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Mashaghi A, Hong J, Chauhan SK, Dana R. Ageing and ocular surface immunity. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1-5. [PMID: 27378485 PMCID: PMC5583682 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of ocular surface immunopathologies is enhanced in the elderly. This increased prevalence has been attributed to age-related dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune system responses. Age-related changes in ocular surface immunity have similar and distinct characteristics to those changes seen in other mucosal tissues. This mini review provides a brief outline of key findings in the field of ocular ageing, draws comparisons with other mucosal tissues and, finally, discusses age-related changes in the context of immunopathogenesis of infectious keratitis and dry eye disease, two of the most common inflammatory disorders of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mashaghi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Koopman JJE, Kramer A, van Heemst D, Åsberg A, Beuscart JB, Buturović-Ponikvar J, Collart F, Couchoud CG, Finne P, Heaf JG, Massy ZA, De Meester JMJ, Palsson R, Steenkamp R, Traynor JP, Jager KJ, Putter H. Measuring senescence rates of patients with end-stage renal disease while accounting for population heterogeneity: an analysis of data from the ERA-EDTA Registry. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:773-779. [PMID: 27665405 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a population's senescence rate is classically measured as the increase in mortality rate with age on a logarithmic scale, it may be more accurately measured as the increase on a linear scale. Patients on dialysis, who suffer from accelerated senescence, exhibit a smaller increase in their mortality rate on a logarithmic scale, but a larger increase on a linear scale than patients with a functioning kidney transplant. However, this comparison may be biased by population heterogeneity. METHODS Follow-up data on 323,308 patients on dialysis and 91,679 patients with a functioning kidney transplant were derived from the ERA-EDTA Registry. We measured the increases in their mortality rates using Gompertz frailty models that allow individual variation in this increase. RESULTS According to these models, the senescence rate measured as the increase in mortality rate on a logarithmic scale was smaller in patients on dialysis, while the senescence rate measured as the increase on a linear scale was larger in patients on dialysis than patients with a functioning kidney transplant. CONCLUSIONS Also when accounting for population heterogeneity, a population's senescence rate is more accurately measured as the increase in mortality rate on a linear scale than a logarithmic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J E Koopman
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anneke Kramer
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Norwegian Renal Registry, Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beuscart
- University of Lille, EA2694, Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Geriatric Department, Lille, France
| | - Jadranka Buturović-Ponikvar
- Department of Nephrology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frederic Collart
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile G Couchoud
- Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) Registry, French Biomedical Agency, Saint-Denis-la-Plaine, France
| | - Patrik Finne
- Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James G Heaf
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, University of Paris Ouest-Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1018, Research Centre in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Johan M J De Meester
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Runolfur Palsson
- Division of Nephrology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Jamie P Traynor
- The Scottish Renal Registry, Information Services Division Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kitty J Jager
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Burger O, Missov TI. Evolutionary theory of ageing and the problem of correlated Gompertz parameters. J Theor Biol 2016; 408:34-41. [PMID: 27503574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Gompertz mortality model is often used to evaluate evolutionary theories of ageing, such as the Medawar-Williams' hypothesis that high extrinsic mortality leads to faster ageing. However, fits of the Gompertz mortality model to data often find the opposite result that mortality is negatively correlated with the rate of ageing. This negative correlation has been independently discovered in several taxa and is known in actuarial studies of ageing as the Strehler-Mildvan correlation. We examine the role of mortality selection in determining late-life variation in susceptibility to death, which has been suggested to be the cause of this negative correlation. We demonstrate that fixed-frailty models that account for heterogeneity in frailty do not remove the correlation and that the correlation is an inherent statistical property of the Gompertz distribution. Linking actuarial and biological rates of ageing will continue to be a pressing challenge, but the Strehler-Mildvan correlation itself should not be used to diagnose any biological, physiological, or evolutionary process. These findings resolve some key tensions between theory and data that affect evolutionary and biological studies of ageing and mortality. Tests of evolutionary theories of ageing should include direct measures of physiological performance or condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Burger
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Trifon I Missov
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany; Mathematical Demography, University of Rostock, Ulmenstr. 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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7
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Le Cunff Y, Baudisch A, Pakdaman K. Evolution of aging: individual life history trade-offs and population heterogeneity account for mortality patterns across species. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1706-20. [PMID: 24925106 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of mortality patterns has been documented across species, some even including decreasing mortality over age. Whether there exist a common denominator to explain both similarities and differences in these mortality patterns remains an open question. The disposable soma theory, an evolutionary theory of aging, proposes that universal intracellular trade-offs between maintenance/lifespan and reproduction would drive aging across species. The disposable soma theory has provided numerous insights concerning aging processes in single individuals. Yet, which specific population mortality patterns it can lead to is still largely unexplored. In this article, we propose a model exploring the mortality patterns which emerge from an evolutionary process including only the disposable soma theory core principles. We adapt a well-known model of genomic evolution to show that mortality curves producing a kink or mid-life plateaus derive from a common minimal evolutionary framework. These mortality shapes qualitatively correspond to those of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, medflies, yeasts and humans. Species evolved in silico especially differ in their population diversity of maintenance strategies, which itself emerges as an adaptation to the environment over generations. Based on this integrative framework, we also derive predictions and interpretations concerning the effects of diet changes and heat-shock treatments on mortality patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Le Cunff
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Max Planck Research Group on Modelling the Evolution of Aging, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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Effects of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of aging: a stochastic modeling approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86602. [PMID: 24466165 PMCID: PMC3897743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary theories of aging are useful for gaining insights into the complex mechanisms underlying senescence. Classical theories argue that high levels of extrinsic mortality should select for the evolution of shorter lifespans and earlier peak fertility. Non-classical theories, in contrast, posit that an increase in extrinsic mortality could select for the evolution of longer lifespans. Although numerous studies support the classical paradigm, recent data challenge classical predictions, finding that high extrinsic mortality can select for the evolution of longer lifespans. To further elucidate the role of extrinsic mortality in the evolution of aging, we implemented a stochastic, agent-based, computational model. We used a simulated annealing optimization approach to predict which model parameters predispose populations to evolve longer or shorter lifespans in response to increased levels of predation. We report that longer lifespans evolved in the presence of rising predation if the cost of mating is relatively high and if energy is available in excess. Conversely, we found that dramatically shorter lifespans evolved when mating costs were relatively low and food was relatively scarce. We also analyzed the effects of increased predation on various parameters related to density dependence and energy allocation. Longer and shorter lifespans were accompanied by increased and decreased investments of energy into somatic maintenance, respectively. Similarly, earlier and later maturation ages were accompanied by increased and decreased energetic investments into early fecundity, respectively. Higher predation significantly decreased the total population size, enlarged the shared resource pool, and redistributed energy reserves for mature individuals. These results both corroborate and refine classical predictions, demonstrating a population-level trade-off between longevity and fecundity and identifying conditions that produce both classical and non-classical lifespan effects.
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