1
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van’t Hof AE, Whiteford S, Yung CJ, Yoshido A, Zrzavá M, de Jong MA, Tan KL, Zhu D, Monteiro A, Brakefield PM, Marec F, Saccheri IJ. Zygosity-based sex determination in a butterfly drives hypervariability of Masculinizer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj6979. [PMID: 38701204 PMCID: PMC11067997 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Nature has devised many ways of producing males and females. Here, we report on a previously undescribed mechanism for Lepidoptera that functions without a female-specific gene. The number of alleles or allele heterozygosity in a single Z-linked gene (BaMasc) is the primary sex-determining switch in Bicyclus anynana butterflies. Embryos carrying a single BaMasc allele develop into WZ (or Z0) females, those carrying two distinct alleles develop into ZZ males, while (ZZ) homozygotes initiate female development, have mismatched dosage compensation, and die as embryos. Consequently, selection against homozygotes has favored the evolution of spectacular allelic diversity: 205 different coding sequences of BaMasc were detected in a sample of 246 females. The structural similarity of a hypervariable region (HVR) in BaMasc to the HVR in Apis mellifera csd suggests molecular convergence between deeply diverged insect lineages. Our discovery of this primary switch highlights the fascinating diversity of sex-determining mechanisms and underlying evolutionary drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen E. van’t Hof
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sam Whiteford
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Carl J. Yung
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Atsuo Yoshido
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maaike A. de Jong
- Netherlands eScience Center, Science Park 402, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kian-Long Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dantong Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ilik J. Saccheri
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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2
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Roldán EL, Stelinski LL, Pelz-Stelinski KS. Reduction of Wolbachia in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) increases phytopathogen acquisition and decreases fitness. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae089. [PMID: 38701242 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally inherited intracellular bacterium that infects a wide range of arthropods. Wolbachia can have a significant impact on host biology and development, often due to its effects on reproduction. We investigated Wolbachia-mediated effects in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, which transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal agent of citrus greening disease. Diaphorina citri are naturally infected with Wolbachia; therefore, investigating Wolbachia-mediated effects on D. citri fitness and CLas transmission required artificial reduction of this endosymbiont with the application of doxycycline. Doxycycline treatment of psyllids reduced Wolbachia infection by approximately 60% in both male and female D. citri. Psyllids treated with doxycycline exhibited higher CLas acquisition in both adults and nymphs as compared with negative controls. In addition, doxycycline-treated psyllids exhibited decreased fitness as measured by reduced egg and nymph production as well as adult emergence as compared with control lines without the doxycycline treatment. Our results indicate that Wolbachia benefits D. citri by improving fitness and potentially competes with CLas by interfering with phytopathogen acquisition. Targeted manipulation of endosymbionts in this phytopathogen vector may yield disease management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Roldán
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
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3
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Rutagarama VP, Ireri PM, Sibomana C, Omufwoko KS, Martin SH, ffrench‐Constant RH, Eckardt W, Kaplin BK, Smith DAS, Gordon I. African Queens find mates when males are rare. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9956. [PMID: 37021082 PMCID: PMC10067808 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In butterflies and moths, male‐killing endosymbionts are transmitted from infected females via their eggs, and the male progeny then perish. This means that successful transmission of the parasite relies on the successful mating of the host. Paradoxically, at the population level, parasite transmission also reduces the number of adult males present in the final population for infected females to mate with. Here we investigate if successful female mating when males are rare is indeed a likely rate‐limiting step in the transmission of male‐killing Spiroplasma in the African Monarch, Danaus chrysippus. In Lepidoptera, successful pairings are hallmarked by the transfer of a sperm‐containing spermatophore from the male to the female during copulation. Conveniently, this spermatophore remains detectable within the female upon dissection, and thus, spermatophore counts can be used to assess the frequency of successful mating in the field. We used such spermatophore counts to examine if altered sex ratios in the D. chrysippus do indeed affect female mating success. We examined two different field sites in East Africa where males were often rare. Surprisingly, mated females carried an average of 1.5 spermatophores each, regardless of male frequency, and importantly, only 10–20% remained unmated. This suggests that infected females will still be able to mate in the face of either Spiroplasma‐mediated male killing and/or fluctuations in adult sex ratio over the wet–dry season cycle. These observations may begin to explain how the male‐killing mollicute can still be successfully transmitted in a population where males are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Rutagarama
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
| | - Piera M. Ireri
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
| | - Constantin Sibomana
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
| | - Kennedy S. Omufwoko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Simon H. Martin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Beth K. Kaplin
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity & Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of RwandaButareRwanda
| | | | - Ian Gordon
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
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4
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Camus MF, Alexander-Lawrie B, Sharbrough J, Hurst GDD. Inheritance through the cytoplasm. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:31-43. [PMID: 35525886 PMCID: PMC9273588 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most heritable information in eukaryotic cells is encoded in the nuclear genome, with inheritance patterns following classic Mendelian segregation. Genomes residing in the cytoplasm, however, prove to be a peculiar exception to this rule. Cytoplasmic genetic elements are generally maternally inherited, although there are several exceptions where these are paternally, biparentally or doubly-uniparentally inherited. In this review, we examine the diversity and peculiarities of cytoplasmically inherited genomes, and the broad evolutionary consequences that non-Mendelian inheritance brings. We first explore the origins of vertical transmission and uniparental inheritance, before detailing the vast diversity of cytoplasmic inheritance systems across Eukaryota. We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. In sum, we cannot understand the evolution of eukaryotes without understanding hereditary symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Camus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
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5
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Hornett EA, Kageyama D, Hurst GDD. Sex determination systems as the interface between male-killing bacteria and their hosts. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212781. [PMID: 35414231 PMCID: PMC9005997 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods host a range of sex-ratio-distorting selfish elements, including diverse maternally inherited endosymbionts that solely kill infected males. Male-killing heritable microbes are common, reach high frequency, but until recently have been poorly understood in terms of the host–microbe interaction. Additionally, while male killing should generate strong selection for host resistance, evidence of this has been scant. The interface of the microbe with host sex determination is integral to the understanding of how death is sex limited and how hosts can evolve evasion of male killing. We first review current knowledge of the mechanisms diverse endosymbionts use to induce male-specific death. We then examine recent evidence that these agents do produce intense selection for host nuclear suppressor elements. We argue, from our understanding of male-killing mechanisms, that suppression will commonly involve evolution of the host sex determination pathways and that the host's response to male-killing microbes thus represents an unrecognized driver of the diversity of arthropod sex determination. Further work is required to identify the genes and mechanisms responsible for male-killing suppression, which will both determine the components of sex determination (or other) systems associated with suppressor evolution, and allow insight into the mechanism of male killing itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hornett
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,Vector Biology, LSTM, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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6
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Yoshida K, Sanada-Morimura S, Huang SH, Tokuda M. Silence of the killers: discovery of male-killing suppression in a rearing strain of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202125. [PMID: 33468006 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to evolutionary theory, sex ratio distortions caused by reproductive parasites such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are predicted to be rapidly normalized by the emergence of host nuclear suppressors. However, such processes in the evolutionary arms race are difficult to observe because sex ratio biases will be promptly hidden and become superficially unrecognizable. The evolution of genetic suppressors has been reported in just two insect species so far. In the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, female-biases caused by Spiroplasma, which is a 'late' male-killer, have been found in some populations. During the continuous rearing of L. striatellus, we noted that a rearing strain had a 1 : 1 sex ratio even though it harboured Spiroplasma. Through introgression crossing experiments with a strain lacking suppressors, we revealed that the L. striatellus strain had the zygotic male-killing suppressor acting as a dominant trait. The male-killing phenotype was hidden by the suppressor even though Spiroplasma retained its male-killing ability. This is the first study to demonstrate the existence of a late male-killing suppressor and its mode of inheritance. Our results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the inheritance modes of male-killing suppressors are similar regardless of insect order or early or late male killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshida
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | - Shou-Horng Huang
- Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Chiayi 60044, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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7
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Driscoll TP, Verhoeve VI, Brockway C, Shrewsberry DL, Plumer M, Sevdalis SE, Beckmann JF, Krueger LM, Macaluso KR, Azad AF, Gillespie JJ. Evolution of Wolbachia mutualism and reproductive parasitism: insight from two novel strains that co-infect cat fleas. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10646. [PMID: 33362982 PMCID: PMC7750005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect arthropods and certain nematodes. Usually maternally inherited, they may provision nutrients to (mutualism) or alter sexual biology of (reproductive parasitism) their invertebrate hosts. We report the assembly of closed genomes for two novel wolbachiae, wCfeT and wCfeJ, found co-infecting cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) of the Elward Laboratory colony (Soquel, CA, USA). wCfeT is basal to nearly all described Wolbachia supergroups, while wCfeJ is related to supergroups C, D and F. Both genomes contain laterally transferred genes that inform on the evolution of Wolbachia host associations. wCfeT carries the Biotin synthesis Operon of Obligate intracellular Microbes (BOOM); our analyses reveal five independent acquisitions of BOOM across the Wolbachia tree, indicating parallel evolution towards mutualism. Alternately, wCfeJ harbors a toxin-antidote operon analogous to the wPip cinAB operon recently characterized as an inducer of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in flies. wCfeJ cinB and three adjacent genes are collectively similar to large modular toxins encoded in CI-like operons of certain Wolbachia strains and Rickettsia species, signifying that CI toxins streamline by fission of large modular toxins. Remarkably, the C. felis genome itself contains two CI-like antidote genes, divergent from wCfeJ cinA, revealing episodic reproductive parasitism in cat fleas and evidencing mobility of CI loci independent of WO-phage. Additional screening revealed predominant co-infection (wCfeT/wCfeJ) amongst C. felis colonies, though fleas in wild populations mostly harbor wCfeT alone. Collectively, genomes of wCfeT, wCfeJ, and their cat flea host supply instances of lateral gene transfers that could drive transitions between parasitism and mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria I Verhoeve
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Mariah Plumer
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Spiridon E Sevdalis
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John F Beckmann
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Laura M Krueger
- Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA, USA
| | - Kevin R Macaluso
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Abdu F Azad
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Gillespie
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Wangkeeree J, Suwanchaisri K, Roddee J, Hanboonsong Y. Effect of Wolbachia infection states on the life history and reproductive traits of the leafhopper Yamatotettix flavovittatus Matsumura. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107490. [PMID: 33075316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited bacterium of insects that can affect host reproduction and fitness. We examined the effect of Wolbachia infection on the life history and reproductive traits of the leafhopper Yamatotettix flavovittatus, which is a vector of the phytoplasma that causes white leaf disease in sugarcane. This investigation was performed using Wolbachia-infected and uninfected leafhopper lineages. Results revealed that Wolbachia infection did not significantly affect the survival of nymphal stages, male longevity, and sex ratio. However, Wolbachia-infected lineages had prolonged immature development periods and female longevity. In intrapopulation crosses, Wolbachia infection had no significant effects on occupation success, number of eggs laid, and female offspring, but the effect on egg-hatching varied. In interpopulation crosses, Wolbachia infection had no significant effect on occupation success and female offspring, but it did affect the number of eggs laid and egg-hatching rates. Assortative pairings regarding infection status resulted in normal egg deposition and hatching, whereas disassortative pairings resulted in lower egg deposition and no hatching. Wolbachia was thus shown to be highly vertically transmitted (>98% of the tested individuals). Our findings provide additional data on the interactions between Wolbachia in insect hosts. This evidence of perfect maternal transmission and strong reproductive incompatibility highlights the importance of further studies on the use of Wolbachia as a biological control agent for the leafhopper vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jureemart Wangkeeree
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University Rangsit Centre, Khlong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Kamonrat Suwanchaisri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University Rangsit Centre, Khlong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jariya Roddee
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Nai Muang, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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9
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Price TAR, Windbichler N, Unckless RL, Sutter A, Runge JN, Ross PA, Pomiankowski A, Nuckolls NL, Montchamp-Moreau C, Mideo N, Martin OY, Manser A, Legros M, Larracuente AM, Holman L, Godwin J, Gemmell N, Courret C, Buchman A, Barrett LG, Lindholm AK. Resistance to natural and synthetic gene drive systems. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1345-1360. [PMID: 32969551 PMCID: PMC7796552 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are rapidly developing synthetic gene drive elements intended for release into natural populations. These are intended to control or eradicate disease vectors and pests, or to spread useful traits through wild populations for disease control or conservation purposes. However, a crucial problem for gene drives is the evolution of resistance against them, preventing their spread. Understanding the mechanisms by which populations might evolve resistance is essential for engineering effective gene drive systems. This review summarizes our current knowledge of drive resistance in both natural and synthetic gene drives. We explore how insights from naturally occurring and synthetic drive systems can be integrated to improve the design of gene drives, better predict the outcome of releases and understand genomic conflict in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. R. Price
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Nikolai Windbichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jan-Niklas Runge
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Perran A. Ross
- Bio21 and the School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Pomiankowski
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Oliver Y. Martin
- Department of Biology (D-BIOL) & Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Manser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Matthieu Legros
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Luke Holman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John Godwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Neil Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Cécile Courret
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anna Buchman
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna K. Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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11
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Arai H, Lin SR, Nakai M, Kunimi Y, Inoue MN. Closely Related Male-Killing and Nonmale-Killing Wolbachia Strains in the Oriental Tea Tortrix Homona magnanima. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:1011-1020. [PMID: 31820073 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia are inherited intracellular bacteria that cause male-specific death in some arthropods, called male-killing. To date, three Wolbachia strains have been identified in the oriental tea tortrix Homona magnanima (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera); however, none of these caused male-killing in the Japanese population. Here, we describe a male-killing Wolbachia strain in Taiwanese H. magnanima. From field-collected H. magnanima, two female-biased host lines were established, and antibiotic treatments revealed Wolbachia (wHm-t) as the causative agent of male-killing. The wsp and MLST genes in wHm-t are identical to corresponding genes in the nonmale-killing strain wHm-c from the Japanese population, implying a close relationship of the two strains. Crossing the Japanese and Taiwanese H. magnanima revealed that Wolbachia genotype rather than the host genetic background was responsible for the presence of the male-killing phenotype. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that the density of wHm-t was higher than that of other Wolbachia strains in H. magnanima, including wHm-c. The densities of wHm-t were also heterogeneous between host lines. Notably, wHm-t in the low-density and high-density lines carried identical wsp and MLST genes but had distinct lethal patterns. Furthermore, over 90% of field-collected lines of H. magnanima in Taiwan were infected with wHm-t, although not all host lines harboring wHm-t showed male-killing. The host lines that showed male-killing harbored a high density of Wolbachia compared to the host lines that did not show male-killing. Thus, the differences in the phenotypes appear to be dependent on biological and genetic characteristics of closely related Wolbachia strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shiou Ruei Lin
- Department of Tea Agronomy Tea Research and Extension Station, 324 Chung-Hsing RD., Yangmei, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Maki N Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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12
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Reynolds LA, Hornett EA, Jiggins CD, Hurst GDD. Suppression of Wolbachia-mediated male-killing in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina involves a single genomic region. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7677. [PMID: 31592190 PMCID: PMC6777490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex ratio distorting agents (maternally inherited symbionts and meiotically-driving sex chromosomes) are common in insects. When these agents rise to high frequencies they create strong population sex ratio bias and selection then favours mutations that act to restore the rare sex. Despite this strong selection pressure, the evolution of mutations that suppress sex ratio distorting elements appears to be constrained in many cases, where sex-biased populations persist for many generations. This scenario has been observed in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, where Wolbachia-mediated male killing endured for 800–1,000 generations across multiple populations before the evolution of suppression. Here we test the hypothesis that this evolutionary lag is the result of suppression being a multilocus trait requiring multiple mutations. Methods We developed genetic markers, based on conservation of synteny, for each H. bolina chromosome and verified coverage using recombinational mapping. We then used a Wolbachia-infected mapping family to assess each chromosome for the presence of loci required for male survival, as determined by the presence of markers in all surviving sons. Results Informative markers were obtained for each of the 31 chromosomes in H. bolina. The only marker that cosegregated with suppression was located on chromosome 25. A genomic region necessary for suppression has previously been located on this chromosome. We therefore conclude that a single genomic region of the H. bolina genome is necessary for male-killing suppression. Discussion The evolutionary lag observed in our system is not caused by a need for changes at multiple genomic locations. The findings favour hypotheses in which either multiple mutations are required within a single genomic region, or the suppressor mutation is a singularly rare event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Reynolds
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Smith DAS, Traut W, Martin SH, Ireri P, Omufwoko KS, Ffrench-Constant R, Gordon IJ. Neo Sex Chromosomes, Colour Polymorphism and Male-Killing in the African Queen Butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.). INSECTS 2019; 10:E291. [PMID: 31505824 PMCID: PMC6780594 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Danaus chrysippus (L.), one of the world's commonest butterflies, has an extensive range throughout the Old-World tropics. In Africa it is divided into four geographical subspecies which overlap and hybridise freely in the East African Rift: Here alone a male-killing (MK) endosymbiont, Spiroplasma ixodetis, has invaded, causing female-biased populations to predominate. In ssp. chrysippus, inside the Rift only, an autosome carrying a colour locus has fused with the W chromosome to create a neo-W chromosome. A total of 40-100% of Rift females are neo-W and carry Spiroplasma, thus transmitting a linked, matrilineal neo-W, MK complex. As neo-W females have no sons, half the mother's genes are lost in each generation. Paradoxically, although neo-W females have no close male relatives and are thereby forced to outbreed, MK restricts gene flow between subspecies and may thus promote speciation. The neo-W chromosome originated in the Nairobi region around 2.2 k years ago and subsequently spread throughout the Rift contact zone in some 26 k generations, possibly assisted by not having any competing brothers. Our work on the neo-W chromosome, the spread of Spiroplasma and possible speciation is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Zentrum für Medionische Struktur-und Zellbiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya.
| | - Kennedy S Omufwoko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki P.O. Box 555-10400, Kenya.
| | | | - Ian J Gordon
- BirdLife International Kigali Office, Kigali Post Office, Kigali P.O. Box 2527, Rwanda.
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14
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Hayashi M, Nomura M, Kageyama D. Rapid comeback of males: evolution of male-killer suppression in a green lacewing population. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0369. [PMID: 29669904 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that the spread of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters leads to the evolution of host nuclear suppressors, although there are extremely few empirical observations of this phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate that a nuclear suppressor of a cytoplasmic male killer has spread rapidly in a population of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi An M. desjardinsi population, which was strongly female-biased in 2011 because of a high prevalence of the male-killing Spiroplasma endosymbiont, had a sex ratio near parity in 2016, despite a consistent Spiroplasma prevalence. Most of the offspring derived from individuals collected in 2016 had 1 : 1 sex ratios in subsequent generations. Contrastingly, all-female or female-biased broods appeared frequently from crossings of these female offspring with males derived from a laboratory line founded by individuals collected in 2011. These results suggest near-fixation of a nuclear suppressor against male killing in 2016 and reject the notion that a non-male-killing Spiroplasma variant has spread in the population. Consistently, no significant difference was detected in mitochondrial haplotype variation between 2011 and 2016. These findings, and earlier findings in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina in Samoa, suggest that these quick events of male recovery occur more commonly than is generally appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.,Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Insect Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
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15
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Gillespie JJ, Driscoll TP, Verhoeve VI, Rahman MS, Macaluso KR, Azad AF. A Tangled Web: Origins of Reproductive Parasitism. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2292-2309. [PMID: 30060072 PMCID: PMC6133264 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While typically a flea parasite and opportunistic human pathogen, the presence of Rickettsia felis (strain LSU-Lb) in the non-blood-feeding, parthenogenetically reproducing booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, provides a system to ascertain factors governing not only host transitions but also obligate reproductive parasitism (RP). Analysis of plasmid pLbAR, unique to R. felis str. LSU-Lb, revealed a toxin–antitoxin module with similar features to prophage-encoded toxin–antitoxin modules utilized by parasitic Wolbachia strains to induce another form of RP, cytoplasmic incompatibility, in their arthropod hosts. Curiously, multiple deubiquitinase and nuclease domains of the large (3,841 aa) pLbAR toxin, as well the entire antitoxin, facilitated the detection of an assortment of related proteins from diverse intracellular bacteria, including other reproductive parasites. Our description of these remarkable components of the intracellular mobilome, including their presence in certain arthropod genomes, lends insight on the evolution of RP, while invigorating research on parasite-mediated biocontrol of arthropod-borne viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Gillespie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Kevin R Macaluso
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University
| | - Abdu F Azad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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16
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Duplouy A, Hornett EA. Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4629. [PMID: 29761037 PMCID: PMC5947162 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host’s body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concerns Wolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Duplouy A, Brattström O. Wolbachia in the Genus Bicyclus: a Forgotten Player. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:255-263. [PMID: 28702705 PMCID: PMC5742604 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclus butterflies are key species for studies of wing pattern development, phenotypic plasticity, speciation and the genetics of Lepidoptera. One of the key endosymbionts in butterflies, the alpha-Proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis, is affecting many of these biological processes; however, Bicyclus butterflies have not been investigated systematically as hosts to Wolbachia. In this study, we screen for Wolbachia infection in several Bicyclus species from natural populations across Africa as well as two laboratory populations. Out of the 24 species tested, 19 were found to be infected, and no double infection was found, but both A- and B-supergroup strains colonise this butterfly group. We also show that many of the Wolbachia strains identified in Bicyclus butterflies belong to the ST19 clonal complex. We discuss the importance of our results in regard to routinely screening for Wolbachia when using Bicyclus butterflies as the study organism of research in eco-evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, The University of Helsinki, PL65 Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
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18
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Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Traut W, Herren J, Collins S, Martins DJ, Saitoti K, Ireri P, Ffrench-Constant R. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0821. [PMID: 27440667 PMCID: PMC4971206 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic selection can drive both the evolution of sex chromosomes and speciation itself. The tropical butterfly the African Queen, Danaus chrysippus, shows two such sexually antagonistic phenotypes, the first being sex-linked colour pattern, the second, susceptibility to a male-killing, maternally inherited mollicute, Spiroplasma ixodeti, which causes approximately 100% mortality in male eggs and first instar larvae. Importantly, this mortality is not affected by the infection status of the male parent and the horizontal transmission of Spiroplasma is unknown. In East Africa, male-killing of the Queen is prevalent in a narrow hybrid zone centred on Nairobi. This hybrid zone separates otherwise allopatric subspecies with different colour patterns. Here we show that a neo-W chromosome, a fusion between the W (female) chromosome and an autosome that controls both colour pattern and male-killing, links the two phenotypes thereby driving speciation across the hybrid zone. Studies of the population genetics of the neo-W around Nairobi show that the interaction between colour pattern and male-killer susceptibility restricts gene flow between two subspecies of D. chrysippus Our results demonstrate how a complex interplay between sex, colour pattern, male-killing, and a neo-W chromosome, has set up a genetic 'sink' that keeps the two subspecies apart. The association between the neo-W and male-killing thus provides a 'smoking gun' for an ongoing speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Gordon
- BirdLife International, Africa Partnership Secretariat, Box 3502-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeremy Herren
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Lab, ICIPE, Box 30772-00506, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Box 14308-0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dino J Martins
- Insect Committee of Nature Kenya, Box 24467-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Saitoti
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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19
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Rood ES, Freedberg S. Intragenomic conflict produces sex ratio dynamics that favor maternal sex ratio distorters. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8085-8093. [PMID: 27878080 PMCID: PMC5108260 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal sex ratio distorters (MSDs) are selfish elements that enhance their transmission by biasing their host's sex allocation in favor of females. While previous models have predicted that the female-biased populations resulting from sex ratio distortion can benefit from enhanced productivity, these models neglect Fisherian selection for nuclear suppressors, an unrealistic assumption in most systems. We used individual-based computer simulation modeling to explore the intragenomic conflict between sex ratio distorters and their suppressors and explored the impacts of these dynamics on population-level competition between species characterized by MSDs and those lacking them. The conflict between distorters and suppressors was capable of producing large cyclical fluctuations in the population sex ratio and reproductive rate. Despite fitness costs associated with the distorters and suppressors, MSD populations often exhibited enhanced productivity and outcompeted non-MSD populations in single and multiple-population competition simulations. Notably, the conflict itself is beneficial to the success of populations, as sex ratio oscillations limit the competitive deficits associated with prolonged periods of male rarity. Although intragenomic conflict has been historically viewed as deleterious to populations, our results suggest that distorter-suppressor conflict can provide population-level advantages, potentially helping to explain the persistence of sex ratio distorters in a range of taxa.
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20
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Parratt SR, Frost CL, Schenkel MA, Rice A, Hurst GDD, King KC. Superparasitism Drives Heritable Symbiont Epidemiology and Host Sex Ratio in a Wasp. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005629. [PMID: 27322651 PMCID: PMC4920596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritable microbial symbionts have profound impacts upon the biology of their arthropod hosts. Whilst our current understanding of the dynamics of these symbionts is typically cast within a framework of vertical transmission only, horizontal transmission has been observed in a number of cases. For instance, several symbionts can transmit horizontally when their parasitoid hosts share oviposition patches with uninfected conspecifics, a phenomenon called superparasitism. Despite this, horizontal transmission, and the host contact structures that facilitates it, have not been considered in heritable symbiont epidemiology. Here, we tested for the importance of host contact, and resulting horizontal transmission, for the epidemiology of a male-killing heritable symbiont (Arsenophonus nasoniae) in parasitoid wasp hosts. We observed that host contact through superparasitism is necessary for this symbiont's spread in populations of its primary host Nasonia vitripennis, such that when superparasitism rates are high, A. nasoniae almost reaches fixation, causes highly female biased population sex ratios and consequently causes local host extinction. We further tested if natural interspecific variation in superparasitism behaviours predicted symbiont dynamics among parasitoid species. We found that A. nasoniae was maintained in laboratory populations of a closely related set of Nasonia species, but declined in other, more distantly related pteromalid hosts. The natural proclivity of a species to superparasitise was the primary factor determining symbiont persistence. Our results thus indicate that host contact behaviour is a key factor for heritable microbe dynamics when horizontal transmission is possible, and that 'reproductive parasite' phenotypes, such as male-killing, may be of secondary importance in the dynamics of such symbiont infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Parratt
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Crystal L. Frost
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn A. Schenkel
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Rice
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. D. Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla C. King
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
Species are fundamental units of comparison in biology. The newly discovered importance and ubiquity of host-associated microorganisms are now stimulating work on the roles that microbes can play in animal speciation. We previously synthesized the literature and advanced concepts of speciation by symbiosis with notable attention to hybrid sterility and lethality. Here, we review recent studies and relevant data on microbes as players in host behavior and behavioral isolation, emphasizing the patterns seen in these analyses and highlighting areas worthy of additional exploration. We conclude that the role of microbial symbionts in behavior and speciation is gaining exciting traction and that the holobiont and hologenome concepts afford an evolving intellectual framework to promote research and intellectual exchange between disciplines such as behavior, microbiology, genetics, symbiosis, and speciation. Given the increasing centrality of microbiology in macroscopic life, microbial symbiosis is arguably the most neglected aspect of animal and plant speciation, and studying it should yield a better understanding of the origin of species.
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22
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Lewis Z, Lizé A. Insect behaviour and the microbiome. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:86-90. [PMID: 32846714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly we are coming to understand the role of the microbiome in determining host physiological, behavioural, and evolutionary processes. Indeed it is now widely accepted that the host genome should be considered from a hologenomic point of view, with it also including the genomes of its symbiotic microbiota. Some of the most remarkable phenomena in the insect world relate to behavioural manipulation by the microorganisms associated with a host, and we here review recent progress in the study of these phenomena. The effects of the microbiome on insect hosts have important evolutionary consequences, and we are at the forefront of an exciting time in the study of manipulated insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia Lewis
- Institute of Integrative Biology/School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Anne Lizé
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France.
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