1
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Voerman S, Broersen R, Swagemakers SMA, De Zeeuw CI, van der Spek PJ. Plasticity mechanisms of genetically distinct Purkinje cells. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400008. [PMID: 38697917 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite its uniform appearance, the cerebellar cortex is highly heterogeneous in terms of structure, genetics and physiology. Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal and sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, can be categorized into multiple populations that differentially express molecular markers and display distinctive physiological features. Such features include action potential rate, but also their propensity for synaptic and intrinsic plasticity. However, the precise molecular and genetic factors that correlate with the differential physiological properties of PCs remain elusive. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of the cellular mechanisms that regulate PC activity and plasticity. We further perform a pathway analysis to highlight how molecular characteristics of specific PC populations may influence their physiology and plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Voerman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Broersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4645. [PMID: 38821918 PMCID: PMC11143328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-synaptic (intrinsic) plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation or plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either synaptic or intrinsic plasticity. Spatial analysis of calcium signals demonstrated that intrinsic, but not synaptic plasticity, enhances the spread of dendritic parallel fiber response potentiation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of long-term potentiation on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Prati JM, Pontes-Silva A, Gianlorenço ACL. The cerebellum and its connections to other brain structures involved in motor and non-motor functions: A comprehensive review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114933. [PMID: 38458437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a large network of neurons that communicate with several brain structures and participate in different functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum is not only associated with motor functions but also participates in several non-motor functions. It is suggested that the cerebellum can modulate behavior through many connections with different nervous system structures in motor, sensory, cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes. Recently, a growing number of clinical and experimental studies support this theory and provide further evidence. In light of recent findings, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the knowledge on the influence of the cerebellum on the processing of different functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the neuroanatomical aspects of the activation of the cerebellum and its connections with other structures of the central nervous system in different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Mário Prati
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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4
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Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Shen Y, Su LD. Sepsis Impairs Purkinje Cell Functions and Motor Behaviors Through Microglia Activation. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:329-339. [PMID: 36790600 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The most common clinical manifestation of sepsis-related encephalopathy (SAE) is the deterioration of cognitive function. Besides, increasing evidence shows that SAE patients exhibit coordination and sensorimotor dysfunctions, suggesting that SAE affects motor function with unclear mechanism. In the present work, we explored the effects of SAE on cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) using cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), a standard model for inducing sepsis symptoms similar to those in human patients. Our results show that the sepsis can activate microglia in the cerebellum and promote the secretion of inflammatory factor TNF-α, which increases intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission of PCs, inhibits the synaptic plasticity of PCs, and impairs motor learning of mice. These findings address how SAE changes PC functions, and thereby are of great significance to reveal pathophysiological feathers of human patients suffering from SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Li-Da Su
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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5
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Geminiani A, Casellato C, Boele HJ, Pedrocchi A, De Zeeuw CI, D’Angelo E. Mesoscale simulations predict the role of synergistic cerebellar plasticity during classical eyeblink conditioning. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011277. [PMID: 38574161 PMCID: PMC11060558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the motor learning theory by Albus and Ito, synaptic depression at the parallel fibre to Purkinje cells synapse (pf-PC) is the main substrate responsible for learning sensorimotor contingencies under climbing fibre control. However, recent experimental evidence challenges this relatively monopolistic view of cerebellar learning. Bidirectional plasticity appears crucial for learning, in which different microzones can undergo opposite changes of synaptic strength (e.g. downbound microzones-more likely depression, upbound microzones-more likely potentiation), and multiple forms of plasticity have been identified, distributed over different cerebellar circuit synapses. Here, we have simulated classical eyeblink conditioning (CEBC) using an advanced spiking cerebellar model embedding downbound and upbound modules that are subject to multiple plasticity rules. Simulations indicate that synaptic plasticity regulates the cascade of precise spiking patterns spreading throughout the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei. CEBC was supported by plasticity at the pf-PC synapses as well as at the synapses of the molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), but only the combined switch-off of both sites of plasticity compromised learning significantly. By differentially engaging climbing fibre information and related forms of synaptic plasticity, both microzones contributed to generate a well-timed conditioned response, but it was the downbound module that played the major role in this process. The outcomes of our simulations closely align with the behavioural and electrophysiological phenotypes of mutant mice suffering from cell-specific mutations that affect processing of their PC and/or MLI synapses. Our data highlight that a synergy of bidirectional plasticity rules distributed across the cerebellum can facilitate finetuning of adaptive associative behaviours at a high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Digital Neuroscience Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Digital Neuroscience Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Schreurs BG, O'Dell DE, Wang D. The Role of Cerebellar Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Perineuronal Nets in Eyeblink Conditioning. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:200. [PMID: 38534469 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Evidence is strong that, in addition to fine motor control, there is an important role for the cerebellum in cognition and emotion. The deep nuclei of the mammalian cerebellum also contain the highest density of perineural nets-mesh-like structures that surround neurons-in the brain, and it appears there may be a connection between these nets and cognitive processes, particularly learning and memory. Here, we review how the cerebellum is involved in eyeblink conditioning-a particularly well-understood form of learning and memory-and focus on the role of perineuronal nets in intrinsic membrane excitability and synaptic plasticity that underlie eyeblink conditioning. We explore the development and role of perineuronal nets and the in vivo and in vitro evidence that manipulations of the perineuronal net in the deep cerebellar nuclei affect eyeblink conditioning. Together, these findings provide evidence of an important role for perineuronal net in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Schreurs
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Deidre E O'Dell
- Department of Biology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pennsylvania Western (PennWest) University, California, PA 15419, USA
| | - Desheng Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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7
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Dijkhuizen S, Van Ginneken LMC, IJpelaar AHC, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI, Boele HJ. Impact of enriched environment on motor performance and learning in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5962. [PMID: 38472324 PMCID: PMC10933351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience heavily relies on animal welfare in laboratory rodents as it can significantly affect brain development, cognitive function and memory formation. Unfortunately, laboratory animals are often raised in artificial environments devoid of physical and social stimuli, potentially leading to biased outcomes in behavioural assays. To assess this effect, we examined the impact of social and physical cage enrichment on various forms of motor coordination. Our findings indicate that while enriched-housed animals did not exhibit faster learning in eyeblink conditioning, the peak timing of their conditioned responses was slightly, but significantly, improved. Additionally, enriched-housed animals outperformed animals that were housed in standard conditions in the accelerating rotarod and ErasmusLadder test. In contrast, we found no significant effect of enrichment on the balance beam and grip strength test. Overall, our data suggest that an enriched environment can improve motor performance and motor learning under challenging and/or novel circumstances, possibly reflecting an altered state of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dijkhuizen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M C Van Ginneken
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H C IJpelaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S K E Koekkoek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H J Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
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8
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Jaarsma D, Birkisdóttir MB, van Vossen R, Oomen DWGD, Akhiyat O, Vermeij WP, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI, Bosman LWJ. Different Purkinje cell pathologies cause specific patterns of progressive gait ataxia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106422. [PMID: 38286390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Gait ataxia is one of the most common and impactful consequences of cerebellar dysfunction. Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are often involved in the underlying pathology, but their specific functions during locomotor control in health and disease remain obfuscated. We aimed to describe the effect of gradual adult-onset Purkinje cell degeneration on gaiting patterns in mice, and to determine whether two different mechanisms that both lead to Purkinje cell degeneration cause different patterns in the development of gait ataxia. Using the ErasmusLadder together with a newly developed limb detection algorithm and machine learning-based classification, we subjected mice to a challenging locomotor task with detailed analysis of single limb parameters, intralimb coordination and whole-body movement. We tested two Purkinje cell-specific mouse models, one involving stochastic cell death due to impaired DNA repair mechanisms (Pcp2-Ercc1-/-), the other carrying the mutation that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q]). Both mouse models showed progressive gaiting deficits, but the sequence with which gaiting parameters deteriorated was different between mouse lines. Our longitudinal approach revealed that gradual loss of Purkinje cell function can lead to a complex pattern of loss of function over time, and that this pattern depends on the specifics of the pathological mechanisms involved. We hypothesize that this variability will also be present in disease progression in patients, and that our findings will facilitate the study of therapeutic interventions in mice, as subtle changes in locomotor abilities can be quantified by our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria B Birkisdóttir
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy van Vossen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demi W G D Oomen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oussama Akhiyat
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Science, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Watanave M, Kawachi M, Konno A, Aoki R, Fukai Y, Matsuzaki Y, Kaneko R, Hirai H. Protein kinase Cγ negatively regulates the intrinsic excitability in zebrin-negative cerebellar Purkinje cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1349878. [PMID: 38433862 PMCID: PMC10904455 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1349878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C γ (PKCγ), a neuronal isoform present exclusively in the central nervous system, is most abundantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Targeted deletion of PKCγ causes a climbing fiber synapse elimination in developing PCs and motor deficit. However, physiological roles of PKCγ in adult mouse PCs are little understood. In this study, we aimed to unravel the roles of PKCγ in mature mouse PCs by deleting PKCγ from adult mouse PCs of PKCγfl/fl mice via cerebellar injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the PC-specific L7-6 promoter. Whole cell patch-clamp recording of PCs showed higher intrinsic excitability in PCs virally lacking PKCγ [PKCγ-conditional knockout (PKCγ-cKO) PCs] than in wild-type (WT) mouse PCs in the zebrin-negative module, but not in the zebrin-positive module. AAV-mediated PKCγ re-expression in PKCγ-deficient mouse PCs in the zebrin-negative module restored the enhanced intrinsic excitability to a level comparable to that of wild-type mouse PCs. In parallel with higher intrinsic excitability, we found larger hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel currents in PKCγ-cKO PCs located in the zebrin-negative module, compared with those in WT mouse PCs in the same region. However, pharmacological inhibition of the HCN currents did not restore the enhanced intrinsic excitability in PKCγ-cKO PCs in the zebrin-negative module. These results suggested that PKCγ suppresses the intrinsic excitability in zebrin-negative PCs, which is likely independent of the HCN current inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanave
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mika Kawachi
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University, Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoki
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fukai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University, Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University, Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
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10
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Lee J, Kim SH, Jang DC, Jang M, Bak MS, Shim HG, Lee YS, Kim SJ. Intrinsic plasticity of Purkinje cell serves homeostatic regulation of fear memory. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:247-256. [PMID: 38017229 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Two forms of plasticity, synaptic and intrinsic, are neural substrates for learning and memory. Abnormalities in homeostatic plasticity cause severe neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and autism. This suggests that the balance between synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability is important for physiological function in the brain. Despite the established role of synaptic plasticity between parallel fiber (PF) and Purkinje cell (PC) in fear memory, its relationship with intrinsic plasticity is not well understood. Here, patch clamp recording revealed depression of intrinsic excitability in PC following auditory fear conditioning (AFC). Depressed excitability balanced long-term potentiation of PF-PC synapse to serve homeostatic regulation of PF-evoked PC firing. We then optogenetically manipulated PC excitability during the early consolidation period resulting in bidirectional regulation of fear memory. Fear conditioning-induced synaptic plasticity was also regulated following optogenetic manipulation. These results propose intrinsic plasticity in PC as a novel mechanism of fear memory and elucidate that decreased intrinsic excitability in PC counterbalances PF-PC synaptic potentiation to maintain fear memory in a normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Seung Ha Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Mirae Jang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Myeong Seong Bak
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Memory Network Medical Research Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Memory Network Medical Research Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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11
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Xu FX, Wang XT, Cai XY, Liu JY, Guo JW, Yang F, Chen W, Schonewille M, De Zeeuw C, Zhou L, Shen Y. Purkinje-cell-specific MeCP2 deficiency leads to motor deficits and autistic-like behavior due to aberrations in PTP1B-TrkB-SK signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113559. [PMID: 38100348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Rett syndrome suffer from a loss-of-function mutation of the Mecp2 gene, which results in various symptoms including autistic traits and motor deficits. Deletion of Mecp2 in the brain mimics part of these symptoms, but the specific function of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in the cerebellum remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that Mecp2 deletion in Purkinje cells (PCs) reduces their intrinsic excitability through a signaling pathway comprising the small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel PTP1B and TrkB, the receptor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Aberration of this cascade, in turn, leads to autistic-like behaviors as well as reduced vestibulocerebellar motor learning. Interestingly, increasing activity of TrkB in PCs is sufficient to rescue PC dysfunction and abnormal motor and non-motor behaviors caused by Mecp2 deficiency. Our findings highlight how PC dysfunction may contribute to Rett syndrome, providing insight into the underlying mechanism and paving the way for rational therapeutic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xiao Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xin-Tai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jing-Wen Guo
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science, 1105 CA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; International Institutes of Medicine, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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12
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Zheng R, Xu FX, Zhou L, Xu J, Shen Y, Hao K, Wang XT, Deng J. Ablation of KIF2C in Purkinje cells impairs metabotropic glutamate receptor trafficking and motor coordination in male mice. J Physiol 2023; 601:3905-3920. [PMID: 37431690 DOI: 10.1113/jp284214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C)/mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), is thought to be oncogenic as it is involved in tumour progression and metastasis. Moreover, it also plays a part in neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease and psychiatric disorders such as suicidal schizophrenia. Our previous study conducted on mice demonstrated that KIF2C is widely distributed in various regions of the brain, and is localized in synaptic spines. Additionally, it regulates microtubule dynamic properties through its own microtubule depolymerization activity, thereby affecting AMPA receptor transport and cognitive behaviour in mice. In this study, we show that KIF2C regulates the transport of mGlu1 receptors in Purkinje cells by binding to Rab8. KIF2C deficiency in Purkinje cells results in abnormal gait, reduced balance ability and motor incoordination in male mice. These data suggest that KIF2C is essential for maintaining normal transport and synaptic function of mGlu1 and motor coordination in mice. KEY POINTS: KIF2C is localized in synaptic spines of hippocampus neurons, and regulates excitatory transmission, synaptic plasticity and cognitive behaviour. KIF2C is extensively expressed in the cerebellum, and we investigated its functions in development and synaptic transmission of cerebellar Purkinje cells. KIF2C deficiency in Purkinje cells alters the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1) and the AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit at Purkinje cell synapses, and changes excitatory synaptic transmission, but not inhibitory transmission. KIF2C regulates the transport of mGlu1 receptors in Purkinje cells by binding to Rab8. KIF2C deficiency in Purkinje cells affects motor coordination, but not social behaviour in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang-Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Research Center of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Hao
- Research Center of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Tai Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549760. [PMID: 37502848 PMCID: PMC10370111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-synaptic ('intrinsic') plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), or whether it plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field (RF) plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either intrinsic plasticity (SK2 KO) or LTP (CaMKII TT305/6VA). Intrinsic, but not synaptic, plasticity expands the local, dendritic RF representation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm that these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of LTP on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Jang DC, Chung G, Kim SK, Kim SJ. Dynamic alteration of intrinsic properties of the cerebellar Purkinje cell during the motor memory consolidation. Mol Brain 2023; 16:58. [PMID: 37430311 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic plasticity of the cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) plays a critical role in motor memory consolidation. However, detailed changes in their intrinsic properties during memory consolidation are not well understood. Here, we report alterations in various properties involved in intrinsic excitability, such as the action potential (AP) threshold, AP width, afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and sag voltage, which are associated with the long-term depression of intrinsic excitability following the motor memory consolidation process. We analyzed data recorded from PCs before and 1, 4, and 24 h after cerebellum-dependent motor learning and found that these properties underwent dynamic changes during the consolidation process. We further analyzed data from PC-specific STIM1 knockout (STIM1PKO) mice, which show memory consolidation deficits, and derived intrinsic properties showing distinct change patterns compared with those of wild-type littermates. The levels of memory retention in the STIM1PKO mice were significantly different compared to wild-type mice between 1 and 4 h after training, and AP width, fast- and medium-AHP, and sag voltage showed different change patterns during this period. Our results provide information regarding alterations in intrinsic properties during a particular period that are critical for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03087, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03087, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Osório C, White JJ, Lu H, Beekhof GC, Fiocchi FR, Andriessen CA, Dijkhuizen S, Post L, Schonewille M. Pre-ataxic loss of intrinsic plasticity and motor learning in a mouse model of SCA1. Brain 2023; 146:2332-2345. [PMID: 36352508 PMCID: PMC10232256 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are neurodegenerative diseases, the hallmark symptom of which is the development of ataxia due to cerebellar dysfunction. Purkinje cells, the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the main cells affected in these disorders, but the sequence of pathological events leading to their dysfunction is poorly understood. Understanding the origins of Purkinje cells dysfunction before it manifests is imperative to interpret the functional and behavioural consequences of cerebellar-related disorders, providing an optimal timeline for therapeutic interventions. Here, we report the cascade of events leading to Purkinje cells dysfunction before the onset of ataxia in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1). Spatiotemporal characterization of the ATXN1[82Q] SCA1 mouse model revealed high levels of the mutant ATXN1[82Q] weeks before the onset of ataxia. The expression of the toxic protein first caused a reduction of Purkinje cells intrinsic excitability, which was followed by atrophy of Purkinje cells dendrite arborization and aberrant glutamatergic signalling, finally leading to disruption of Purkinje cells innervation of climbing fibres and loss of intrinsic plasticity of Purkinje cells. Functionally, we found that deficits in eyeblink conditioning, a form of cerebellum-dependent motor learning, precede the onset of ataxia, matching the timeline of climbing fibre degeneration and reduced intrinsic plasticity. Together, our results suggest that abnormal synaptic signalling and intrinsic plasticity during the pre-ataxia stage of spinocerebellar ataxias underlie an aberrant cerebellar circuitry that anticipates the full extent of the disease severity. Furthermore, our work indicates the potential for eyeblink conditioning to be used as a sensitive tool to detect early cerebellar dysfunction as a sign of future disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Heiling Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit C Beekhof
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stephanie Dijkhuizen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Post
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands
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16
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Wang XT, Zhou L, Dong BB, Xu FX, Wang DJ, Shen EW, Cai XY, Wang Y, Wang N, Ji SJ, Chen W, Schonewille M, Zhu JJ, De Zeeuw CI, Shen Y. cAMP-EPAC-PKCε-RIM1α signaling regulates presynaptic long-term potentiation and motor learning. eLife 2023; 12:e80875. [PMID: 37159499 PMCID: PMC10171863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in learning of fine motor skills, yet whether presynaptic plasticity contributes to such learning remains elusive. Here, we report that the EPAC-PKCε module has a critical role in a presynaptic form of long-term potentiation in the cerebellum and motor behavior in mice. Presynaptic cAMP-EPAC-PKCε signaling cascade induces a previously unidentified threonine phosphorylation of RIM1α, and thereby initiates the assembly of the Rab3A-RIM1α-Munc13-1 tripartite complex that facilitates docking and release of synaptic vesicles. Granule cell-specific blocking of EPAC-PKCε signaling abolishes presynaptic long-term potentiation at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses and impairs basic performance and learning of cerebellar motor behavior. These results unveil a functional relevance of presynaptic plasticity that is regulated through a novel signaling cascade, thereby enriching the spectrum of cerebellar learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Fang-Xiao Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - De-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - En-Wei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cranial Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurobiology of Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | | | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdamNetherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of SciencesAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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17
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Alashram AR, Annino G. A Novel Neurorehabilitation Approach for Neural Plasticity
Overstimulation and Reorganization in Patients with Neurological
Disorders. PHYSIKALISCHE MEDIZIN, REHABILITATIONSMEDIZIN, KURORTMEDIZIN 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNeurological disorders are those that are associated with impairments in the
nervous system. These impairments affect the patient’s activities of
daily living. Recently, many advanced modalities have been used in the
rehabilitation field to treat various neurological impairments. However, many of
these modalities are available only in clinics, and some are expensive. Most
patients with neurological disorders have difficulty reaching clinics. This
review was designed to establish a new neurorehabilitation approach based on the
scientific way to improve patients’ functional recovery following
neurological disorders in clinics or at home. The human brain is a network, an
intricate, integrated system that coordinates operations among billions of
units. In fact, grey matter contains most of the neuronal cell bodies. It
includes the brain and the spinal cord areas involved in muscle control, sensory
perception, memory, emotions, decision-making, and self-control. Consequently,
patients’ functional ability results from complex interactions among
various brain and spinal cord areas and neuromuscular systems. While white
matter fibers connect numerous brain areas, stimulating or improving non-motor
symptoms, such as motivation, cognitive, and sensory symptoms besides motor
symptoms may enhance functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. The basic principles of the current treatment approach are
established based on brain connectivity. Using motor, sensory, motivation, and
cognitive (MSMC) interventions during rehabilitation may promote neural
plasticity and maximize functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. Experimental studies are strongly needed to verify our theories and
hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas R. Alashram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman,
Jordan
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private
University
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Medicine Systems, University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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18
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Lobule-Related Action Potential Shape- and History-Dependent Current Integration in Purkinje Cells of Adult and Developing Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040623. [PMID: 36831290 PMCID: PMC9953991 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are the principal cells of the cerebellar cortex and form a central element in the modular organization of the cerebellum. Differentiation of PCs based on gene expression profiles revealed two subpopulations with distinct connectivity, action potential firing and learning-induced activity changes. However, which basal cell physiological features underlie the differences between these subpopulations and to what extent they integrate input differentially remains largely unclear. Here, we investigate the cellular electrophysiological properties of PC subpopulation in adult and juvenile mice. We found that multiple fundamental cell physiological properties, including membrane resistance and various aspects of the action potential shape, differ between PCs from anterior and nodular lobules. Moreover, the two PC subpopulations also differed in the integration of negative and positive current steps as well as in size of the hyperpolarization-activated current. A comparative analysis in juvenile mice confirmed that most of these lobule-specific differences are already present at pre-weaning ages. Finally, we found that current integration in PCs is input history-dependent for both positive and negative currents, but this is not a distinctive feature between anterior and nodular PCs. Our results support the concept of a fundamental differentiation of PCs subpopulations in terms of cell physiological properties and current integration, yet reveals that history-dependent input processing is consistent across PC subtypes.
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Wu X, Yan Q, Liu L, Xue X, Yao W, Li X, Li W, Ding S, Xia Y, Zhang D, Zhu F. Domesticated HERV-W env contributes to the activation of the small conductance Ca 2+-activated K + type 2 channels via decreased 5-HT4 receptor in recent-onset schizophrenia. Virol Sin 2023; 38:9-22. [PMID: 36007838 PMCID: PMC10006216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endogenous retroviruses type W family envelope (HERV-W env) gene is located on chromosome 7q21-22. Our previous studies show that HERV-W env is elevated in schizophrenia and HERV-W env can increase calcium influx. Additionally, the 5-HTergic system and particularly 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors play a prominent role in the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R) agonist can block calcium channels. However, the underlying relationship between HERV-W env and 5-HT4R in the etiology of schizophrenia has not been revealed. Here, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the concentration of HERV-W env and 5-HT4R in the plasma of patients with schizophrenia and we found that there were decreased levels of 5-HT4R and a negative correlation between 5-HT4R and HERV-W env in schizophrenia. Overexpression of HERV-W env decreased the transcription and protein levels of 5-HT4R but increased small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ type 2 channels (SK2) expression levels. Further studies revealed that HERV-W env could interact with 5-HT4R. Additionally, luciferase assay showed that an essential region (-364 to -176 from the transcription start site) in the SK2 promoter was required for HERV-W env-induced SK2 expression. Importantly, 5-HT4R participated in the regulation of SK2 expression and promoter activity. Electrophysiological recordings suggested that HERV-W env could increase SK2 channel currents and the increase of SK2 currents was inhibited by 5-HT4R. In conclusion, HERV-W env could activate SK2 channels via decreased 5-HT4R, which might exhibit a novel mechanism for HERV-W env to influence neuronal activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiujin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | | | - Xing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yaru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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20
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Fetterman GC, Margoliash D. Rhythmically bursting songbird vocomotor neurons are organized into multiple sequences, suggesting a network/intrinsic properties model encoding song and error, not time. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525213. [PMID: 36747673 PMCID: PMC9900798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In zebra finch, basal ganglia projecting "HVC X " neurons emit one or more spike bursts during each song motif (canonical sequence of syllables), which are thought to be driven in part by a process of spike rebound excitation. Zebra finch songs are highly stereotyped and recent results indicate that the intrinsic properties of HVC X neurons are similar within each bird, vary among birds depending on similarity of the songs, and vary with song errors. We tested the hypothesis that the timing of spike bursts during singing also evince individual-specific distributions. Examining previously published data, we demonstrated that the intervals between bursts of multibursting HVC X are similar for neurons within each bird, in many cases highly clustered at distinct peaks, with the patterns varying among birds. The fixed delay between bursts and different times when neurons are first recruited in the song yields precisely timed multiple sequences of bursts throughout the song, not the previously envisioned single sequence of bursts treated as events having statistically independent timing. A given moment in time engages multiple sequences and both single bursting and multibursting HVC X simultaneously. This suggests a model where a population of HVC X sharing common intrinsic properties driving spike rebound excitation influence the timing of a given HVC X burst through lateral inhibitory interactions. Perturbations in burst timing, representing error, could propagate in time. Our results extend the concept of central pattern generators to complex vertebrate vocal learning and suggest that network activity (timing of inhibition) and HVC X intrinsic properties become coordinated during developmental birdsong learning.
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21
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Zha C, Sossin WS. The molecular diversity of plasticity mechanisms underlying memory: An evolutionary perspective. J Neurochem 2022; 163:444-460. [PMID: 36326567 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experience triggers molecular cascades in organisms (learning) that lead to alterations (memory) to allow the organism to change its behavior based on experience. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying memory, particularly in the nervous system of animals, has been an exciting scientific challenge for neuroscience. We review what is known about forms of neuronal plasticity that underlie memory highlighting important issues in the field: (1) the importance of being able to measure how neurons are activated during learning to identify the form of plasticity that underlies memory, (2) the many distinct forms of plasticity important for memories that naturally decay both within and between organisms, and (3) unifying principles underlying the formation and maintenance of long-term memories. Overall, the diversity of molecular mechanisms underlying memories that naturally decay contrasts with more unified molecular mechanisms implicated in long-lasting changes. Despite many advances, important questions remain as to which mechanisms of neuronal plasticity underlie memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyao Zha
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Lyu S, Xing H, Liu Y, Girdhar P, Yokoi F, Li Y. Further Studies on the Role of BTBD9 in the Cerebellum, Sleep-like Behaviors and the Restless Legs Syndrome. Neuroscience 2022; 505:78-90. [PMID: 36244636 PMCID: PMC10367443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses have linked BTBD9 to restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep regulation. Btbd9 knockout mice show RLS-like motor restlessness. Previously, we found hyperactivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in Btbd9 knockout mice, which may contribute to the motor restlessness observed. However, underlying mechanisms for PC hyperactivity in Btbd9 knockout mice are unknown. Here, we used dissociated PC recording, brain slice recording and western blot to address this question. Our dissociated recording shows that knockout PCs had increased TEA-sensitive, Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. Applying antagonist to large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels further isolated the increased current as BK current. Consistently, we found increased amplitude of afterhyperpolarization and elevated BK protein levels in the knockout mice. Dissociated recording also shows a decrease in TEA-insensitive, Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. The result is consistent with reduced amplitude of tail currents, mainly composed of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) currents, in slice recording. Our results suggest that BK and SK channels may be responsible for the hyperactivity of knockout PCs. Recently, BTBD9 protein was shown to associate with SYNGAP1 protein. We found a decreased cerebellar level of SYNGAP1 in Btbd9 knockout mice. However, Syngap1 heterozygous knockout mice showed nocturnal, instead of diurnal, motor restlessness. Our results suggest that SYNGAP1 deficiency may not contribute directly to the RLS-like motor restlessness observed in Btbd9 knockout mice. Finally, we found that PC-specific Btbd9 knockout mice exhibited deficits in motor coordination and balance similar to Btbd9 knockout mice, suggesting that the motor effect of BTBD9 in PCs is cell-autonomous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangru Lyu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pallavi Girdhar
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Simmons DH, Busch SE, Titley HK, Grasselli G, Shih J, Du X, Wei C, Gomez CM, Piochon C, Hansel C. Sensory Over-responsivity and Aberrant Plasticity in Cerebellar Cortex in a Mouse Model of Syndromic Autism. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:450-459. [PMID: 36324646 PMCID: PMC9616247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with autism spectrum disorder often show altered responses to sensory stimuli as well as motor deficits, including an impairment of delay eyeblink conditioning, which involves integration of sensory signals in the cerebellum. Here, we identify abnormalities in parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) signaling in the mouse cerebellar cortex that may contribute to these pathologies. Methods We used a mouse model for the human 15q11-13 duplication (patDp/+) and studied responses to sensory stimuli in Purkinje cells from awake mice using two-photon imaging of GCaMP6f signals. Moreover, we examined synaptic transmission and plasticity using in vitro electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and confocal microscopic techniques. Results We found that spontaneous and sensory-evoked CF-calcium transients are enhanced in patDp/+ Purkinje cells, and aversive movements are more severe across sensory modalities. We observed increased expression of the synaptic organizer NRXN1 at CF synapses and ectopic spread of these synapses to fine dendrites. CF-excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from Purkinje cells are enlarged in patDp/+ mice, while responses to PF stimulation are reduced. Confocal measurements show reduced PF+CF-evoked spine calcium transients, a key trigger for PF long-term depression, one of several plasticity types required for eyeblink conditioning learning. Long-term depression is impaired in patDp/+ mice but is rescued on pharmacological enhancement of calcium signaling. Conclusions Our findings suggest that this genetic abnormality causes a pathological inflation of CF signaling, possibly resulting from enhanced NRXN1 expression, with consequences for the representation of sensory stimuli by the CF input and for PF synaptic organization and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana H Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather K Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giorgio Grasselli
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Genoa, Italy.,IRCC Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Justine Shih
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cenfu Wei
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Claire Piochon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Egorova PA, Bezprozvanny IB. Electrophysiological Studies Support Utility of Positive Modulators of SK Channels for the Treatment of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:742-749. [PMID: 34978024 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an incurable hereditary disorder accompanied by cerebellar degeneration following ataxic symptoms. The causative gene for SCA2 is ATXN2. The ataxin-2 protein is involved in RNA metabolism; the polyQ expansion may interrupt ataxin-2 interaction with its molecular targets, thus representing a loss-of-function mutation. However, mutant ataxin-2 protein also displays the features of gain-of-function mutation since it forms the aggregates in SCA2 cells and also enhances the IP3-induced calcium release in affected neurons. The cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are primarily affected in SCA2. Their tonic pacemaker activity is crucial for the proper cerebellar functioning. Disturbances in PC pacemaking are observed in many ataxic disorders. The abnormal intrinsic pacemaking was reported in mouse models of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, Huntington's disease (HD), and in some other murine models of the disorders associated with the cerebellar degeneration. In our studies using SCA2-58Q transgenic mice via cerebellar slice recording and in vivo recording from urethane-anesthetized mice and awake head-fixed mice, we have demonstrated the impaired firing frequency and irregularity of PCs in these mice. PC pacemaker activity is regulated by SK channels. The pharmacological activation of SK channels has demonstrated some promising results in the electrophysiological experiments on EA2, SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, HD mice, and also on mutant CACNA1A mice. In our studies, we have reported that the SK activators CyPPA and NS309 converted bursting activity into tonic, while oral treatment with CyPPA and NS13001 significantly improved motor performance and PC morphology in SCA2 mice. The i.p. injections of chlorzoxazone (CHZ) during in vivo recording sessions converted bursting cells into tonic in anesthetized SCA2 mice. And, finally, long-term injections of CHZ recovered the precision of PC pacemaking activity in awake SCA2 mice and alleviated their motor decline. Thus, the SK activation can be used as a potential way to treat SCA2 and other diseases accompanied by cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya B Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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25
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Snell HD, Vitenzon A, Tara E, Chen C, Tindi J, Jordan BA, Khodakhah K. Mechanism of stress-induced attacks in an episodic neurologic disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh2675. [PMID: 35442745 PMCID: PMC9020779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress is the most common trigger among episodic neurologic disorders. In episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), physical or emotional stress causes episodes of severe motor dysfunction that manifest as ataxia and dystonia. We used the tottering (tg/tg) mouse, a faithful animal model of EA2, to dissect the mechanisms underlying stress-induced motor attacks. We find that in response to acute stress, activation of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-Rs) on Purkinje cells by norepinephrine leads to their erratic firing and consequently motor attacks. We show that norepinephrine induces erratic firing of Purkinje cells by disrupting their spontaneous intrinsic pacemaking via a casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent signaling pathway, which likely reduces the activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Moreover, we report that disruption of this signaling cascade at a number of nodes prevents stress-induced attacks in the tottering mouse. Together, our results suggest that norepinephrine and CK2 are required for the initiation of stress-induced attacks in EA2 and provide previously unidentified targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Snell
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel Vitenzon
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Esra Tara
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chris Chen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jaafar Tindi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bryen A. Jordan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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26
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Acute Cerebellar Inflammation and Related Ataxia: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030367. [PMID: 35326323 PMCID: PMC8946185 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum governs motor coordination and motor learning. Infection with external microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, induces the release and production of inflammatory mediators, which drive acute cerebellar inflammation. The clinical observation of acute cerebellitis is associated with the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In our animal model of the acute inflammation of the cerebellar cortex, animals did not show any ataxia but hyperexcitability in the cerebellar cortex and depression-like behaviors. In contrast, animal models with neurodegeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells and hypoexcitability of the neurons show cerebellar ataxia. The suppression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channels in vivo is associated with a type of ataxia. Therefore, there is a gap in our interpretation between the very early phase of cerebellar inflammation and the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we discuss the hypothesized scenario concerning the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. First, compared with genetically induced cerebellar ataxias, we introduce infection and inflammation in the cerebellum via aberrant immunity and glial responses. Especially, we focus on infections with cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, dengue virus, and SARS-CoV-2, potential relevance to mitochondrial DNA, and autoimmunity in infection. Second, we review neurophysiological modulation (intrinsic excitability, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission) by inflammatory mediators and aberrant immunity. Next, we discuss the cerebellar circuit dysfunction (presumably, via maintaining the homeostatic property). Lastly, we propose the mechanism of the cerebellar ataxia and possible treatments for the ataxia in the cerebellar inflammation.
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27
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Stimulus Generalization in Mice during Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0400-21.2022. [PMID: 35228312 PMCID: PMC8941640 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0400-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate stimulus generalization in a cerebellar learning paradigm, called eyeblink conditioning. Mice were conditioned to close their eyes in response to a 10-kHz tone by repeatedly pairing this tone with an air puff to the eye 250 ms after tone onset. After 10 consecutive days of training, when mice showed reliable conditioned eyelid responses to the 10-kHz tone, we started to expose them to tones with other frequencies, ranging from 2 to 20 kHz. We found that mice had a strong generalization gradient, whereby the probability and amplitude of conditioned eyelid responses gradually decreases depending on the dissimilarity with the 10-kHz tone. Tones with frequencies closest to 10 kHz evoked the most and largest conditioned eyelid responses and each step away from the 10-kHz tone resulted in fewer and smaller conditioned responses (CRs). In addition, we found that tones with lower frequencies resulted in CRs that peaked earlier after tone onset compared with those to tones with higher frequencies. Together, our data show prominent generalization patterns in cerebellar learning. Since the known function of cerebellum is rapidly expanding from pure motor control to domains that include cognition, reward-learning, fear-learning, social function, and even addiction, our data imply generalization controlled by cerebellum in all these domains.
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28
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Yamawaki Y, Wada Y, Matsui S, Ohtsuki G. Microglia-triggered hypoexcitability plasticity of pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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29
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Viet NM, Wang T, Tran-Anh K, Sugihara I. Heterogeneity of intrinsic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells linked with cortical molecular zones. iScience 2022; 25:103705. [PMID: 35059609 PMCID: PMC8760437 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellar cortex, heterogeneous populations of Purkinje cells (PCs), classified into zebrin (aldolase C)-positive (Z+) and -negative (Z-) types, are arranged into separate longitudinal zones. They have different topographic neuronal connections and show different patterns of activity in behavior tasks. However, whether the zebrin type of PCs directly links with the physiological properties of the PC has not been well clarified. Therefore, we applied in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recording in Z+ and Z- PCs in vermal and hemispheric neighboring zebrin zones in zebrin-visualized mice. Intrinsic excitability is significantly higher in Z- PCs than in Z+ PCs. Furthermore, intrinsic plasticity and synaptic long-term potentiation are enhanced more in Z- PCs than in Z+ PCs. The difference was mediated by different modulation of SK channel activities between Z+ and Z- PCs. The results indicate that cellular physiology differentially tunes to the functional compartmentalization of heterogeneous PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Minh Viet
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianzhuo Wang
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khoa Tran-Anh
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Vacher CM, Lacaille H, O'Reilly JJ, Salzbank J, Bakalar D, Sebaoui S, Liere P, Clarkson-Paredes C, Sasaki T, Sathyanesan A, Kratimenos P, Ellegood J, Lerch JP, Imamura Y, Popratiloff A, Hashimoto-Torii K, Gallo V, Schumacher M, Penn AA. Placental endocrine function shapes cerebellar development and social behavior. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1392-1401. [PMID: 34400844 PMCID: PMC8481124 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compromised placental function or premature loss has been linked to diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we show that placenta allopregnanolone (ALLO), a progesterone-derived GABA-A receptor (GABAAR) modulator, reduction alters neurodevelopment in a sex-linked manner. A new conditional mouse model, in which the gene encoding ALLO's synthetic enzyme (akr1c14) is specifically deleted in trophoblasts, directly demonstrated that placental ALLO insufficiency led to cerebellar white matter abnormalities that correlated with autistic-like behavior only in male offspring. A single injection of ALLO or muscimol, a GABAAR agonist, during late gestation abolished these alterations. Comparison of male and female human preterm infant cerebellum also showed sex-linked myelination marker alteration, suggesting similarities between mouse placental ALLO insufficiency and human preterm brain development. This study reveals a new role for a placental hormone in shaping brain regions and behaviors in a sex-linked manner. Placental hormone replacement might offer novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent later neurobehavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire-Marie Vacher
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Helene Lacaille
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiaqi J O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Salzbank
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Bakalar
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Sebaoui
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 INSERM, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | | | - Toru Sasaki
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aaron Sathyanesan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Panagiotis Kratimenos
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pediatrics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- The George Washington University, Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington University, SMHS, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pediatrics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pediatrics, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Anna A Penn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Kita K, Albergaria C, Machado AS, Carey MR, Müller M, Delvendahl I. GluA4 facilitates cerebellar expansion coding and enables associative memory formation. eLife 2021; 10:65152. [PMID: 34219651 PMCID: PMC8291978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) and their subunit composition determines synaptic efficacy. Whereas AMPAR subunits GluA1–GluA3 have been linked to particular forms of synaptic plasticity and learning, the functional role of GluA4 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a crucial function of GluA4 for synaptic excitation and associative memory formation in the cerebellum. Notably, GluA4-knockout mice had ~80% reduced mossy fiber to granule cell synaptic transmission. The fidelity of granule cell spike output was markedly decreased despite attenuated tonic inhibition and increased NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Computational network modeling incorporating these changes revealed that deletion of GluA4 impairs granule cell expansion coding, which is important for pattern separation and associative learning. On a behavioral level, while locomotor coordination was generally spared, GluA4-knockout mice failed to form associative memories during delay eyeblink conditioning. These results demonstrate an essential role for GluA4-containing AMPARs in cerebellar information processing and associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kita
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catarina Albergaria
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S Machado
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Megan R Carey
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Boele HJ, Joung S, Fil JE, Mudd AT, Fleming SA, Koekkoek SKE, Dilger RN. Young Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa) Can Perform Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:690019. [PMID: 34267630 PMCID: PMC8275650 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.690019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pigs have been an increasingly popular preclinical model in nutritional neuroscience, as their anatomy, physiology, and nutrition requirements are highly comparable to those of humans. Eyeblink conditioning is one of the most well-validated behavioral paradigms in neuroscience to study underlying mechanisms of learning and memory formation in the cerebellum. Eyeblink conditioning has been performed in many species but has never been done on young pigs. Therefore, our aim here was to develop and validate an eyeblink conditioning paradigm in young pigs. Method: Eighteen intact male pigs were artificially reared from postnatal day 2-30. The eyeblink conditioning setup consisted of a sound-damping box with a hammock that pigs were placed in, which allowed the pig to remain comfortable yet maintain a typical range of head motion. In a delay conditioning paradigm, the conditional stimulus (CS) was a 550 ms blue light-emitting diode (LED), the unconditional stimulus (US) was a 50 ms eye air-puff, the CS-US interval was 500 ms. Starting at postnatal day 14, pigs were habituated for 5 days to the eyeblink conditioning setup, followed by 5 daily sessions of acquisition training (40 paired CS-US trials each day). Results: The group-averaged amplitude of conditioned eyelid responses gradually increased over the course of the 5 days of training, indicating that pigs learned to make the association between the LED light CS and the air-puff US. A similar increase was found for the conditioned response (CR) probability: the group-averaged CR probability on session 1 was about 12% and reached a CR probability of 55% on day 5. The latency to CR peak time lacked a temporal preference in the first session but clearly showed preference from the moment that animals started to show more CRs in session 2 and onwards whereby the eyelid was maximally closed exactly at the moment that the US would be delivered. Conclusion: We concluded that 3-week-old pigs have the capability of performing in a cerebellar classical conditioning task, demonstrating for the first time that eyeblink conditioning in young pigs has the potential to be a valuable behavioral tool to measure neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Sangyun Joung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Joanne E Fil
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Austin T Mudd
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Stephen A Fleming
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Ryan N Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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33
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Moreira-de-Sá A, Gonçalves FQ, Lopes JP, Silva HB, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA, Canas PM. Motor Deficits Coupled to Cerebellar and Striatal Alterations in Ube3a m-/p+ Mice Modelling Angelman Syndrome Are Attenuated by Adenosine A 2A Receptor Blockade. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2543-2557. [PMID: 33464534 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder involving ataxia and motor dysfunction, resulting from the absence of the maternally inherited functional Ube3a protein in neurons. Since adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) blockade relieves synaptic and motor impairments in Parkinson's or Machado-Joseph's diseases, we now tested if A2AR blockade was also effective in attenuating motor deficits in an AS (Ube3am-/p+) mouse model and if this involved correction of synaptic alterations in striatum and cerebellum. Chronic administration of the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 (0.1 mg/kg/day, ip) promoted motor learning of AS mice in the accelerating-rotarod task and rescued the grip strength impairment of AS animals. These motor impairments were accompanied by synaptic alterations in cerebellum and striatum typified by upregulation of synaptophysin and vesicular GABA transporters (vGAT) in the cerebellum of AS mice along with a downregulation of vGAT, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLUT1) and the dopamine active transporter in AS striatum. Notably, A2AR blockade prevented the synaptic alterations found in AS mice cerebellum as well as the downregulation of striatal vGAT and vGLUT1. This provides the first indications that A2AR blockade may counteract the characteristic motor impairments and synaptic changes of AS, although more studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreira-de-Sá
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Lopes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique B Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângelo R Tomé
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine Building-Polo 1, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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34
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Beekhof GC, Osório C, White JJ, van Zoomeren S, van der Stok H, Xiong B, Nettersheim IH, Mak WA, Runge M, Fiocchi FR, Boele HJ, Hoebeek FE, Schonewille M. Differential spatiotemporal development of Purkinje cell populations and cerebellum-dependent sensorimotor behaviors. eLife 2021; 10:63668. [PMID: 33973524 PMCID: PMC8195607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct populations of Purkinje cells (PCs) with unique molecular and connectivity features are at the core of the modular organization of the cerebellum. Previously, we showed that firing activity of PCs differs between ZebrinII-positive and ZebrinII-negative cerebellar modules (Zhou et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2019). Here, we investigate the timing and extent of PC differentiation during development in mice. We found that several features of PCs, including activity levels, dendritic arborization, axonal shape and climbing fiber input, develop differentially between nodular and anterior PC populations. Although all PCs show a particularly rapid development in the second postnatal week, anterior PCs typically have a prolonged physiological and dendritic maturation. In line herewith, younger mice exhibit attenuated anterior-dependent eyeblink conditioning, but faster nodular-dependent compensatory eye movement adaptation. Our results indicate that specific cerebellar regions have unique developmental timelines which match with their related, specific forms of cerebellum-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bilian Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marit Runge
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, United States
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Simmons DH, Titley HK, Hansel C, Mason P. Behavioral Tests for Mouse Models of Autism: An Argument for the Inclusion of Cerebellum-Controlled Motor Behaviors. Neuroscience 2021; 462:303-319. [PMID: 32417339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been interrogated using a variety of behavioral tests in order to understand the symptoms of ASD. However, the hallmark behaviors that are classically affected in ASD - deficits in social interaction and communication as well as the occurrence of repetitive behaviors - do not have direct murine equivalents. Thus, it is critical to identify the caveats that come with modeling a human disorder in mice. The most commonly used behavioral tests represent complex cognitive processes based on largely unknown brain circuitry. Motor impairments provide an alternative, scientifically rigorous approach to understanding ASD symptoms. Difficulties with motor coordination and learning - seen in both patients and mice - point to an involvement of the cerebellum in ASD pathology. This brain area supports types of motor learning that are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, allowing for direct comparisons of functional abnormalities between humans with autism and ASD mouse models. Studying simple motor behaviors provides researchers with clearly interpretable results. We describe and evaluate methods used on mouse behavioral assays designed to test for social, communicative, perseverative, anxious, nociceptive, and motor learning abnormalities. We comment on the effectiveness and validity of each test based on how much information its results give, as well as its relevance to ASD, and will argue for an inclusion of cerebellum-supported motor behaviors in the phenotypic description of ASD mouse models. LAY SUMMARY: Mouse models of Autism Spectrum Disorder help us gain insight about ASD symptoms in human patients. However, there are many differences between mice and humans, which makes interpreting behaviors challenging. Here, we discuss a battery of behavioral tests for specific mouse behaviors to explore whether each test does indeed evaluate the intended measure, and whether these tests are useful in learning about ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana H Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather K Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Peggy Mason
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Auer F, Franco Taveras E, Klein U, Kesenheimer C, Fleischhauer D, Möhrlen F, Frings S. Anoctamin 2-chloride channels reduce simple spike activity and mediate inhibition at elevated calcium concentration in cerebellar Purkinje cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247801. [PMID: 33651839 PMCID: PMC7924762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neuronal excitability is a prominent way of shaping the activity of neuronal networks. Recent studies highlight the role of calcium-activated chloride currents in this context, as they can both increase or decrease excitability. The calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 2 (ANO2 alias TMEM16B) has been described in several regions of the mouse brain, including the olivo-cerebellar system. In inferior olivary neurons, ANO2 was proposed to increase excitability by facilitating the generation of high-threshold calcium spikes. An expression of ANO2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells was suggested, but its role in these neurons remains unclear. In the present study, we confirmed the expression of Ano2 mRNA in Purkinje cells and performed electrophysiological recordings to examine the influence of ANO2-chloride channels on the excitability of Purkinje cells by comparing wildtype mice to mice lacking ANO2. Recordings were performed in acute cerebellar slices of adult mice, which provided the possibility to study the role of ANO2 within the cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cells were uncoupled from climbing fiber input to assess specifically the effect of ANO2 channels on Purkinje cell activity. We identified an attenuating effect of ANO2-mediated chloride currents on the instantaneous simple spike activity both during strong current injections and during current injections close to the simple spike threshold. Moreover, we report a reduction of inhibitory currents from GABAergic interneurons upon depolarization, lasting for several seconds. Together with the role of ANO2-chloride channels in inferior olivary neurons, our data extend the evidence for a role of chloride-dependent modulation in the olivo-cerebellar system that might be important for proper cerebellum-dependent motor coordination and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Auer
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana Franco Taveras
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uli Klein
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Kesenheimer
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dana Fleischhauer
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Möhrlen
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Frings
- Department of Animal Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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de Oude NL, Hoebeek FE, Ten Brinke MM, de Zeeuw CI, Boele HJ. Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning is severely impaired in tottering mice. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:398-407. [PMID: 33326350 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00578.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cacna1a encodes the pore-forming α1A subunit of CaV2.1 voltage-dependent calcium channels, which regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Purkinje cells in the cortex of cerebellum abundantly express these CaV2.1 channels. Here, we show that homozygous tottering (tg) mice, which carry a loss-of-function Cacna1a mutation, exhibit severely impaired learning in Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning, which is a cerebellar-dependent learning task. Performance of reflexive eyeblinks is unaffected in tg mice. Transient seizure activity in tg mice further corrupted the amplitude of eyeblink conditioned responses. Our results indicate that normal calcium homeostasis is imperative for cerebellar learning and that the oscillatory state of the brain can affect the expression thereof.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we confirm the importance of normal calcium homeostasis in neurons for learning and memory formation. In a mouse model with a mutation in an essential calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the cerebellum, we found severely impaired learning in eyeblink conditioning. Eyeblink conditioning is a cerebellar-dependent learning task. During brief periods of brain-wide oscillatory activity, as a result of the mutation, the expression of conditioned eyeblinks was even further disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L de Oude
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I de Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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39
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De Zeeuw CI. Bidirectional learning in upbound and downbound microzones of the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 22:92-110. [PMID: 33203932 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, theories about cerebellar learning have evolved. A relatively simple view that highlighted the contribution of one major form of heterosynaptic plasticity to cerebellar motor learning has given way to a plethora of perspectives that suggest that many different forms of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity, acting at various sites, can control multiple types of learning behaviour. However, there still seem to be contradictions between the various hypotheses with regard to the mechanisms underlying cerebellar learning. The challenge is therefore to reconcile these different views and unite them into a single overall concept. Here I review our current understanding of the changes in the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in different 'microzones' during various forms of learning. I describe an emerging model that indicates that the activity of each microzone is bound to either increase or decrease during the initial stages of learning, depending on the directional and temporal demands of its downstream circuitry and the behaviour involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. .,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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40
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Shadmehr R. Population coding in the cerebellum: a machine learning perspective. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:2022-2051. [PMID: 33112717 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00449.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cere resembles a feedforward, three-layer network of neurons in which the "hidden layer" consists of Purkinje cells (P-cells) and the output layer consists of deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons. In this analogy, the output of each DCN neuron is a prediction that is compared with the actual observation, resulting in an error signal that originates in the inferior olive. Efficient learning requires that the error signal reach the DCN neurons, as well as the P-cells that project onto them. However, this basic rule of learning is violated in the cerebellum: the olivary projections to the DCN are weak, particularly in adulthood. Instead, an extraordinarily strong signal is sent from the olive to the P-cells, producing complex spikes. Curiously, P-cells are grouped into small populations that converge onto single DCN neurons. Why are the P-cells organized in this way, and what is the membership criterion of each population? Here, I apply elementary mathematics from machine learning and consider the fact that P-cells that form a population exhibit a special property: they can synchronize their complex spikes, which in turn suppress activity of DCN neuron they project to. Thus complex spikes cannot only act as a teaching signal for a P-cell, but through complex spike synchrony, a P-cell population may act as a surrogate teacher for the DCN neuron that produced the erroneous output. It appears that grouping of P-cells into small populations that share a preference for error satisfies a critical requirement of efficient learning: providing error information to the output layer neuron (DCN) that was responsible for the error, as well as the hidden layer neurons (P-cells) that contributed to it. This population coding may account for several remarkable features of behavior during learning, including multiple timescales, protection from erasure, and spontaneous recovery of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shadmehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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41
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Bolaños-Burgos IC, Bernal-Correa AM, Mahecha GAB, Ribeiro ÂM, Kushmerick C. Thiamine Deficiency Increases Intrinsic Excitability of Mouse Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:186-202. [PMID: 33098550 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine deficiency is associated with cerebellar dysfunction; however, the consequences of thiamine deficiency on the electrophysiological properties of cerebellar Purkinje cells are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated these parameters in brain slices containing cerebellar vermis. Adult mice were maintained for 12-13 days on a thiamine-free diet coupled with daily injections of pyrithiamine, an inhibitor of thiamine phosphorylation. Morphological analysis revealed a 20% reduction in Purkinje cell and nuclear volume in thiamine-deficient animals compared to feeding-matched controls, with no reduction in cell count. Under whole-cell current clamp, thiamine-deficient Purkinje cells required significantly less current injection to fire an action potential. This reduction in rheobase was not due to a change in voltage threshold. Rather, thiamine-deficient neurons presented significantly higher input resistance specifically in the voltage range just below threshold, which increases their sensitivity to current at these critical membrane potentials. In addition, thiamine deficiency caused a significant decrease in the amplitude of the action potential afterhyperpolarization, broadened the action potential, and decreased the current threshold for depolarization block. When thiamine-deficient animals were allowed to recover for 1 week on a normal diet, rheobase, threshold, action potential half-width, and depolarization block threshold were no longer different from controls. We conclude that thiamine deficiency causes significant but reversible changes to the electrophysiology properties of Purkinje cells prior to pathological morphological alterations or cell loss. Thus, the data obtained in the present study indicate that increased excitability of Purkinje cells may represent a leading indicator of cerebellar dysfunction caused by lack of thiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana María Bernal-Correa
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ângela Maria Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Christopher Kushmerick
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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42
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Decreased intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje cells following optokinetic learning in mice. Mol Brain 2020; 13:136. [PMID: 33028375 PMCID: PMC7542746 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The optokinetic response (OKR), a reflexive eye movement evoked by a motion of the visual field, is known to adapt its strength to cope with an environmental change throughout life, which is a type of cerebellum-dependent learning. Previous studies suggested that OKR learning induces changes in in-vivo spiking activity and synaptic transmission of the cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC). Despite the recent emphasis on the importance of the intrinsic excitability related to learning and memory, the direct correlation between the intrinsic excitability of PCs and OKR learning has not been tested. In the present study, by utilizing the whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we compared the responses of cerebellar PCs to somatic current injection between the control and learned groups. We found that the neurons from the learned group showed a significant reduction in mean firing rate compared with neurons in the control group. In the analysis of single action potential (AP), we revealed that the rheobase current for the generation of single AP was increased by OKR learning, while AP threshold, AP amplitude, and afterhyperpolarization amplitude were not altered. Taken together, our result suggests that the decrease in the intrinsic excitability was induced in the cerebellar PC of learned group by an increase in the current threshold for generating AP.
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Zang Y, Hong S, De Schutter E. Firing rate-dependent phase responses of Purkinje cells support transient oscillations. eLife 2020; 9:e60692. [PMID: 32895121 PMCID: PMC7478895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both spike rate and timing can transmit information in the brain. Phase response curves (PRCs) quantify how a neuron transforms input to output by spike timing. PRCs exhibit strong firing-rate adaptation, but its mechanism and relevance for network output are poorly understood. Using our Purkinje cell (PC) model, we demonstrate that the rate adaptation is caused by rate-dependent subthreshold membrane potentials efficiently regulating the activation of Na+ channels. Then, we use a realistic PC network model to examine how rate-dependent responses synchronize spikes in the scenario of reciprocal inhibition-caused high-frequency oscillations. The changes in PRC cause oscillations and spike correlations only at high firing rates. The causal role of the PRC is confirmed using a simpler coupled oscillator network model. This mechanism enables transient oscillations between fast-spiking neurons that thereby form PC assemblies. Our work demonstrates that rate adaptation of PRCs can spatio-temporally organize the PC input to cerebellar nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Sungho Hong
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
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A Slow Short-Term Depression at Purkinje to Deep Cerebellar Nuclear Neuron Synapses Supports Gain-Control and Linear Encoding over Second-Long Time Windows. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5937-5953. [PMID: 32554551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2078-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications in the sensitivity of neural elements allow the brain to adapt its functions to varying demands. Frequency-dependent short-term synaptic depression (STD) provides a dynamic gain-control mechanism enabling adaptation to different background conditions alongside enhanced sensitivity to input-driven changes in activity. In contrast, synapses displaying frequency-invariant transmission can faithfully transfer ongoing presynaptic rates enabling linear processing, deemed critical for many functions. However, rigid frequency-invariant transmission may lead to runaway dynamics and low sensitivity to changes in rate. Here, I investigated the Purkinje cell to deep cerebellar nuclei neuron synapses (PC_DCNs), which display frequency invariance, and yet, PCs maintain background activity at disparate rates, even at rest. Using protracted PC_DCN activation (120 s) to mimic background activity in cerebellar slices from mature mice of both sexes, I identified a previously unrecognized, frequency-dependent, slow STD (S-STD), adapting IPSC amplitudes in tens of seconds to minutes. However, after changes in activation rates, over a behavior-relevant second-long time window, S-STD enabled scaled linear encoding of PC rates in synaptic charge transfer and DCN spiking activity. Combined electrophysiology, optogenetics, and statistical analysis suggested that S-STD mechanism is input-specific, involving decreased ready-to-release quanta, and distinct from faster short-term plasticity (f-STP). Accordingly, an S-STD component with a scaling effect (i.e., activity-dependent release sites inactivation), extending a model explaining PC_DCN release on shorter timescales using balanced f-STP, reproduced the experimental results. Thus, these results elucidates a novel slow gain-control mechanism able to support linear transfer of behavior-driven/learned PC rates concurrently with background activity adaptation, and furthermore, provides an alternative pathway to refine PC output.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain can adapt to varying demands by dynamically changing the gain of its synapses; however, some tasks require ongoing linear transfer of presynaptic rates, seemingly incompatible with nonlinear gain adaptation. Here, I report a novel slow gain-control mechanism enabling scaled linear encoding of presynaptic rates over behavior-relevant time windows, and adaptation to background activity at the Purkinje to deep cerebellar nuclear neurons synapses (PC_DCNs). A previously unrecognized PC_DCNs slow and frequency-dependent short-term synaptic depression (S-STD) mediates this process. Experimental evidence and simulations suggested that scaled linear encoding emerges from the combination of S-STD slow dynamics and frequency-invariant transmission at faster timescales. These results demonstrate a mechanism reconciling rate code with background activity adaptation and suitable for flexibly tuning PCs output via background activity modulation.
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45
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The Optogenetic Revolution in Cerebellar Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072494. [PMID: 32260234 PMCID: PMC7212757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is most renowned for its role in sensorimotor control and coordination, but a growing number of anatomical and physiological studies are demonstrating its deep involvement in cognitive and emotional functions. Recently, the development and refinement of optogenetic techniques boosted research in the cerebellar field and, impressively, revolutionized the methodological approach and endowed the investigations with entirely new capabilities. This translated into a significant improvement in the data acquired for sensorimotor tests, allowing one to correlate single-cell activity with motor behavior to the extent of determining the role of single neuronal types and single connection pathways in controlling precise aspects of movement kinematics. These levels of specificity in correlating neuronal activity to behavior could not be achieved in the past, when electrical and pharmacological stimulations were the only available experimental tools. The application of optogenetics to the investigation of the cerebellar role in higher-order and cognitive functions, which involves a high degree of connectivity with multiple brain areas, has been even more significant. It is possible that, in this field, optogenetics has changed the game, and the number of investigations using optogenetics to study the cerebellar role in non-sensorimotor functions in awake animals is growing. The main issues addressed by these studies are the cerebellar role in epilepsy (through connections to the hippocampus and the temporal lobe), schizophrenia and cognition, working memory for decision making, and social behavior. It is also worth noting that optogenetics opened a new perspective for cerebellar neurostimulation in patients (e.g., for epilepsy treatment and stroke rehabilitation), promising unprecedented specificity in the targeted pathways that could be either activated or inhibited.
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46
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Grasselli G, Boele HJ, Titley HK, Bradford N, van Beers L, Jay L, Beekhof GC, Busch SE, De Zeeuw CI, Schonewille M, Hansel C. SK2 channels in cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to excitability modulation in motor-learning-specific memory traces. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000596. [PMID: 31905212 PMCID: PMC6964916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons store information by changing synaptic input weights. In addition, they can adjust their membrane excitability to alter spike output. Here, we demonstrate a role of such "intrinsic plasticity" in behavioral learning in a mouse model that allows us to detect specific consequences of absent excitability modulation. Mice with a Purkinje-cell-specific knockout (KO) of the calcium-activated K+ channel SK2 (L7-SK2) show intact vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain adaptation but impaired eyeblink conditioning (EBC), which relies on the ability to establish associations between stimuli, with the eyelid closure itself depending on a transient suppression of spike firing. In these mice, the intrinsic plasticity of Purkinje cells is prevented without affecting long-term depression or potentiation at their parallel fiber (PF) input. In contrast to the typical spike pattern of EBC-supporting zebrin-negative Purkinje cells, L7-SK2 neurons show reduced background spiking but enhanced excitability. Thus, SK2 plasticity and excitability modulation are essential for specific forms of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Grasselli
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather K. Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nora Bradford
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa van Beers
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Jay
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gerco C. Beekhof
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silas E. Busch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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