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Romero-Becera R, Santamans AM, Arcones AC, Sabio G. From Beats to Metabolism: the Heart at the Core of Interorgan Metabolic Cross Talk. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:98-125. [PMID: 38051123 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart, once considered a mere blood pump, is now recognized as a multifunctional metabolic and endocrine organ. Its function is tightly regulated by various metabolic processes, at the same time it serves as an endocrine organ, secreting bioactive molecules that impact systemic metabolism. In recent years, research has shed light on the intricate interplay between the heart and other metabolic organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. The metabolic flexibility of the heart and its ability to switch between different energy substrates play a crucial role in maintaining cardiac function and overall metabolic homeostasis. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of how metabolic disorders disrupt cardiac metabolism is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiac diseases. The emerging understanding of the heart as a metabolic and endocrine organ highlights its essential contribution to whole body metabolic regulation and offers new insights into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we provide an in-depth exploration of the heart's metabolic and endocrine functions, emphasizing its role in systemic metabolism and the interplay between the heart and other metabolic organs. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests a correlation between heart disease and other conditions such as aging and cancer, indicating that the metabolic dysfunction observed in these conditions may share common underlying mechanisms. By unraveling the complex mechanisms underlying cardiac metabolism, we aim to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases and improve overall cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alba C Arcones
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Ullman JC, Mellem KT, Xi Y, Ramanan V, Merritt H, Choy R, Gujral T, Young LE, Blake K, Tep S, Homburger JR, O’Regan A, Ganesh S, Wong P, Satterfield TF, Lin B, Situ E, Yu C, Espanol B, Sarwaikar R, Fastman N, Tzitzilonis C, Lee P, Reiton D, Morton V, Santiago P, Won W, Powers H, Cummings BB, Hoek M, Graham RR, Chandriani SJ, Bainer R, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ, Hurley TD, Sun RC, Gentry MS, Sinz C, Dick RA, Noonberg SB, Beattie DT, Morgans DJ, Green EM. Small-molecule inhibition of glycogen synthase 1 for the treatment of Pompe disease and other glycogen storage disorders. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadf1691. [PMID: 38232139 PMCID: PMC10962247 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in muscle glycogen synthesis, plays a central role in energy homeostasis and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in multiple glycogen storage diseases. Despite decades of investigation, there are no known potent, selective small-molecule inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, we report the preclinical characterization of MZ-101, a small molecule that potently inhibits GYS1 in vitro and in vivo without inhibiting GYS2, a related isoform essential for synthesizing liver glycogen. Chronic treatment with MZ-101 depleted muscle glycogen and was well tolerated in mice. Pompe disease, a glycogen storage disease caused by mutations in acid α glucosidase (GAA), results in pathological accumulation of glycogen and consequent autophagolysosomal abnormalities, metabolic dysregulation, and muscle atrophy. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant GAA is the only approved treatment for Pompe disease, but it requires frequent infusions, and efficacy is limited by suboptimal skeletal muscle distribution. In a mouse model of Pompe disease, chronic oral administration of MZ-101 alone reduced glycogen buildup in skeletal muscle with comparable efficacy to ERT. In addition, treatment with MZ-101 in combination with ERT had an additive effect and could normalize muscle glycogen concentrations. Biochemical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses of muscle tissue demonstrated that lowering of glycogen concentrations with MZ-101, alone or in combination with ERT, corrected the cellular pathology in this mouse model. These data suggest that substrate reduction therapy with GYS1 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach for Pompe disease and other glycogen storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Ullman
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Kevin T. Mellem
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Yannan Xi
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hanne Merritt
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Rebeca Choy
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Lyndsay E.A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kerrigan Blake
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Cellarity, Somerville, Massachusetts, 02143, USA
| | - Samnang Tep
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Adam O’Regan
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Sandya Ganesh
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Perryn Wong
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Baiwei Lin
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Eva Situ
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Cecile Yu
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Bryan Espanol
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Richa Sarwaikar
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Nathan Fastman
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Patrick Lee
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Curie Bio, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Reiton
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Vivian Morton
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, California, 94063, USA
| | - Pam Santiago
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Walter Won
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hannah Powers
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Maarten Hoek
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Russell Bainer
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Thomas D. Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- USA Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Ryan A. Dick
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric M. Green
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
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3
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Santamaría R, Cruz-Caballero J, Gkontra P, Jiménez-Montiel A, Clemente C, López JA, Villalba-Orero M, Vázquez J, Hutloff A, Lara-Pezzi E, Arroyo AG. Capillary pruning couples tissue perfusion and oxygenation with cardiomyocyte maturation in the postnatal mouse heart. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1256127. [PMID: 38020883 PMCID: PMC10661946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1256127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Removal of poorly perfused capillaries by pruning contributes to remodeling the microvasculature to optimize oxygen and nutrient delivery. Blood flow drives this process by promoting the intravascular migration of endothelial cells in developing networks, such as in the yolk sac, zebrafish brain or postnatal mouse retina. Methods: In this study, we have implemented innovative tools to recognize capillary pruning in the complex 3D coronary microvasculature of the postnatal mouse heart. We have also experimentally tested the impact of decreasing pruning on the structure and function of this network by altering blood flow with two different vasodilators: losartan and prazosin. Results: Although both drugs reduced capillary pruning, a combination of experiments based on ex vivo imaging, proteomics, electron microscopy and in vivo functional approaches showed that losartan treatment resulted in an inefficient coronary network, reduced myocardial oxygenation and metabolic changes that delayed the arrest of cardiomyocyte proliferation, in contrast to the effects of prazosin, probably due to its concomitant promotion of capillary expansion. Discussion: Our work demonstrates that capillary pruning contributes to proper maturation and function of the heart and that manipulation of blood flow may be a novel strategy to refine the microvasculature and improve tissue perfusion after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santamaría
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Polyxeni Gkontra
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Lab (BCN-AIM), Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba-Orero
- Myocardial Pathology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Myocardial Pathology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Qi XM, Chen G. p38γ MAPK Inflammatory and Metabolic Signaling in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1674. [PMID: 37443708 PMCID: PMC10341180 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
p38γ MAPK (also called ERK6 or SAPK3) is a family member of stress-activated MAPKs and has common and specific roles as compared to other p38 proteins in signal transduction. Recent studies showed that, in addition to inflammation, p38γ metabolic signaling is involved in physiological exercise and in pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. p38γphosphorylates at least 19 substrates through which p38γ activity is further modified to regulate life-important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and transformation, thereby impacting biological outcomes of p38γ-driven pathogenesis. P38γ signaling is characterized by its unique reciprocal regulation with its specific phosphatase PTPH1 and by its direct binding to promoter DNAs, leading to transcriptional activation of targets including cancer-like stem cell drivers. This paper will review recent findings about p38γ inflammation and metabolic signaling in physiology and diseases. Moreover, we will discuss the progress in the development of p38γ-specific pharmacological inhibitors for therapeutic intervention in disease prevention and treatment by targeting the p38γ signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Guan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Research Service, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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5
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Romero-Becerra R, Mora A, Manieri E, Nikolic I, Santamans AM, Montalvo-Romeral V, Cruz FM, Rodríguez E, León M, Leiva-Vega L, Sanz L, Bondía V, Filgueiras-Rama D, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Jalife J, Gonzalez-Teran B, Sabio G. MKK6 deficiency promotes cardiac dysfunction through MKK3-p38γ/δ-mTOR hyperactivation. eLife 2022; 11:e75250. [PMID: 35971771 PMCID: PMC9381040 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated p38 kinases control a plethora of functions, and their dysregulation has been linked to the development of steatosis, obesity, immune disorders, and cancer. Therefore, they have been identified as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. There are four p38 family members (p38α, p38β, p38γ, and p38δ) that are activated by MKK3 and MKK6. Here, we demonstrate that lack of MKK6 reduces the lifespan in mice. Longitudinal study of cardiac function in MKK6 KO mice showed that young mice develop cardiac hypertrophy which progresses to cardiac dilatation and fibrosis with age. Mechanistically, lack of MKK6 blunts p38α activation while causing MKK3-p38γ/δ hyperphosphorylation and increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy in MKK6 KO mice is reverted by knocking out either p38γ or p38δ or by inhibiting the mTOR pathway with rapamycin. In conclusion, we have identified a key role for the MKK3/6-p38γ/δ pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, which has important implications for the clinical use of p38α inhibitors in the long-term treatment since they might result in cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Elisa Manieri
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | | | | | | | - Elena Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Marta León
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - Víctor Bondía
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
| | - David Filgueiras-Rama
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades CardiovascularesMadridSpain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario San CarlosMadridSpain
| | | | - José Jalife
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades CardiovascularesMadridSpain
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Barbara Gonzalez-Teran
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
- Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadridSpain
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6
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Awwad L, Aronheim A. Cardiac Dysfunction Promotes Cancer Progression via Multiple Secreted Factors. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1753-1761. [PMID: 35260887 PMCID: PMC9359722 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure and cancer are the leading cause of deaths worldwide. While heart failure and cancer have been considered separate diseases, it is becoming evident that they are highly connected and affect each other's outcomes. Recent studies using experimental mouse models have suggested that heart failure promotes tumor progression. The mouse models used involve major irreversible surgery. Here, we induced heart hypertrophy via expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in cardiomyocytes, followed by cancer cells' implantation. Tumors developing in ATF3-transgenic mice grew larger and displayed a more highly metastatic phenotype compared with tumors in wild-type mice. To address whether ATF3 expression or the cardiac outcome are necessary for tumor progression, ATF3 expression was turned off after cardiac hypertrophy development followed by cancer cell implantation. The tumor promotion phenotype and the enhancement of metastatic properties were preserved, suggesting that the failing heart per se is sufficient to promote tumor progression. Serum derived from ATF3-transgenic mice enhanced cancer cell proliferation and increased cancer cell metastatic properties in vitro. Using a cytokine array panel, multiple factors responsible for promoting tumor cell proliferation and the metastatic phenotype were identified. Interestingly, the failing heart and the tumor separately and simultaneously contributed to higher levels of these factors in the serum as well as other tissues and organs. These data suggest the existence of intimate cross-talk between the hypertrophied heart and the tumor that is mediated by secreted factors, leading to cancer promotion and disease deterioration. SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of heart failure prior to reaching the irreversible stage that can exacerbate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ami Aronheim
- Corresponding Author: Ami Aronheim, Israel Institute of Technology, 7th Efron St. Bat-Galim, PO Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel. Phone: 972-4829-5454; Fax: 972-4829-5225; E-mail:
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