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Xu H, Yan S, Gerhard E, Xie D, Liu X, Zhang B, Shi D, Ameer GA, Yang J. Citric Acid: A Nexus Between Cellular Mechanisms and Biomaterial Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402871. [PMID: 38801111 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Citrate-based biodegradable polymers have emerged as a distinctive biomaterial platform with tremendous potential for diverse medical applications. By harnessing their versatile chemistry, these polymers exhibit a wide range of material and bioactive properties, enabling them to regulate cell metabolism and stem cell differentiation through energy metabolism, metabonegenesis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. Moreover, the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance of the biodegradable poly(octamethylene citrate) (POC)/hydroxyapatite-based orthopedic fixation devices represents a translational research milestone for biomaterial science. POC joins a short list of biodegradable synthetic polymers that have ever been authorized by the FDA for use in humans. The clinical success of POC has sparked enthusiasm and accelerated the development of next-generation citrate-based biomaterials. This review presents a comprehensive, forward-thinking discussion on the pivotal role of citrate chemistry and metabolism in various tissue regeneration and on the development of functional citrate-based metabotissugenic biomaterials for regenerative engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ethan Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Denghui Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
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Takegahara N, Kim H, Choi Y. Unraveling the intricacies of osteoclast differentiation and maturation: insight into novel therapeutic strategies for bone-destructive diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:264-272. [PMID: 38297158 PMCID: PMC10907717 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the principal cells that efficiently resorb bone. Numerous studies have attempted to reveal the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts to improve the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and other bone-destructive diseases. While the cumulative knowledge of osteoclast regulatory molecules, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), contributes to the understanding of the developmental progression of osteoclasts, little is known about how the discrete steps of osteoclastogenesis modify osteoclast status but not the absolute number of osteoclasts. The regulatory mechanisms involved in osteoclast maturation but not those involved in differentiation deserve special attention due to their potential use in establishing a more effective treatment strategy: targeting late-phase differentiation while preserving coupled bone formation. Recent studies have shed light on the molecules that govern late-phase osteoclast differentiation and maturation, as well as the metabolic changes needed to adapt to shifting metabolic demands. This review outlines the current understanding of the regulation of osteoclast differentiation, as well as osteoclast metabolic adaptation as a differentiation control mechanism. Additionally, this review introduces molecules that regulate the late-phase osteoclast differentiation and thus minimally impact coupled bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Kuang H, Ma J, Chi X, Fu Q, Zhu Q, Cao W, Zhang P, Xie X. Integrated Osteoinductive Factors─Exosome@MicroRNA-26a Hydrogel Enhances Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22805-22816. [PMID: 37145861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new therapeutic tool that can target multiple genes by inducing translation repression and target mRNA degradation. Although miRNAs have gained significant attention in oncology and in work on genetic disorders and autoimmune diseases, their application in tissue regeneration remains hindered by several challenges, such as miRNA degradation. Here, we reported Exosome@MicroRNA-26a (Exo@miR-26a), an osteoinductive factor that can be substituted for routinely used growth factors, which was constructed using bone marrow stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes and microRNA-26a (miR-26a). Exo@miR-26a-integrated hydrogels significantly promoted bone regeneration when implanted into defect sites; as the exosome stimulated angiogenesis, miR-26a promoted osteogenesis while the hydrogel enabled a site-directed release. Moreover, BMSC-derived exosomes further facilitated healthy bone regeneration by repressing osteoclast differentiation-related genes rather than damaging osteoclasts. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the promising potential of Exo@miR-26a for bone regeneration and provide a new strategy for the application of miRNA therapy in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhu Kuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, China
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xinyu Chi
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Qichen Fu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Qianzhe Zhu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Weiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Pan J, Gao Y, Li J, Fan J, Yang T, Yang Z, Shuang J, Luo Z, Pan Z, Yuan Z. Autogenous bone-guided induced membrane technique in closed/small-sized open high-energy fractures in benign inflammatory environment: a case series. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2022; 46:2727-2734. [PMID: 36197460 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-022-05595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infection and nonunion are the two most challenging issues for high-energy fractures. This study aimed to explore the clinical effect of benign inflammation-cultivated bone growth activity in the treatment of closed/small-sized open and high-energy fractures. METHODS This study is a case series of closed/small-sized open and high-energy fractures of the lower limbs treated at our hospital from April 2009 to February 2017. All patients underwent debridement and external fixation in the early stage, followed by internal fixation in the second stage. After the operation, fracture healing was monitored by X-ray, and early-stage knee function training was initiated. Also, bone grafting was performed to stimulate the healing reaction, eliminating the atrophic nonunion factors. RESULTS The operation in all 75 cases was carried out after the inflammatory responses completely subsided, leading to secondary wound healing. Bony union appeared in 71 patients who did not suffer from any pain and could stand up and walk without any restriction. Among them, 68 patients could flex their knee > 100°, and three patients had knee flexion ranging from 80 to 100°. No infections occurred after the second operation. CONCLUSION This two-stage treatment for high-energy fractures could avoid the damage caused by excessive inflammatory responses that occurred following early-stage one-time internal fixation. This method protected benign inflammatory-callus reactions induced by the primary injury and utilized the advantages of closed reduction in AO fixation with open reduction, thereby avoiding potential infection and nonunion caused by one-time fixation during the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Pan
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | | | - Jing Li
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junjun Fan
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Yulin Fourth Hospital of Shanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Zhenbang Yang
- Yulin First Hospital of Shanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Jiang Shuang
- Yulin First Hospital of Shanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Yulin Fourth Hospital of Shanxi Province, Yulin, China.
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Park-Min KH, Lorenzo J. Osteoclasts: Other functions. Bone 2022; 165:116576. [PMID: 36195243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the only cells that can efficiently resorb bone. They do so by sealing themselves on to bone and removing the mineral and organic components. Osteoclasts are essential for bone homeostasis and are involved in the development of diseases associated with decreased bone mass, like osteoporosis, or abnormal bone turnover, like Paget's disease of bone. In addition, compromise of their development or resorbing machinery is pathogenic in multiple types of osteopetrosis. However, osteoclasts also have functions other than bone resorption. Like cells of the innate immune system, they are derived from myeloid precursors and retain multiple immune cell properties. In addition, there is now strong evidence that osteoclasts regulate osteoblasts through a process known as coupling, which coordinates rates of bone resorption and bone formation during bone remodeling. In this article we review the non-resorbing functions of osteoclasts and highlight their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Joseph Lorenzo
- The Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Wen X, Hu G, Xiao X, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Guo H, Li X, Liu Q, Li H. FGF2 positively regulates osteoclastogenesis via activating the ERK-CREB pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109348. [PMID: 35835230 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) plays crucial roles in the growth and development of several tissues. However, its function in bone homeostasis remains controversial. Here, we found that exogenous FGF2 supplementation inhibited the mineralization of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), at least partially, via up-regulating the gene expression of osteoclastogenesis. The FGF receptor (FGFR) allosteric antagonist SSR128129E modestly, whereas the FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AZD4547 significantly antagonized the effects of FGF2. Mechanistically, FGF2 stimulated ERK phosphorylation, and the ERK signaling inhibitor PD325901 strongly blocked FGF2 enhancement of osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, the phosphorylation of CREB was also activated in response to FGF2, thereby potentiating the interaction of p-CREB with the promoter region of Rankl gene. Notably, FGF2-deficient BMSCs exhibited higher mineralization capability and lower osteoclastogenic gene expression. Correspondingly, FGF2-knockout mice showed increased bone mass and attenuated expression of osteoclast-related markers, which were associated with moderate inhibition of the ERK signaling. In conclusion, FGF2 positively regulates osteoclastogenesis via stimulating the ERK-CREB pathway. These findings establish the importance of FGF2 in bone homeostasis, hinting the potential use of FGF2/ERK/CREB specific inhibitors to fight against bone-related disorders, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Geng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hengjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xianyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Haifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Bordukalo-Nikšić T, Kufner V, Vukičević S. The Role Of BMPs in the Regulation of Osteoclasts Resorption and Bone Remodeling: From Experimental Models to Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869422. [PMID: 35558080 PMCID: PMC9086899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to mechanical forces and the aging process, bone in the adult skeleton is continuously remodeled by a process in which old and damaged bone is removed by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and subsequently is replaced by new bone by bone-forming cells, osteoblasts. During this essential process of bone remodeling, osteoclastic resorption is tightly coupled to osteoblastic bone formation. Bone-resorbing cells, multinuclear giant osteoclasts, derive from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage and their differentiation is driven by distinct signaling molecules and transcription factors. Critical factors for this process are Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) and Receptor Activator Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). Besides their resorption activity, osteoclasts secrete coupling factors which promote recruitment of osteoblast precursors to the bone surface, regulating thus the whole process of bone remodeling. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of multi-functional growth factors involved in numerous molecular and signaling pathways, have significant role in osteoblast-osteoclast communication and significantly impact bone remodeling. It is well known that BMPs help to maintain healthy bone by stimulating osteoblast mineralization, differentiation and survival. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that BMPs not only help in the anabolic part of bone remodeling process but also significantly influence bone catabolism. The deletion of the BMP receptor type 1A (BMPRIA) in osteoclasts increased osteoblastic bone formation, suggesting that BMPR1A signaling in osteoclasts regulates coupling to osteoblasts by reducing bone-formation activity during bone remodeling. The dual effect of BMPs on bone mineralization and resorption highlights the essential role of BMP signaling in bone homeostasis and they also appear to be involved in pathological processes in inflammatory disorders affecting bones and joints. Certain BMPs (BMP2 and -7) were approved for clinical use; however, increased bone resorption rather than formation were observed in clinical applications, suggesting the role BMPs have in osteoclast activation and subsequent osteolysis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of BMP signaling in osteoclasts, its role in osteoclast resorption, bone remodeling, and osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. Furthermore, discussion of clinical application of recombinant BMP therapy is based on recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Nikšić
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Kufner
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Vukičević
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Pan J, Gao Y, Pan Z, Lu K, Fan J, Wang C, Hao Z, Li Z, Wang T, Yuan Z. Secondary injury and pro-inflammatory macrophages increase osteophyte growth and fracture healing in canine atrophic nonunion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2022; 15:97-109. [PMID: 35414845 PMCID: PMC8986469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we used a canine high-energy fracture model to examine the relationship between the early inflammatory reaction in adjacent tissues and the ability for osteophyte growth, aiming to identify causes that lead to atrophic nonunion inflammatory disease and to provide new strategies for prevention and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight models of canine femoral high energy fractures were prepared and randomly divided into groups A and B (n=24 in each group). Dogs in both groups underwent open reduction and 6-hole plate internal fixation. Group A models were re-opened, and muscle near the bone was scraped at 14 d after the operation. On days 3, 17, 28, and 42 after fracture, 6 experimental dogs were euthanized per group, and the fracture specimens were used to examine pathologic changes and the growth of callus in the fractured end and its adjacent tissues. RESULTS At day 14, neutrophil infiltration, with no macrophage recruitment, no mesenchymal cell proliferation, and no fracture healing cascade were observed in the adjacent tissues of both groups. Immediately after the second injury was performed in group A, many macrophages were seen, and mesenchymal cells proliferated, which initiated vigorous osteophyte growth and led to osteophyte healing. Atrophic nonunion was observed in group B without secondary injury. CONCLUSION Macrophage recruitment deficiency in adjacent soft tissue in early surgery for high-energy fractures may be an important cause of atrophic nonunion. Secondary injury inflammation can effectively recruit mononuclear macrophages, generate osteoclasts, re-initiate the growth of osteophytes, and promote fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Pan
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Medical College of Yan’an UniversityShaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Pan
- 4 Hospital of YulinYulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaikai Lu
- Department of medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junjun Fan
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhilong Hao
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zewei Li
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taoran Wang
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- The Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Durdan MM, Azaria RD, Weivoda MM. Novel insights into the coupling of osteoclasts and resorption to bone formation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:4-13. [PMID: 34756783 PMCID: PMC8840962 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling consists of resorption by osteoclasts (OCs) and formation by osteoblasts (OBs). Precise coordination of these activities is required for the resorbed bone to be replaced with an equal amount of new bone in order to maintain skeletal mass throughout the lifespan. This coordination of remodeling processes is referred to as the "coupling" of resorption to bone formation. In this review, we discuss the essential role for OCs in coupling resorption to bone formation, mechanisms for this coupling, and how coupling becomes less efficient or disrupted in conditions of bone loss. Lastly, we provide perspectives on targeting coupling to treat human bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Durdan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruth D. Azaria
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megan M. Weivoda
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Chang X, Xu S, Zhang H. Regulation of bone health through physical exercise: Mechanisms and types. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1029475. [PMID: 36568096 PMCID: PMC9768366 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1029475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by bone mineral density reduction, bone mass loss, increased bone fragility, and propensity to fractures, is a common disease in older individuals and one of the most serious health problems worldwide. The imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts results in the predominance of bone resorption and decreased bone formation. In recent years, it has been found that regular and proper exercise not only helps prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis but also adds benefits to osteoporosis therapy; accordingly, bone homeostasis is closely associated with mechanical stress and the intricate crosstalk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of exercise on osteoporosis and provide new proposals for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyu Chang, ; Sheng Xu, ; Hao Zhang,
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyu Chang, ; Sheng Xu, ; Hao Zhang,
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyu Chang, ; Sheng Xu, ; Hao Zhang,
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11
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Heubel B, Nohe A. The Role of BMP Signaling in Osteoclast Regulation. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 34203252 PMCID: PMC8293073 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteogenic effects of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) were delineated in 1965 when Urist et al. showed that BMPs could induce ectopic bone formation. In subsequent decades, the effects of BMPs on bone formation and maintenance were established. BMPs induce proliferation in osteoprogenitor cells and increase mineralization activity in osteoblasts. The role of BMPs in bone homeostasis and repair led to the approval of BMP2 by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) to increase the bone formation in the treated area. However, the use of BMP2 for treatment of degenerative bone diseases such as osteoporosis is still uncertain as patients treated with BMP2 results in the stimulation of not only osteoblast mineralization, but also osteoclast absorption, leading to early bone graft subsidence. The increase in absorption activity is the result of direct stimulation of osteoclasts by BMP2 working synergistically with the RANK signaling pathway. The dual effect of BMPs on bone resorption and mineralization highlights the essential role of BMP-signaling in bone homeostasis, making it a putative therapeutic target for diseases like osteoporosis. Before the BMP pathway can be utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis a better understanding of how BMP-signaling regulates osteoclasts must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Heubel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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12
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Zhu D, Ansari AR, Xiao K, Wang W, Wang L, Qiu W, Zheng X, Song H, Liu H, Zhong J, Peng K. Boron Supplementation Promotes Osteogenesis of Tibia by Regulating the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression in African Ostrich Chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1544-1555. [PMID: 32676937 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of supplemental boron on osteogenesis of tibia and to investigate the possible relationship between additional boron and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in tibia of ostrich chicks. Therefore, forty-eight African ostrich chicks (15 days old) were supplemented with 0 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 320 mg/L, and 640 mg/L of boron in drinking water for 75 days. The paraffin sections of tibia used to measure histomorphometric parameters by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson's staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to assess the level of BMP-2, osteocalcin (BGP), glucocorticoids (GCs), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in serum. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) technique was performed to detect the cell apoptosis. The results indicated that low dose of supplemental boron (40 mg/L-160 mg/L) in drinking water promotes bone development by increasing the mature ossein. The expression of BMP2 on 45 days was higher than 90 days. Serum level of BMP-2, BGP, and GCs changed significantly in groups with low dosage of boron, and OPG/RANKL ratio was upregulated from 0 to 160 mg/L. Cell apoptosis was least in 40 mg/L and 160 mg/L groups. Taken together, low dose of boron supplemented in drinking water could promote osteogenesis and growth and development of tibia by regulating the expression and secretion of BMP-2 and providing a dynamically balanced environment for tibia growth, development, and reconstruction by regulating the concentrations of BGP, GCs, and OPG/RANKL ratio in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS) Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinting Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juming Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kemei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Lademann F, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. The Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway: The Osteoclastic Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586031. [PMID: 33178699 PMCID: PMC7597383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone health crucially relies on constant bone remodeling and bone regeneration, both tightly controlled processes requiring bone formation and bone resorption. Plenty of evidence identifies bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) as major players in osteoblast differentiation and thus, bone formation. However, in recent past years, researchers also increasingly reported on the pivotal role of these multi-functional growth factors in osteoclast formation and activity. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of BMP signaling within the osteoclast lineage, its role in bone resorption, and osteoblast-osteoclast coupling. Furthermore, subsequent clinical implications for recombinant BMP therapy will be discussed in view of recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Friend or Foe? Essential Roles of Osteoclast in Maintaining Skeletal Health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4791786. [PMID: 32190665 PMCID: PMC7073503 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4791786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heightened activity of osteoclast is considered to be the culprit in breaking the balance during bone remodeling in pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis. As a “foe” of skeletal health, many antiosteoporosis therapies aim to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. However, bone remodeling is a dynamic process that requires the subtle coordination of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Severe suppression of osteoclast differentiation will impair bone formation because of the coupling effect. Thus, understanding the complex roles of osteoclast in maintaining proper bone remodeling is highly warranted to develop better management of osteoporosis. This review aimed to determine the varied roles of osteoclasts in maintaining skeletal health and to highlight the positive roles of osteoclasts in maintaining normal bone remodeling. Generally, osteoclasts interact with osteocytes to initiate targeted bone remodeling and have crosstalk with mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts via secreted factors or cell-cell contact to promote bone formation. We believe that a better outcome of bone remodeling disorders will be achieved when proper strategies are made to coordinate osteoclasts and osteoblasts in managing such disorders.
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15
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Corciulo C, Cronstein BN. Signaling of the Purinergic System in the Joint. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1591. [PMID: 32038258 PMCID: PMC6993121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint is a complex anatomical structure consisting of different tissues, each with a particular feature, playing together to give mobility and stability at the body. All the joints have a similar composition including cartilage for reducing the friction of the movement and protecting the underlying bone, a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint, ligaments to limit joint movement, and tendons for the interaction with muscles. Direct or indirect damage of one or more of the tissues forming the joint is the foundation of different pathological conditions. Many molecular mechanisms are involved in maintaining the joint homeostasis as well as in triggering disease development. The molecular pathway activated by the purinergic system is one of them.The purinergic signaling defines a group of receptors and intermembrane channels activated by adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, and uridine diphosphate. It has been largely described as a modulator of many physiological and pathological conditions including rheumatic diseases. Here we will give an overview of the purinergic system in the joint describing its expression and function in the synovium, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and bone with a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Krefting Research Centre-Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Xu X, Sun M, Wang D, Bu W, Wang Z, Shen Y, Zhang K, Zhou D, Yang B, Sun H. Bone formation promoted by bone morphogenetic protein-2 plasmid-loaded porous silica nanoparticles with the involvement of autophagy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21953-21963. [PMID: 31709429 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the most common and effective ways for the regeneration of defective bone tissue, but even highly efficient gene delivery vectors are insufficient. In this study, bone morphogenetic protein-2 plasmid (pBMP-2) was encapsulated by polyethylenimine-modified porous silica nanoparticles (PPSNs), which were synthesized via an ethyl ether emulsion method. Owing to the high specific surface area and high absorption characteristics, low cytotoxicy PPSNs can efficiently load and protect pBMP-2. The resulting PPSN/pBMP-2 can transfect MC3T3-E1 cells effectively to promote osteogenic differentiation and increase calcium deposition in vitro. Interestingly, the mass of calcium deposition nodules decreased dur to the presence of an autophagy inhibitor, demonstrating that PPSNs stimulated the autophagy pathway. Because of their excellent biocompatibility, high transfection efficiency, and ability to stimulate autophagy, the as-prepared PPSN/pBMP-2 could efficiently transfect local cells in a defect area in vivo. Micro-computed tomography and histological images demonstrated that PPSN/pBMP-2 could efficiently promote new bone formation in a 5 mm sized rat calvarial defect model. Taken together, our newly synthesized PPSNs could efficiently carry pBMP-2 and deliver it to the target cells as well as stimulating the autophagy pathway, resulting in significant osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China.
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17
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He LH, Zhang ZY, Zhang X, Xiao E, Liu M, Zhang Y. Osteoclasts may contribute bone substitute materials remodeling and bone formation in bone augmentation. Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109438. [PMID: 31739077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone augmentation is increasingly important in implantology. Bone substitute materials exert essential roles during bone augmentation process. However, accelerating bone substitute materials remodeling and acquiring high bone architecture quality was still the challenges of bone augmentation. Accumulated studies had suggested osteoclasts is the key cell type to resorb bone or bone substitute materials. Our previous study and other studies suggested osteoclasts contributed to bone formation by promoting osteoblast function and facilitate angiogenesis. We hypothesized that bone substitute materials loaded osteoclastogenic cytokines or osteoclast progenitors will help to bone substitute materials rapid remodeling and subsequent bone formation. Our hypothesis could help to lessen long-term post-bone augmentation period and acquire better bone quality for osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai He
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China; Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - E Xiao
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Laser and Cosmetic Surgery Division, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
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18
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Sims NA, Martin TJ. Osteoclasts Provide Coupling Signals to Osteoblast Lineage Cells Through Multiple Mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 2019; 82:507-529. [PMID: 31553686 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is essential for the repair and replacement of damaged and old bone. The major principle underlying this process is that osteoclast-mediated resorption of a quantum of bone is followed by osteoblast precursor recruitment; these cells differentiate to matrix-producing osteoblasts, which form new bone to replace what was resorbed. Evidence from osteopetrotic syndromes indicate that osteoclasts not only resorb bone, but also provide signals to promote bone formation. Osteoclasts act upon osteoblast lineage cells throughout their differentiation by facilitating growth factor release from resorbed matrix, producing secreted proteins and microvesicles, and expressing membrane-bound factors. These multiple mechanisms mediate the coupling of bone formation to resorption in remodeling. Additional interactions of osteoclasts with osteoblast lineage cells, including interactions with canopy and reversal cells, are required to achieve coordination between bone formation and resorption during bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; , .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; , .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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19
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Schlesinger PH, Blair HC, Beer Stolz D, Riazanski V, Ray EC, Tourkova IL, Nelson DJ. Cellular and extracellular matrix of bone, with principles of synthesis and dependency of mineral deposition on cell membrane transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C111-C124. [PMID: 31532718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone differs from other connective tissues; it is isolated by a layer of osteoblasts that are connected by tight and gap junctions. This allows bone to create dense lamellar type I collagen, control pH, mineral deposition, and regulate water content forming a compact and strong structure. New woven bone formed after degradation of mineralized cartilage is rapidly degraded and resynthesized to impart structural order for local bone strength. Ossification is regulated by thickness of bone units and by patterning via bone morphogenetic receptors including activin, other bone morphogenetic protein receptors, transforming growth factor-β receptors, all part of a receptor superfamily. This superfamily interacts with receptors for additional signals in bone differentiation. Important features of the osteoblast environment were established using recent tools including osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Osteoblasts deposit matrix protein, over 90% type I collagen, in lamellae with orientation alternating parallel or orthogonal to the main stress axis of the bone. Into this organic matrix, mineral is deposited as hydroxyapatite. Mineral matrix matures from amorphous to crystalline hydroxyapatite. This process includes at least two-phase changes of the calcium-phosphate mineral as well as intermediates involving tropocollagen fibrils to form the bone composite. Beginning with initiation of mineral deposition, there is uncertainty regarding cardinal processes, but the driving force is not merely exceeding the calcium-phosphate solubility product. It occurs behind a epithelial-like layer of osteoblasts, which generate phosphate and remove protons liberated during calcium-phosphate salt deposition. The forming bone matrix is discontinuous from the general extracellular fluid. Required adjustment of ionic concentrations and water removal from bone matrix are important details remaining to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir Riazanski
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Evan C Ray
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina L Tourkova
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Bone morphogenetic proteins: Their role in regulating osteoclast differentiation. Bone Rep 2019; 10:100207. [PMID: 31193008 PMCID: PMC6513777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to create recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in recent years has led to their rise as a common clinical adjuvant. Their application varies, from spinal fixation to repairing palatal clefts, to coating implants for osseointegration. In recent years questions have been raised as to the efficacy of BMPs in several of these procedures. These questions are due to the unwanted side effect of BMPs on other cell types, such as osteoclasts which can resorb bone at the graft/implant site. However, most BMP research focuses on the anabolic osteoinductive effects of BMPs on osteoblasts rather than its counterpart- stimulation of the osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for resorbing bone. In this review, we discuss the data available from multiple in-vitro and in-vivo BMP-related knockout models to elucidate the different functions BMPs have on osteoclast differentiation and activity. BMPs can act directly on osteoclasts to regulate differentiation and activity. Osteoclasts express multiple BMP signaling components. BMPs signal through both SMAD independent and dependent mechanisms in osteoclasts. SMAD dependent BMP signaling regulates osteoclast-osteoblast coupling factors.
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21
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Barba A, Diez-Escudero A, Espanol M, Bonany M, Sadowska JM, Guillem-Marti J, Öhman-Mägi C, Persson C, Manzanares MC, Franch J, Ginebra MP. Impact of Biomimicry in the Design of Osteoinductive Bone Substitutes: Nanoscale Matters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8818-8830. [PMID: 30740968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone apatite consists of carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) nanocrystals. Biomimetic routes allow fabricating synthetic bone grafts that mimic biological apatite. In this work, we explored the role of two distinctive features of biomimetic apatites, namely, nanocrystal morphology (plate vs needle-like crystals) and carbonate content, on the bone regeneration potential of CDHA scaffolds in an in vivo canine model. Both ectopic bone formation and scaffold degradation were drastically affected by the nanocrystal morphology after intramuscular implantation. Fine-CDHA foams with needle-like nanocrystals, comparable in size to bone mineral, showed a markedly higher osteoinductive potential and a superior degradation than chemically identical coarse-CDHA foams with larger plate-shaped crystals. These findings correlated well with the superior bone-healing capacity showed by the fine-CDHA scaffolds when implanted intraosseously. Moreover, carbonate doping of CDHA, which resulted in small plate-shaped nanocrystals, accelerated both the intrinsic osteoinduction and the bone healing capacity, and significantly increased the cell-mediated resorption. These results suggest that tuning the chemical composition and the nanostructural features may allow the material to enter the physiological bone remodeling cycle, promoting a tight synchronization between scaffold degradation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Barba
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Maria-Cristina Manzanares
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics , Universitat de Barcelona , L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jordi Franch
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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22
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Owen R, Reilly GC. In vitro Models of Bone Remodelling and Associated Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:134. [PMID: 30364287 PMCID: PMC6193121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these metabolic bone disorders is primarily performed in vivo; however, in the last decade there has been increased interest in generating in vitro models that can reduce or replace our reliance on animal testing. With recent advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering the feasibility of laboratory-based alternatives is growing; however, to date there are no established in vitro models of bone remodelling. In vivo, remodelling is performed by organised packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called bone multicellular units (BMUs). The key determinant of whether osteoclasts form and remodelling occurs is the ratio between RANKL, a cytokine which stimulates osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, its inhibitor. This review initially details the different circumstances, conditions, and factors which have been found to modulate the RANKL:OPG ratio, and fundamental factors to be considered if a robust in vitro model is to be developed. Following this, an examination of what has been achieved thus far in replicating remodelling in vitro using three-dimensional co-cultures is performed, before overviewing how such systems are already being utilised in the study of associated diseases, such as metastatic cancer and dental disorders. Finally, a discussion of the most important considerations to be incorporated going forward is presented. This details the need for the use of cells capable of endogenously producing the required cytokines, application of mechanical stimulation, and the presence of appropriate hormones in order to produce a robust model of bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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23
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Osteogenesis by foamed and 3D-printed nanostructured calcium phosphate scaffolds: Effect of pore architecture. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:135-147. [PMID: 30195084 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need of synthetic bone grafts with enhanced osteogenic capacity. This can be achieved by combining biomaterials with exogenous growth factors, which however can have numerous undesired side effects, but also by tuning the intrinsic biomaterial properties. In a previous study, we showed the synergistic effect of nanostructure and pore architecture of biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) scaffolds in enhancing osteoinduction, i.e. fostering the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to bone forming cells. This was demonstrated by assessing bone formation after implanting the scaffolds intramuscularly. The present study goes one step forward, since it analyzes the effect of the geometrical features of the same CDHA scaffolds, obtained either by 3D-printing or by foaming, on the osteogenic potential and resorption behaviour in a bony environment. After 6 and 12 weeks of intraosseous implantation, both bone formation and material degradation had been drastically affected by the macropore architecture of the scaffolds. Whereas nanostructured CDHA was shown to be highly osteoconductive both in the robocast and foamed scaffolds, a superior osteogenic capacity was observed in the foamed scaffolds, which was associated with their higher intrinsic osteoinductive potential. Moreover, they showed a significantly higher cell-mediated degradation than the robocast constructs, with a simultaneous and progressive replacement of the scaffold by new bone. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the control of macropore architecture is a crucial parameter in the design of synthetic bone grafts, which allows fostering both material degradation and new bone formation. Statement of Significance 3D-printing technologies open new perspectives for the design of patient-specific bone grafts, since they allow customizing the external shape together with the internal architecture of implants. In this respect, it is important to design the appropriate pore geometry to maximize the bone healing capacity of these implants. The present study analyses the effect of pore architecture of nanostructured hydroxyapatite scaffolds, obtained either by 3D-printing or foaming, on the osteogenic potential and scaffold resorption in an in vivo model. While nanostructured hydroxyapatite showed excellent osteoconductive properties irrespective of pore geometry, we demonstrated that the spherical, concave macropores of foamed scaffolds significantly promoted both material resorption and bone regeneration compared to the 3D-printed scaffolds with orthogonal-patterned struts and therefore prismatic, convex macropores.
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24
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Han Y, You X, Xing W, Zhang Z, Zou W. Paracrine and endocrine actions of bone-the functions of secretory proteins from osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Bone Res 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 29844945 PMCID: PMC5967329 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Osteoblasts secrete a range of different molecules including RANKL/OPG, M-CSF, SEMA3A, WNT5A, and WNT16 that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts also produce VEGFA that stimulates osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Osteocytes produce sclerostin (SOST) that inhibits osteoblast differentiation and promotes osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts secrete factors including BMP6, CTHRC1, EFNB2, S1P, WNT10B, SEMA4D, and CT-1 that act on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and thereby influenceaA osteogenesis. Osteoclast precursors produce the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB to promote the formation of Type H vessels, which then stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Besides, the evidences over the past decades show that at least three hormones or "osteokines" from bone cells have endocrine functions. FGF23 is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and can regulate phosphate metabolism. Osteocalcin (OCN) secreted by osteoblasts regulates systemic glucose and energy metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is secreted by osteoblasts and can influence energy metabolism by suppressing appetite in the brain. We review the recent progresses in the paracrine and endocrine functions of the secretory proteins of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, revealing connections of the skeleton with other tissues and providing added insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs and the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiuling You
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Wenhui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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25
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Vinik Y, Shatz-Azoulay H, Hiram-Bab S, Kandel L, Gabet Y, Rivkin G, Zick Y. Ablation of the mammalian lectin galectin-8 induces bone defects in mice. FASEB J 2017; 32:2366-2380. [PMID: 29259034 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700716r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice overexpressing galectin-8 [gal-8 transgenic (Tg)], a secreted mammalian lectin, exhibit enhanced bone turnover and reduced bone mass, similar to cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Here, we show that gal-8 knockout (KO) mice have increased bone mass accrual at a young age but exhibit accelerated bone loss during adulthood. These phenotypes can be attributed to a gal-8-mediated increase in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression that promotes osteoclastogenesis, combined with direct inhibition of osteoblast differentiation, evident by reduced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, reduced phosphorylation of receptor regulated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (R-SMAD) and reduced expression of osteoblast differentiation markers osterix, osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein-1 (DMP1), and alkaline phosphatase. At the same time, gal-8 promotes expression of estrogen receptor α (ESR1). Accordingly, the rate of bone loss is accelerated in ovariectomized, estrogen-deficient gal-8 Tg mice, whereas gal-8 KO mice, having low levels of ESR1, are refractory to ovariectomy. Finally, gal-8 mRNA positively correlates with the mRNA levels of osteoclastogenic markers RANKL, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K in human femurs. Collectively, these findings identify gal-8 as a new physiologic player in the regulation of bone mass.-Vinik, Y., Shatz-Azoulay, H., Hiram-Bab, S., Kandel, L., Gabet, Y., Rivkin, G., Zick, Y. Ablation of the mammalian lectin galectin-8 induces bone defects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Vinik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Shatz-Azoulay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; and
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; and
| | - Gurion Rivkin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehiel Zick
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Barba A, Diez-Escudero A, Maazouz Y, Rappe K, Espanol M, Montufar EB, Bonany M, Sadowska JM, Guillem-Marti J, Öhman-Mägi C, Persson C, Manzanares MC, Franch J, Ginebra MP. Osteoinduction by Foamed and 3D-Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds: Effect of Nanostructure and Pore Architecture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41722-41736. [PMID: 29116737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some biomaterials are osteoinductive, that is, they are able to trigger the osteogenic process by inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic lineage. Although the underlying mechanism is still unclear, microporosity and specific surface area (SSA) have been identified as critical factors in material-associated osteoinduction. However, only sintered ceramics, which have a limited range of porosities and SSA, have been analyzed so far. In this work, we were able to extend these ranges to the nanoscale, through the foaming and 3D-printing of biomimetic calcium phosphates, thereby obtaining scaffolds with controlled micro- and nanoporosity and with tailored macropore architectures. Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) scaffolds were evaluated after 6 and 12 weeks in an ectopic-implantation canine model and compared with two sintered ceramics, biphasic calcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate. Only foams with spherical, concave macropores and not 3D-printed scaffolds with convex, prismatic macropores induced significant ectopic bone formation. Among them, biomimetic nanostructured CDHA produced the highest incidence of ectopic bone and accelerated bone formation when compared with conventional microstructured sintered calcium phosphates with the same macropore architecture. Moreover, they exhibited different bone formation patterns; in CDHA foams, the new ectopic bone progressively replaced the scaffold, whereas in sintered biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds, bone was deposited on the surface of the material, progressively filling the pore space. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the high reactivity of nanostructured biomimetic CDHA combined with a spherical, concave macroporosity allows the pushing of the osteoinduction potential beyond the limits of microstructured calcium phosphate ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Barba
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Diez-Escudero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yassine Maazouz
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrin Rappe
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Espanol
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Bonany
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanna M Sadowska
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria-Cristina Manzanares
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Universitat de Barcelona , 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Franch
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Vijayan V, Gupta S, Gupta S. Bone morphogenetic protein-5, a key molecule that mediates differentiation in MC3T3E1 osteoblast cell line. Biofactors 2017; 43:558-566. [PMID: 28497879 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) is a member of the TGF receptor-β family with osteoinductive property. However, its physiological role in osteoblast differentiation is not defined. This study highlights the importance of BMP-5 in MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation. Pre-osteoblasts exposed to osteogenic media (ascorbic acid, 50 µg/ml and β-glycerophosphate, 10 mM) showed high protein expression of BMP-5 in cell lysates and cell culture supernatants, which peaked during early time-points of differentiation and declined with onset of mineralization. Attenuation of endogenous BMP-5 protein expression by RNA interference downregulated the expression of type I collagen (COLIA1), an early osteoblast differentiation marker but not osteocalcin, a late osteoblast differentiation marker. Further experiments to analyze the cell signaling components revealed that BMP-5 modulates COLIA1 expression via p38-Runx2 axis involving Runx2 (Ser19) phosphorylation. These effects were also observed when recombinant BMP-5 was added to pre-osteoblast cultures reinforcing the fact that BMP-5 is a modulator of COLIA1 expression. We conclude that BMP-5 has stage-specific role to play during MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation in part by autocrine p38/Runx2/COLIA1 signaling. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):558-566, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viji Vijayan
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sakshi Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
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Tasca A, Stemig M, Broege A, Huang B, Davydova J, Zwijsen A, Umans L, Jensen ED, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. Smad1/5 and Smad4 expression are important for osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1350-60. [PMID: 25711193 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the necessity of the canonical BMP pathway during osteoclast differentiation, we created osteoclasts with a conditional gene deletion for Smad1 and Smad5 (SMAD1/5), or Smad4 using adenovirus expressing CRE recombinase (Ad-CRE). Reduction of either Smad4 or Smad1/5 expression resulted in fewer and smaller multinuclear cells compared to control cells. We also detected changes in osteoclast enriched genes, demonstrated by decreased Dc-stamp and cathepsin K expression in both Smad4 and Smad1/5 Ad-CRE osteoclasts, and changes in c-fos and Nfatc1 expression in only Smad4 Ad-CRE cells. Lastly we also detected a significant decrease in resorption pits and area resorbed in both the Smad4 and Smad1/5 Ad-CRE osteoclasts. Because we inhibited osteoclast differentiation with loss of either Smad4 or Smad1/5 expression, we assessed whether BMPs affected osteoclast activity in addition to BMP's effects on differentiation. Therefore, we treated mature osteoclasts with BMP2 or with dorsomorphin, a chemical inhibitor that selectively suppresses canonical BMP signaling. We demonstrated that BMP2 stimulated resorption in mature osteoclasts whereas treatment with dorsomorphin blocks osteoclast resorption. These results indicate that the BMP canonical signaling pathway is important for osteoclast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tasca
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Melissa Stemig
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Aaron Broege
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Brandon Huang
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Julia Davydova
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lieve Umans
- Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Eric D Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Raj Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Kim C Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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Cloning and expression of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene in Leishmania tarentolae. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liporace FA, Breitbart EA, Yoon RS, Doyle E, Paglia DN, Lin S. The effect of locally delivered recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 with hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate on the biomechanical properties of bone in diabetes-related osteoporosis. J Orthop Traumatol 2014; 16:151-9. [PMID: 25421865 PMCID: PMC4441641 DOI: 10.1007/s10195-014-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is particularly effective in improving osteogenesis in patients with diminished bone healing capabilities, such as individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have impaired bone healing capabilities and increased risk of developing osteoporosis. This study measured the effects of rhBMP-2 treatment on osteogenesis by observing the dose-dependent effect of localized delivery of rhBMP-2 on biomechanical parameters of bone using a hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) carrier in a T1DM-related osteoporosis animal model. Materials and methods Two different doses of rhBMP-2 (LD low dose, HD high dose) with a HA/TCP carrier were injected into the femoral intramedullary canal of rats with T1DM-related osteoporosis. Two more diabetic rat groups were injected with saline alone and with HA/TCP carrier alone. Radiographs and micro-computed tomography were utilized for qualitative assessment of bone mineral density (BMD). Biomechanical testing occurred at 4- and 8-week time points; parameters tested included torque to failure, torsional rigidity, shear stress, and shear modulus. Results At the 4-week time point, the LD and HD groups both exhibited significantly higher BMD than controls; at the 8-week time point, the HD group exhibited significantly higher BMD than controls. Biomechanical testing revealed dose-dependent, higher trends in all parameters tested at the 4- and 8-week time points, with minimal significant differences. Conclusions Groups treated with rhBMP-2 demonstrated improved bone mineral density at both 4 and 8 weeks compared to control saline groups, in addition to strong trends towards improvement of intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanical properties when compared to control groups. Data revealed trends toward dose-dependent increases in peak torque, torsional rigidity, shear stress, and shear modulus 4 weeks after rhBMP-2 treatment. Level of evidence Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Liporace
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 E 17th Street, Suite 1402, New York, NY, 10003, USA,
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Ribatti D, Nico B, Vacca A. Multiple myeloma as a model for the role of bone marrow niches in the control of angiogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:259-82. [PMID: 25619720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and nonhematopoietic cells. HSCs give rise to all types of mature blood cells, while the nonhematopoietic component includes osteoblasts/osteoclasts, endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells form specialized "niches" which are close to the vasculature ("vascular niche") or to the endosteum ("osteoblast niche"). The "vascular niche", rich in blood vessels where ECs and mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells), create a microenvironment affecting the behavior of several stem and progenitor cells. The vessel wall acts as an independent niche for the recruitment of EPCs and MSCs. This chapter will focus on the description of the role of BM niches in the control of angiogenesis occurring during multiple myeloma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Cappariello A, Maurizi A, Veeriah V, Teti A. Reprint of: The Great Beauty of the osteoclast. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A, Bigham-Sadegh A. Bone morphogenetic proteins: a powerful osteoinductive compound with non-negligible side effects and limitations. Biofactors 2014; 40:459-81. [PMID: 25283434 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Healing and regeneration of large bone defects leading to non-unions is a great concern in orthopedic surgery. Since auto- and allografts have limitations, bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has attempted to solve this issue. In TERM, healing promotive factors are necessary to regulate the several important events during healing. An ideal treatment strategy should provide osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis, and osteointegration of the graft or biomaterials within the healing bone. Since many materials have osteoconductive properties, only a few biomaterials have osteoinductive properties which are important for osteogenesis and osteointegration. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potent inductors of the osteogenic and angiogenic activities during bone repair. The BMPs can regulate the production and activity of some growth factors which are necessary for the osteogenesis. Since the introduction of BMP, it has added a valuable tool to the surgeon's possibilities and is most commonly used in bone defects. Despite significant evidences suggesting their potential benefit on bone healing, there are some evidences showing their side effects such as ectopic bone formation, osteolysis and problems related to cost effectiveness. Bone tissue engineering may create a local environment, using the delivery systems, which enables BMPs to carry out their activities and to lower cost and complication rate associated with BMPs. This review represented the most important concepts and evidences regarding the role of BMPs on bone healing and regeneration from basic to clinical application. The major advantages and disadvantages of such biologic compounds together with the BMPs substitutes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Cappariello A, Maurizi A, Veeriah V, Teti A. The Great Beauty of the osteoclast. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 558:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Oralová V, Chlastáková I, Radlanski RJ, Matalová E. Distribution of BMP6 in the alveolar bone during mouse mandibular molar eruption. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:357-66. [PMID: 25084210 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.951441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eruption requires synchrony of the tooth with the surrounding tissues, particularly the bone. One important step during eruption is remodelling of the alveolar bone at the base of the tooth and along the roots. Expression of BMP6 was reported to be increased in the basal half of the dental follicle prior to eruption and inhibition of BMP6 affected bone formation at the base of the alveolar crypt. The aim of this study was to further investigate BMP6 protein in relation to tooth eruption and the corresponding bone remodelling using temporospatial correlations of BMP6 localization with morphogenetic events (proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and bone apposition/resorption), other BMPs (BMP2 and BMP7) and three-dimensional images of tooth-bone development. BMP6 expression pattern was mapped in the mandibular molar teeth and related structures around eruption. Localization of BMP6 dominated in osteoblasts, in regions of bone formation within the alveolar crypt. These findings positively correlated with proliferation at the tooth base region, osteocalcin expression in the osteoblasts/osteocytes and BMP2 and BMP7 presence in the alveolar bone surrounding the tooth. Osteoclast activity and apoptotic elimination in the root region gradually decreased before eruption and totally ceased at eruption stages. Generally, BMP6 positively correlated with BMP2, BMP7 and osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts, and areas of bone remodelling. Moreover, BMP6 was found in the periodontium and cementoblasts. BMP6 expression in the alveolar bone accompanied tooth eruption. Notably, the expression pattern of BMP6 in the bone did not differ around individual molar teeth at the same stage of development. The expression of BMP6 in periodontal ligaments may contribute to interaction between the tooth and bone during the eruption and anchoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Oralová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Brno , Czech Republic
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36
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Nili N, Lim SY, Qiang B, Qi X, Weisbrod MJ, Ladouceur-Wodzak M, Gofine N, Berk TA, Saperia J, Wright GA, Strauss BH. Unexpected calcification after direct intravascular injection of autologous bone marrow-derived cells in a chronic total occlusion model. EUROINTERVENTION 2014; 10:329-36. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv10i3a56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kwon BJ, Lee MH, Koo MA, Han JJ, Park JC. Ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate with a dual function of induction of osteogenic differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2975-84. [PMID: 24784993 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approach in biomaterial design of bone implants is to induce in situ regeneration of bone tissue, thus improving integration of the implants and reducing their failure. Therefore, ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB), which stimulates differentiation of osteoblasts and the resultant bone formation, should be studied. In this study, the osteoinductive ability of EDHB in preosteoblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells was examined. EDHB for future use in bone tissue engineering was evaluated by examination of early markers of differentiation (such as alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity and collagen type I expression) and late markers of osteoblast differentiation (bone nodule formation). As bone remodeling and implant osteointegration depend not only on osteoblast response but also on interaction of the biomaterial with bone-resorbing osteoclasts, differentiation of osteoclasts in response to the compounds was also observed. For in vivo study, alginate gel comprised of EDHB and cells was transplanted into the back subcutis of mice. Our results show that EDHB might have beneficial effects through regulation of both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, we suggest that EDHB could be a strong candidate for dual regulation to increase osteoblast differentiation and decrease osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Ju Kwon
- 1 Cellbiocontrol Laboratory, Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wu X, Zhao S, Zhang J, Wu P, Peng C. Encapsulation of EV71-specific IgY antibodies by multilayer polypeptide microcapsules and its sustained release for inhibiting enterovirus 71 replication. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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The clinical use of bone morphogenetic proteins revisited: a novel biocompatible carrier device OSTEOGROW for bone healing. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 38:635-47. [PMID: 24352822 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to revise the clinical use of commercial BMP2 (Infuse) and BMP7 (Osigraft) based bone devices and explore the mechanism of action and efficacy of low BMP6 doses in a novel whole blood biocompatible device OSTEOGROW. METHODS Complications from the clinical use of BMP2 and BMP7 have been systemically reviewed in light of their role in bone remodeling. BMP6 function has been assessed in Bmp6-/- mice by μCT and skeletal histology, and has also been examined in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and osteoclasts. Safety and efficacy of OSTEOGROW have been assessed in rats and rabbits. RESULTS Clinical use issues of BMP2 and BMP7 have been ascribed to the limited understanding of their role in bone remodeling at the time of device development for clinical trials. BMP2 and BMP7 in bone devices significantly promote bone resorption leading to osteolysis at the endosteal surfaces, while in parallel stimulating exuberant bone formation in surrounding tissues. Unbound BMP2 and BMP7 in bone devices precipitate on the bovine collagen and cause inflammation and swelling. OSTEOGROW required small amounts of BMP6, applied in a biocompatible blood coagulum carrier, for stimulating differentiation of MSCs and accelerated healing of critical size bone defects in animals, without bone resorption and inflammation. BMP6 decreased the number of osteoclasts derived from HSC, while BMP2 and BMP7 increased their number. CONCLUSIONS Current issues and challenges with commercial bone devices may be resolved by using novel BMP6 biocompatible device OSTEOGROW, which will be clinically tested in metaphyseal bone fractures, compartments where BMP2 and BMP7 have not been effective.
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Ghanaati S, Barbeck M, Lorenz J, Stuebinger S, Seitz O, Landes C, Kovács AF, Kirkpatrick CJ, Sader RA. Synthetic bone substitute material comparable with xenogeneic material for bone tissue regeneration in oral cancer patients: First and preliminary histological, histomorphometrical and clinical results. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2013; 3:126-38. [PMID: 24205471 PMCID: PMC3814660 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0746.119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study was first to evaluate the material-specific cellular tissue response of patients with head and neck cancer to a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute NanoBone (NB) in comparison with a deproteinized bovine bone matrix Bio-Oss (BO) after implantation into the sinus cavity. Materials and Methods: Eight patients with tumor resection for oral cancer and severely resorbed maxillary bone received materials according to a split mouth design for 6 months. Bone cores were harvested prior to implantation and analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Implant survival was followed-up to 2 years after placement. Results: Histologically, NB underwent a higher vascularization and induced significantly more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP-positive) multinucleated giant cells when compared with BO, which induced mainly mononuclear cells. No significant difference was observed in the extent of new bone formation between both groups. The clinical follow-up showed undisturbed healing of all implants in the BO-group, whereas the loss of one implant was observed in the NB-group. Conclusions: Within its limits, the present study showed for the first time that both material classes evaluated, despite their induction of different cellular tissue reactions, may be useful as augmentation materials for dental and maxillofacial surgical applications, particularly in patients who previously had oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ghanaati
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Chim SM, Tickner J, Chow ST, Kuek V, Guo B, Zhang G, Rosen V, Erber W, Xu J. Angiogenic factors in bone local environment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:297-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Berti-Couto SA, Vasconcelos ACU, Iglesias JE, Figueiredo MAZ, Salum FG, Cherubini K. Diabetes mellitus and corticotherapy as risk factors for alendronate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a study in Wistar rats. Head Neck 2013; 36:84-93. [PMID: 23649954 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of diabetes and corticotherapy on the development of osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with sodium alendronate. METHODS Rats were allocated into 4 groups of 11 animals each, representing different treatments: (1) alendronate; (2) alendronate and corticotherapy; (3) alendronate and diabetes; and (4) control. Tooth extractions were performed in all animals, and histological analysis was performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry using anti-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 antibodies. RESULTS On hematoxylin and eosin analysis, proportions of inflammatory infiltrate, microbial colonies, and osteonecrosis were significantly greater in the diabetes group. BMP-4 expression in connective tissue was higher in the corticosteroid group than the alendronate group. There were no significant differences between the other groups. MMP-13 expression did not differ between the groups analyzed. CONCLUSION Diabetes but not corticotherapy is associated with jaw osteonecrosis in rats undergoing alendronate therapy and subjected to tooth extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya A Berti-Couto
- Dental College, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Adenoviral Delivery of the VEGF and BMP-6 Genes to Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells Potentiates Osteogenesis. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2013; 2013:737580. [PMID: 23533768 PMCID: PMC3600300 DOI: 10.1155/2013/737580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The combined delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to sites of bone injury results in enhanced repair compared to the administration of a single factor or a combination of two factors. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that coexpression of VEGF and BMP-6 genes would enhance the osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone-marrow-derived stem cells (rMSCs) and osteogenesis by comparison to rMSCs that do not express VEGF and BMP-6. We prepared a GFP tagged adenovirus vector (Ad-VEGF+BMP-6) that contained DNA encoding the hVEGF and hBMP-6 genes. rMSCs were transduced with the virus, and the successful transduction was confirmed by green fluorescence and by production of VEGF and BMP-6 proteins. The cells were cultured to assess osteoblastic differentiation or administered in the Fischer 344 rats to assess bone formation. Mineralization of rMSCs transduced with Ad-VEGF+BMP-6 was significantly enhanced over the nontransduced rMSCs. Only transduced rMSCs could induce osteogenesis in vivo, whereas Ad-VEGF+BMP-6 or nontransduced rMSCs alone did not induce osteogenesis. The data suggests that the combined delivery of MSCs, VEGF, and BMP-6 is an attractive option for bone repair therapy.
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Inorganic polyphosphates: biologically active biopolymers for biomedical applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 54:261-94. [PMID: 24420717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a widely occurring but only rarely investigated biopolymer which exists in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Only in the last few years, this polymer has been identified to cause morphogenetic activity on cells involved in human bone formation. The calcium complex of polyP was found to display a dual effect on bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Exposure of these cells to polyP (Ca(2+) complex) elicits the expression of cytokines that promote the mineralization process by osteoblasts and suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells to the functionally active mature osteoclasts dissolving bone minerals. The effect of polyP on bone formation is associated with an increased release of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), a key mediator that activates the anabolic processes leading to bone formation. In addition, polyP has been shown to act as a hemostatic regulator that displays various effects on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis and might play an important role in platelet-dependent proinflammatory and procoagulant disorders.
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Hematopoietic stem cell development, niches, and signaling pathways. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:270425. [PMID: 22900188 PMCID: PMC3413998 DOI: 10.1155/2012/270425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a key role in hematopoietic system that functions mainly in homeostasis and immune response. HSCs transplantation has been applied for the treatment of several diseases. However, HSCs persist in the small quantity within the body, mostly in the quiescent state. Understanding the basic knowledge of HSCs is useful for stem cell biology research and therapeutic medicine development. Thus, this paper emphasizes on HSC origin, source, development, the niche, and signaling pathways which support HSC maintenance and balance between self-renewal and proliferation which will be useful for the advancement of HSC expansion and transplantation in the future.
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Goldberg SR, Georgiou J, Glogauer M, Grynpas MD. A 3D scanning confocal imaging method measures pit volume and captures the role of Rac in osteoclast function. Bone 2012; 51:145-52. [PMID: 22561898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 impacts bone development, remodeling, and disease. In addition, GTPases are considered treatment targets for dysplastic and erosive bone diseases including Neurofibromatosis type 1. While it is important to understand the effects of Rac modulation on osteoclast function, two-dimensional resorption pit area measurements fall short in elucidating the volume aspect of bone resorption activity. Bone marrow from wild-type, Rac1 and Rac2 null mice was isolated from femora. Osteoclastogenesis was induced by adding M-CSF and RANKL in culture plates containing dentin slices and later stained with Picro Sirius Red to image resorption lacunae. Osteoclasts were also plated on glass cover slips and stained with phalloidin and DAPI to measure their surface area and the number of nuclei. Volumetric images were collected on a laser-scanning confocal system. Sirius Red confocal imaging provided an unambiguous, continuous definition of the pit boundary compared to reflected and transmitted light imaging. Rac1- and Rac2-deficient osteoclasts had fewer nuclei in comparison to wild-type counterparts. Rac1-deficient osteoclasts showed reduced resorption pit volume and surface area. Lacunae made by single Rac2 null osteoclasts had reduced volume but surprisingly surface area was unaffected. Surface area measures are deceiving since volume changed independently in resorption pits made by individual Rac2 null osteoclasts. Our innovative confocal imaging technique allows us to derive novel conclusions about Rac1 and Rac2 in osteoclast function. The data and method can be applied to study effects of genes and drugs including Rho GTPase modulators on osteoclast function and to develop pharmacotherapeutics to treat bone lytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Goldberg
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Costa-Rodrigues J, Fernandes A, Fernandes MH. Reciprocal osteoblastic and osteoclastic modulation in co-cultured MG63 osteosarcoma cells and human osteoclast precursors. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3704-13. [PMID: 21815187 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is usually associated with a disturbed bone metabolism. The aim of this work was to characterize the reciprocal interactions between MG63 osteosarcoma cells and osteoclasts, in a co-culture system. Co-cultures were characterized throughout 21 days for the osteoclastogenic response and the expression of osteoblastic markers. Monocultures of MG63 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and co-cultures of PBMC + human bone marrow cells (hBMC) were also performed. Compared to PBMC cultures, co-cultures yielded significantly increased gene expression of osteoclast-related markers, tartarate-acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activity, TRAP-positive multinucleated cells, cells with actin rings and vitronectin receptors (VNR) and calcitonin receptors (CTR) and calcium phosphate resorbing ability. Results showed that the development of functional osteoclasts required a very low number of MG63 cells, suggesting a high osteoclastogenic-triggering capacity of this cell line. Subjacent mechanisms involved the pathways MEK and NF-kB, although with a lower relevance than that observed on PBMC monocultures or co-cultures of hBMC + PBMC; PGE2 production also had a contribution. Compared to MG63 cell monocultures, the co-culture expressed lower levels of COL1 and ALP, and higher levels of BMP-2, suggesting that PBMC also modulated the osteoblastic behavior. While M-CSF appeared to be involved in the osteoclastogenic response on the MG63 + PBMC co-cultures, RANKL does not seem to be a key player in the process. On the other hand, sphingosine-1-phosphate production might contribute to the modulation of the osteoblastic behavior. Results suggest that the reciprocal modulation between osteosarcoma and osteoclastic cells might contribute to the disturbed bone metabolism associated with bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Terheyden H, Lang NP, Bierbaum S, Stadlinger B. Osseointegration--communication of cells. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 23:1127-35. [PMID: 22092345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The article provides the scientific documentation for the 3D animated film - "Osseointegration - Communication of cells". AIM The aim of this article and of the film is to visualise the molecular and cellular events during the healing of an osseous wound after installation of a dental implant with special emphasis on the process of osseointegration. MATERIAL AND RESULTS In this review article for didactic reasons the concept of the four phases of a healing soft tissue wound was transferred to a bone wound after insertion of a dental implant: haemostasis, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and remodelling phase. Wound healing throughout these phases is the result of a coordinated action of different cell types which communicate with each other by their interaction using signalling molecules like cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and small molecules. A regular sequence of cell types controlled by adequate concentrations of signalling molecules results in undisturbed healing. Disturbed healing is associated with a continuation of the early inflammatory phase and the development of a toxic wound environment. The latter is characterized by high counts of polymorphnuclear cells, high concentrations of toxic radicals and proteolytic enzymes and low concentrations of growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Clinically the development of a toxic wound environment should be avoided, e.g. by antibacterial measures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Experiencing implant osseointegration as a biological process may provide the clinician new targets to improve the therapy with dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Terheyden
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany.
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Argintar E, Edwards S, Delahay J. Bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Injury 2011; 42:730-4. [PMID: 21145058 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing describes the normal post-traumatic physiologic process of bone regeneration. Commonly, this complicated process occurs without interruption, however, certain clinical situations exist that may benefit from the usage of bone healing enhancement agents. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) assist in the process of bone healing by recruiting bone-forming cells to the area of trauma. The usage of BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: (1) treatment of acute tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and (2) treatment of long bone non-union. Despite this limited scope, off-label BMP usage continues to push the envelope for new applications. Although proven to be clinically successful, BMP use must be balanced with the large costs associated with their application. Regardless, more prospective randomised clinical trials must be conducted to validate and expand the role of BMP in the setting of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Argintar
- Georgetown University, Dept. Orthopedics, 3800 Reservoir Rd., Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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