) with moisture to produce acetone was used to provide IR signals proportional to the amount of moisture present in oils. Calibration standards were prepared by spiking polyalphaolefin (PAO) gravimetrically with water using dioxane as a carrier. For FT-IR analysis, standards and samples were diluted with acidified isooctane and then split, with one aliquot treated with DMP and the other with a blank reagent. The spectra of the two aliquots were collected, and a differential spectrum was obtained so as to ratio out the invariant spectral contributions from the sample. Quantitation for moisture was based on measurement of the peak height of the nu(C=O) absorption of acetone at 1717 cm(-1), yielding a standard error of calibration of approximately 40 ppm H2O. The method was validated by standard addition of water in dioxane to PAO containing added base as well as to new and used oils. In all cases the method responded quantitatively to standard addition, the average standard error of prediction being approximately 80 ppm, with the results showing only a minor dependence on the oil formulation. From an analytical perspective, the FT-IR method is both more reproducible and more accurate than Karl Fischer methods and has advantages in terms of environmental considerations, sample size, and speed of analysis as well as the variety of oil types that can be handled. Signal transduction/differential spectroscopy may have broader utility as an alternative means for the determination of low levels of moisture in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R van de Voort
- McGill IR Group, Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9.
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