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Díaz-Varela M, Sanchez-Hidalgo A, Calderon-Copete S, Tacchini V, Shipley TR, Ramírez LG, Marquis J, Fernández OL, Saravia NG, Tacchini-Cottier F. The different impact of drug-resistant Leishmania on the transcription programs activated in neutrophils. iScience 2024; 27:109773. [PMID: 38711445 PMCID: PMC11070714 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance threatens the effective control of infections, including parasitic diseases such as leishmaniases. Neutrophils are essential players in antimicrobial control, but their role in drug-resistant infections is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated human neutrophil response to clinical parasite strains having distinct natural drug susceptibility. We found that Leishmania antimony drug resistance significantly altered the expression of neutrophil genes, some of them transcribed by specific neutrophil subsets. Infection with drug-resistant parasites increased the expression of detoxification pathways and reduced the production of cytokines. Among these, the chemokine CCL3 was predominantly impacted, which resulted in an impaired ability of neutrophils to attract myeloid cells. Moreover, decreased myeloid recruitment when CCL3 levels are reduced was confirmed by blocking CCL3 in a mouse model. Collectively, these findings reveal that the interplay between naturally drug-resistant parasites and neutrophils modulates the infected skin immune microenvironment, revealing a key role of neutrophils in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Díaz-Varela
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sanchez-Hidalgo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Sandra Calderon-Copete
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Tacchini
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tobias R. Shipley
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lady Giovanna Ramírez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Julien Marquis
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olga Lucía Fernández
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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2
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Tajbakhsh E, Khamesipour A, Hosseini SR, Kosari N, Shantiae S, Khamesipour F. The effects of medicinal herbs and marine natural products on wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105235. [PMID: 34648927 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs and marine natural products on wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To carry out this literature review, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) instructions were used. Articles on the potential of medicinal plants and natural substances of marine origin against wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis were explored. The scientific databases considered were PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and SpringerLink. The scientific documents collected were mainly scientific articles, books, book chapters, and doctoral thesis. The research considered 73 manuscripts published in the period from 1990 to 2020. From all the data collected, it appears that the scientific literature is rich in medicinal herbs and marine products to be valorized in the wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We have identified 15 medicinal plants traditionally used in the management of healing or ulcer of cutaneous leishmaniasis, 32 medicinal plants whose efficacy has been demonstrated in vitro or in vivo against cutaneous leishmaniasis, 5 marine products active against cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is also clear that the option of medicinal herbs/marine products in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis is less expensive and allows to avoid the side effects of conventional products. It is necessary to encourage the development of dermatological topicals for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on the data collected. In vivo research should be intensified on medicinal herbs traditionally used in wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neda Kosari
- Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shima Shantiae
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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3
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Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Ghani E, Barazesh A, Karimazar M, Nguewa P, Carrera Silva EA. Highlighting the interplay of microRNAs from Leishmania parasites and infected-host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:1434-1446. [PMID: 34218829 PMCID: PMC11010138 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are protozoan parasites with the ability to modify the signalling pathway and cell responses of their infected host cells. These parasite strategies alter the host cell environment and conditions favouring their replication, survival and pathogenesis. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression processes, these biomolecules can exert critical roles in controlling Leishmania-host cell interplay. Therefore, the identification of relevant miRNAs differentially expressed in Leishmania parasites as well as in infected cells, which affect the host fitness, could be critical to understand the infection biology, pathogenicity and immune response against these parasites. Accordingly, the current review aims to address the differentially expressed miRNAs in both, the parasite and infected host cells and how these biomolecules change cell signalling and host immune responses during infection. A deep understanding of these processes could provide novel guidelines and therapeutic strategies for managing and treating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Ghani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Karimazar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Modulation of Splenic B Cell Subsets during Experimental Leishmania donovani Infection in BALB/c Mice. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070814. [PMID: 34209841 PMCID: PMC8308600 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium antimonials are one of the major and common drugs used against visceral form leishmaniasis (VL). However, the development of drug resistance makes it difficult to manage this disease. Current work investigates the modulation of splenic B cells during experimental infection with antimony-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani infection. Here we phenotypically characterized splenic B cell subsets in BALB/c mice infected with antimony drug-sensitive and -resistant VL strains using flow-cytometry method. In the splenocytes we noticed increased number of Transitional T3 B cells and B1a B cells in drug-resistant VL strain infection. Besides, we also observed alteration in Follicular B cell population of antimony-resistant strain infected mice. Drug-resistant strain induced secretion of elevated level of IL-10 from B1a B cells and IL-6 from Transitional T3 B cell subsets in the splenocytes. Purified splenic B cells from antimony drug-resistant strain infected mice showed decrease in the Lyn kinase gene expression compared to sensitive strain infected and uninfected mice. The current study provides insight into changes in host splenic B-cell subsets during experimental infection with antimony-sensitive and -resistant L. donovani in murine model.
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5
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Mukherjee S, Pradhan S, Ghosh S, Sundar S, Das S, Mukherjee B, Roy S. Short-Course Treatment With Imipramine Entrapped in Squalene Liposomes Results in Sterile Cure of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Induced by Antimony Resistant Leishmania donovani With Increased Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595415. [PMID: 33240825 PMCID: PMC7683767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that long term oral treatment of tricyclic-antidepressant-drug, imipramine, against experimental visceral leishmaniasis, results in clearance of organ parasites, regardless of input infection, either with antimony-sensitive (SbS) or antimony-resistant (SbR) Leishmania donovani (LD) clinical isolates. Although continuous imipramine monotherapy for 28 days (5 mg/kg) results in significant clearance of organ parasites in both SbR and SbSLD infected hamsters, the dose for the sterile parasite clearance from visceral organ is comparatively higher (10 mg/kg) and shows signs of toxicity. Hence, to reduce the toxicity, we encapsulated imipramine in squalene-phosphatidylcholine (SP) liposome (Lip-Imi) and tested its efficacy for a short-course treatment (10 days) in the animal model of visceral leishmaniasis. We observed a significant reduction of hepatic toxicity coupled with sterile parasite clearance in case of this short-course treatment of Lip-Imi, which is absent with free Imi treatment. This also correlates with significant increase in serum availability of imipramine in case of Lip-Imi treatment due to sustained release. Clearance of parasite was coupled with the polarization of antileishmanial immune repertoire from Th2 to Th1 after treatment with Lip-Imi in both SbRLD and SbSLD infected mouse models of LD infection. This study showed that imipramine is effective against both SbSLD and SbRLD at a significantly lower dose with reduced time course of treatment without any toxic side effects, when encapsulated in SP-liposome. Thus, the drug has the potential to be repurposed for the treatment of Kala-azar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mukherjee
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Supratim Pradhan
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Souradeepa Ghosh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shantanabha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Budhaditya Mukherjee
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
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6
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Saha B, Pai K, Sundar S, Bhattacharyya M, Bodhale NP. The drug resistance mechanisms in Leishmania donovani are independent of immunosuppression. Cytokine 2020; 145:155300. [PMID: 32978033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite L. donovani resides inside macrophages as amastigotes and inflicts a potentially lethal disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Due to absence of a vaccine, chemotherapy with antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine or paromomycin remains the only option for treating VL. Prolonged treatment with a single drug resulted in parasite strains resistant to each of these drugs. As immuno-suppression characterizes the disease, we examined whether eliciting immunosuppressive cytokines is a mechanism of manifestation of drug-resistance. We infected BALB/c mice with the clinical isolates of L. donovani- BHU1066 (sensitive), NS2 (antimony-resistant), BHU1064 (miltefosine-resistant), BHU919 (Amphotericin B-resistant) and BHU1020 (paromomycin-resistant)- from the respective drug-unresponsive patients and assessed splenic parasite load and production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although the splenic parasite loads in the drug-resistant L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice were higher than that observed in the drug-sensitive parasites-infected mice, the cytokine profiles were not significantly different between these two sets of mice. The drug-resistance in L. donovani results from innate drug modulation but perhaps not from host immune-suppressive cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibaswata Saha
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Kalpana Pai
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | | - Neelam Prakash Bodhale
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata 700107, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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7
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Mukherjee B, Mukherjee K, Nanda P, Mukhopadhayay R, Ravichandiran V, Bhattacharyya SN, Roy S. Probing the molecular mechanism of aggressive infection by antimony resistant Leishmania donovani. Cytokine 2020; 145:155245. [PMID: 32861564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani (LD). For many decades the pentavalent antimonial drugs countered the successive epidemics of the disease in the Indian sub-continent and elsewhere. With time, antimony resistant LD (LDR) developed and the drug in turn lost its efficacy. Infection of mammals with LDR gives rise to aggressive infection as compared to its sensitive counterpart (LDS) coupled with higher surge of IL-10 and TGF-β. The IL-10 causes upregulation of multidrug resistant protein-1 which causes efflux of antimonials from LDR infected cells. This is believed to be a key mechanism of antimony resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in mammalian cells and in macrophage play a pivotal role in controlling the expression of cytokines involved in infection process. Therefore, a change in miRNA profiles of macrophages infected with LDS or LDR could explain the differential cytokine response observed. Interestingly, the outcome of LD infection is also governed by the critical balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines which is inturn regulated by miRNA-Ago2 or miRNP complex and its antagonist RNA binding protein HuR. Here Ago2 plays the fulcrum whose phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation dictates the process; which in turn is controlled by PP2A and HuR. LDS and LDR upregulate PP2A and downregulate HuR at different magnitude leading to various levels of anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory cytokine production and resulting pathology in the host. While ectopic HuR expression alone is sufficient to clear LDS infection, simultaneous upregulation of HuR and inhibition of PP2A is required to inhibit LDR mediated infection. Therefore, tampering with miRNA pathway could be a new strategy to control infection caused by LDR parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Piyush Nanda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
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8
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Combination of Mycobacterium indicus pranii and Heat-Induced Promastigotes Cures Drug-Resistant Leishmania Infection: Critical Role of Interleukin-6-Producing Classical Dendritic Cells. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00222-19. [PMID: 32229617 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major issues in available therapeutic modalities against leishmaniasis are cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. The aim of this work was to develop a successful therapeutic adjuvant against drug-resistant Leishmania donovani infection by means of combining Mycobacterium indicus pranii with heat-induced promastigotes (HIP). One-month postinfected BALB/c mice were administered subcutaneously with M. indicus pranii (108 cells) and HIP (100 μg) for 5 days. Spleens were harvested for flow cytometric and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. The antileishmanial effect of the combination strategy was associated with induction of a disease-resolving Th1 and Th17 response with simultaneous downregulation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ (nTreg) cells and CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- (Tr1) cells in the spleen. The significant expansion of CD4+ TCM (CD4+ CD44hi CD11ahi CD62Lhi) cells was a further interesting outcome of this therapeutic strategy in the context of long-term protection of hosts against secondary infection. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was also found instrumental in this antiparasitic therapy. Induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production from expanded CD11c+ CD8α+ (cDC1) and CD11c+ CD11b+ (cDC2) dendritic cells (DCs) but not from the CD11b+ Ly6c+ inflammatory monocytes (iMOs), was found critical in the protective expansion of Th17 as evidenced by an in vivo IL-6 neutralization assay. It also promoted the hematopoietic conversion toward DC progenitors (pre-DCs) from common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs), the immediate precursors, in bone marrow. This novel combinational strategy demonstrated that expansion of Th17 by IL-6 released from CD11c+ classical DCs is crucial, together with the conventional Th1 response, to control drug-resistant infection.
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9
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Chauhan K, Kaur G, Kaur S. Activity of rutin, a potent flavonoid against SSG-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani parasites in experimental leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:372-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Rugani JN, Quaresma PF, Gontijo CF, Soares RP, Monte-Neto RL. Intraspecies susceptibility of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis to antileishmanial drugs: Antimony resistance in human isolates from atypical lesions. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1170-1180. [PMID: 30372818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the most common etiological agent of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in Latin America. An interesting aspect of the disease outcome caused by this species is the appearance of non-ulcerated atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. Atypical (AT) lesions are often associated with therapeutic failure when treated with antimony(Sb)-based drugs. Refractory cases are not necessarily due to intrinsic parasite drug resistance. The status of in vitro drug susceptibility from L. braziliensis field isolates is less assessed than patient treatment outcome. In this work, L. braziliensis isolated from typical CL (6), MCL (1) and AT (3) lesions and vector (1) were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin B (AmB), miltefosine (MIL), glucantime (GLU) and non-comercial meglumine antimoniate (MA). Overall, intracellular amastigotes of all isolates were sensitive to the tested antileishmanial drugs except AT lesions-derived strains 316, 330 and 340 that presented in vitro resistance against SbV-based drugs. Although susceptible to miltefosine - based on phenotypic screening - intramacrophagic quiescent amastigotes could restore infection. L. braziliensis promastigotes isolated from AT lesions also displayed 29% reduced capacity to infect human monocyte-derived macrophages when compared with parasites obtained from patients with typical lesions, MCL or from sand-fly. These data indicate differences in drug susceptibility and infectiveness among L. braziliensis isolated from patients exhibiting different types of lesions and highlight the importance of its characterization for drug response prediction outcome in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeronimo N Rugani
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia F Quaresma
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Célia F Gontijo
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rubens L Monte-Neto
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Singh RK, Gannavaram S, Ismail N, Kaul A, Gedda MR, Nakhasi HL. Centrin-Deleted Leishmania donovani Parasites Help CD4 + T Cells to Acquire Th1 Phenotype and Multi-Functionality Through Downregulation of CD200-CD200R Immune Inhibitory Axis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1176. [PMID: 29915577 PMCID: PMC5994488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania has evolved several strategies to undermine host defense mechanisms by inducing Th2-type adaptive immunity and suppressing effector functions of Th1 phenotype. In our earlier studies, using centrin gene-deleted Leishmania (LdCen−/−) parasites as an immunogen, we have shown induction of an effective Th1-type immunity and robust memory responses that mediate protection against virulent challenge. However, role of inhibitory signals in Leishmania vaccine induced immunity in general, and LdCen−/− in particular has not been studied. Herein, we report that immunization with LdCen−/− parasites produces more functional Th1-type CD4+ T cells via downregulation of CD200–CD200R immune inhibitory axis compared to wild-type infection. We found that expression of CD200 and CD200R was significantly reduced in LdCen−/− infection compared to wild-type infection. Diminished CD200–CD200R signaling in LdCen−/− infection enabled proliferation of CD4+ T cells and resulted in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of anti-inflammatory response. The effects of diminished CD200–CD200R signaling by LdCen−/− were most evident in the suppression of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells that helped enhance more Th1 cytokine producing and multi-functional T cells compared to wild-type infection. In vivo blocking of CD200 expression with anti-CD200 treatment in wild-type infected mice limited Th2 response as indicated by reduction of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells and reduced parasite burden. On the other hand, treatment with anti-CD200 improved the LdCen−/− vaccine-induced multifunctional response and reduction in splenic parasite load upon challenge. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the role of CD200–CD200R signals in the protection induced by LdCen−/− parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Amit Kaul
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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12
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Miltefosine Resistant Field Isolate From Indian Kala-Azar Patient Shows Similar Phenotype in Experimental Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10330. [PMID: 28871097 PMCID: PMC5583325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistance to drugs used to treat the Indian Kala-azar patients makes control strategy shattered. In this bleak situation, Miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat mainly antimonial unresponsive cases. Within years, resistance to MIL has been reported. While checking the MIL sensitivity of the recent KA clinical isolates (n = 26), we came across one isolate which showed four times more EC50 for MIL than that of MIL-Sensitive (MIL-S) isolates and considered as putative MIL-Resistant (MIL-R). The expressions of LdMT and LdRos3 genes of this isolate were found down regulated. Th1/Th2 cytokines, ROS and NO, FACS dot plots and mitochondrial trans membrane potential measurement were performed. In vivo hamster model with this MIL-R isolate showed much lesser reduction in liver weight (17.5%) compared to average reduction in liver weight (40.2%) of the animals infected with MIL-S isolates. The splenic and hepatic stamps smears of MIL-R infected hamsters revealed the retention of parasite load of about 51.45%. The splenocytes of these animals failed to proliferate anti leishmanial T-cells and lack of cell mediated immunity hampered recovery. Thus, these phenotypic expressions of experimental model may be considered similar to that of the MIL unresponsive patients. This is first such kind of report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India.,Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Nibedeeta R Sarraf
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India
| | - Anjan K Das
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India. .,Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Vivekananda Road, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India.
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India. .,Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Salt Lake, Sector I, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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Arcanjo AF, Nico D, de Castro GMM, da Silva Fontes Y, Saltarelli P, Decote-Ricardo D, Nunes MP, Ferreira-Pereira A, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A. Dependency of B-1 Cells in the Maintenance of Splenic Interleukin-10 Producing Cells and Impairment of Macrophage Resistance in Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28626451 PMCID: PMC5454060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania protozoa parasites transmitted by infected sand fly vectors. This disease represents the second in mortality among tropical infections and is associated to a profound immunosuppression state of the host. The hallmark of this infection-induced host immunodeviation is the characteristic high levels of the regulatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine. In the present study, we investigated the role of B-1 cells in the maintenance of splenic IL-10 levels that could interfere with resistance to parasite infection. Using an experimental murine infection model with Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi we demonstrated an improved resistance of B-1 deficient BALB/XID mice to infection. BALB/XID mice developed a reduced splenomegaly with diminished splenic parasite burden and lower levels of IL-10 secretion of purified splenocytes at 30 days post-infection, as compared to BALB/c wild-type control mice. Interestingly, we found that resident peritoneal macrophages isolated from BALB/XID mice were more effective to control the parasite load in comparison to cells isolated from BALB/c wild-type mice. Our findings point to a role of B-1 cells in the host susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Fernandes Arcanjo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Yasmin da Silva Fontes
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Saltarelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Ferreira-Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Célio G Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Manna M, Khanra S. Molecular identification of an old clinical isolate of Indian Kala-azar. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:336-344. [PMID: 28615836 PMCID: PMC5447576 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization is an important task for species identification of the isolates belonging to different Leishmania species. Clinical symptoms, tissue tropism, vector preference, reservoir and geographical distribution may act as distinguishing parameters but not always decisive. On the other hand, modern taxonomic tools employed to divulge characteristics of the genome or protein molecules of the parasite would be convincing and for Leishmania sp., they include nuclear and kDNA buoyant density, multi locus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), RAPD, RFLP or use of monoclonal antibodies etc. In the present study, we intend to establish the identification of an old clinical isolate of Indian Kala-azar, familiarly known as 'UR6' by MLEE, RAPD, RFLP and species specific monoclonal antibodies. UR6 has been isolated from a confirmed Kala-azar patient admitted in Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata in 1978. From then it is being regularly used for various scientific studies by the Leishmania Research Group of India and abroad. The isozyme profile of UR6 showed similar electrophoretic mobility that of WHO reference strain for Leishmania tropica, K27. Similar findings were obtained in the RAPD and RFLP assays. Screening with species specific monoclonal antibodies showed its strong reactivity towards L. tropica. The Jaccard's Similarity Indices were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124 India
| | - Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124 India
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15
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das S, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Genetic markers for antimony resistant clinical isolates differentiation from Indian Kala-azar. Acta Trop 2016; 164:177-184. [PMID: 27629023 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is caused by the protozoan parasites belonging to the Genus Leishmania. Once thought eradicated from the Indian subcontinent, the disease came back with drug resistance to almost all prevalent drugs. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the polymorphic nature of the population of the main player of the disease, Leishmania donovani and involvement of other species (L. tropica) and other genus (Leptomonas) with the disease. This makes control measures almost futile. It also strongly demands the characterization of each and every isolate mandatory which is not done. In this background, the present study has been carried out to assess the genetic attributes of each clinical isolates (n=26) of KA and PKDL patients from India and Bangladesh. All the isolates were characterized through Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to ascertain their species identity. 46.2% of the isolates were found to be Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG) resistant by amastigote-macrophage model. When the clinical isolates were subjected to Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1), Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and some anonymous markers, the drug resistant Leishmania isolates of SSG can be distinguished from the sensitive isolates distinctly. This study showed for the first time, the genetic markers for SSG drug resistance of Indian Kala-azar clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata 700124, India
| | | | - Shantanabha Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata 700124, India.
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Fleury A, Cardenas G, Adalid-Peralta L, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Immunopathology in Taenia solium neurocysticercosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:147-57. [PMID: 26667781 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a clinically and radiologically heterogeneous disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to a severe, potentially fatal clinical picture. The intensity and extension of the parasite-elicited inflammatory reaction is a key factor for such variability. The main features of the inflammatory process found in the brain and in the peripheral blood of neurocysticercosis patients will be discussed in this review, and the factors involved in its modulation will be herein presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fleury
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - G Cardenas
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - L Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - G Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - E Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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17
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Zijlstra EE. The immunology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:464. [PMID: 27553063 PMCID: PMC4995613 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a common complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani. Because of its possible role in transmission it is considered a public health problem in VL endemic areas. The clinical features include a skin rash consisting of macules, papules or nodules in an otherwise healthy individual; this presentation is determined by the immune response towards parasites in the skin that probably persisted from the previous VL episode. The immune response in VL, cured VL and PKDL is the result of changes in the cytokine profile that only in part can be captured under the Th1 and Th2 dichotomy. Regulatory T cells and Th 17 cells also play a role. VL is characterized by an absent immune response to Leishmania with a predominantly Th2 type of response with high levels of IL-10; after successful treatment the patient will be immune with in vitro features of a Th1 type of response and in vivo a positive leishmanin skin test. PKDL takes an intermediate position with a dissociation of the immune response between the skin and the viscera, with a Th2 and Th1 type of response, respectively. It is likely that immune responses determine the different epidemiological and clinical characteristics of PKDL in Asia and Africa; various risk factors for PKDL may influence this, such as incomplete and inadequate treatment of VL, parasite resistance and genetic factors. It should be noted that PKDL is a heterogeneous and dynamic condition and patients differ with regard to time of onset after visceral leishmaniasis (VL), chronicity, extent and appearance of the rash including related immune responses, all of which may vary over time. Better understanding of these immune responses may offer opportunities for manipulation including combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy for VL to prevent PKDL from occurring and similarly in the treatment of chronic or treatment resistant PKDL cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard E Zijlstra
- Rotterdam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Bovenstraat 21, 3077, BB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Kauffmann F, Dumetz F, Hendrickx S, Muraille E, Dujardin JC, Maes L, Magez S, De Trez C. In vivocharacterization of two additionalLeishmania donovanistrains using the murine and hamster model. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:290-302. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
| | - F. Dumetz
- Molecular Parasitology Unit; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - S. Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH); University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - E. Muraille
- Laboratory of Parasitology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Belgium
| | - J.-C. Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - L. Maes
- Laboratory of Parasitology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Belgium
| | - S. Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
| | - C. De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
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19
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Hendrickx S, Beyers J, Mondelaers A, Eberhardt E, Lachaud L, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L. Evidence of a drug-specific impact of experimentally selected paromomycin and miltefosine resistance on parasite fitness in Leishmania infantum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1914-21. [PMID: 27084919 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although miltefosine and paromomycin were only recently introduced to treat visceral leishmaniasis, increasing numbers of miltefosine treatment failures and occasional primary resistance to both drugs have been reported. Understanding alterations in parasite behaviour linked to drug resistance is essential to assess the propensity for emergence and spread of resistant strains, particularly since a positive effect on fitness has been reported for antimony-resistant parasites. This laboratory study compared the fitness of a drug-susceptible parent WT clinical Leishmania infantum isolate (MHOM/FR/96/LEM3323) and derived miltefosine and paromomycin drug-resistant lines that were experimentally selected at the intracellular amastigote level. METHODS Parasite fitness of WT, paromomycin-resistant and miltefosine-resistant strains, in vitro and in vivo parasite growth, metacyclogenesis, infectivity and macrophage stress responses were comparatively evaluated. RESULTS No significant differences in promastigote fitness were noted between the WT and paromomycin-resistant strain, while clear benefits could be demonstrated for paromomycin-resistant amastigotes in terms of enhanced in vitro and in vivo growth potential and intracellular stress response. The miltefosine-resistant phenotype showed incomplete promastigote metacyclogenesis, decreased intracellular growth and weakened stress response, revealing a reduced fitness compared with WT parent parasites. CONCLUSIONS The rapid selection and fitness advantages of paromomycin-resistant amastigotes endorse the current use of paromomycin in combination therapy. Although a reduced fitness of miltefosine-resistant strains may explain the difficulty of miltefosine resistance selection in vitro, the growing number of miltefosine treatment failures in the field still requires further exploratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Beyers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Mondelaers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Eberhardt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Lachaud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Shaw CD, Lonchamp J, Downing T, Imamura H, Freeman TM, Cotton JA, Sanders M, Blackburn G, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, Khanal B, Illingworth CJR, Coombs GH, Carter KC. In vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani from Nepal: genomic and metabolomic characterization. Mol Microbiol 2016; 99:1134-48. [PMID: 26713880 PMCID: PMC4832254 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we followed the genomic, lipidomic and metabolomic changes associated with the selection of miltefosine (MIL) resistance in two clinically derived Leishmania donovani strains with different inherent resistance to antimonial drugs (antimony sensitive strain Sb-S; and antimony resistant Sb-R). MIL-R was easily induced in both strains using the promastigote-stage, but a significant increase in MIL-R in the intracellular amastigote compared to the corresponding wild-type did not occur until promastigotes had adapted to 12.2 μM MIL. A variety of common and strain-specific genetic changes were discovered in MIL-adapted parasites, including deletions at the LdMT transporter gene, single-base mutations and changes in somy. The most obvious lipid changes in MIL-R promastigotes occurred to phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines and results indicate that the Kennedy pathway is involved in MIL resistance. The inherent Sb resistance of the parasite had an impact on the changes that occurred in MIL-R parasites, with more genetic changes occurring in Sb-R compared with Sb-S parasites. Initial interpretation of the changes identified in this study does not support synergies with Sb-R in the mechanisms of MIL resistance, though this requires an enhanced understanding of the parasite's biochemical pathways and how they are genetically regulated to be verified fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Shaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - J Lonchamp
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - T Downing
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- College of Science, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - H Imamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - T M Freeman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Blackburn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - J C Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - S Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - B Khanal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - G H Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - K C Carter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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21
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Hendrickx S, Leemans A, Mondelaers A, Rijal S, Khanal B, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L. Comparative Fitness of a Parent Leishmania donovani Clinical Isolate and Its Experimentally Derived Paromomycin-Resistant Strain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140139. [PMID: 26469696 PMCID: PMC4607421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paromomycin has recently been introduced for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and emergence of drug resistance can only be appropriately judged upon its long term routine use in the field. Understanding alterations in parasite behavior linked to paromomycin-resistance may be essential to assess the propensity for emergence and spread of resistant strains. A standardized and integrated laboratory approach was adopted to define and assess parasite fitness of both promastigotes and amastigotes using an experimentally induced paromomycin-resistant Leishmania donovani strain and its paromomycin-susceptible parent wild-type clinical isolate. Primary focus was placed on parasite growth and virulence, two major components of parasite fitness. The combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches enabled detailed comparison of wild-type and resistant strains for which no differences could be demonstrated with regard to promastigote growth, metacyclogenesis, in vitro infectivity, multiplication in primary peritoneal mouse macrophages and infectivity for Balb/c mice upon infection with 2 x 107 metacyclic promastigotes. Monitoring of in vitro intracellular amastigote multiplication revealed a consistent decrease in parasite burden over time for both wild-type and resistant parasites, an observation that was subsequently also confirmed in a larger set of L. donovani clinical isolates. Though the impact of these findings should be further explored, the study results suggest that the epidemiological implications of acquired paromomycin-resistance may remain minimal other than the loss of one of the last remaining drugs effective against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mukherjee B, Paul J, Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay R, Das S, Naskar K, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Saha B, Roy S. Antimony-Resistant Leishmania donovani Exploits miR-466i To Deactivate Host MyD88 for Regulating IL-10/IL-12 Levels during Early Hours of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2731-42. [PMID: 26283478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infection with antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani (Sb(R)LD) induces aggressive pathology in the mammalian hosts as compared with ones with antimony-sensitive L. donovani (Sb(S)LD) infection. Sb(R)LD, but not Sb(S)LD, interacts with TLR2/TLR6 to induce IL-10 by exploiting p50/c-Rel subunits of NF-κB in infected macrophages (Mϕs). Most of the TLRs exploit the universal adaptor protein MyD88 to activate NF-κB. We now show that infection of Mϕs from MyD88(-/-) mice with Sb(R)LD gave rise to significantly higher intracellular parasite number coupled with elevated IL-10/IL-12 ratio in the culture supernatant as compared with infection in wild type (WT) Mϕs. Τhese attributes were not seen with Sb(S)LD in similar experiments. Further, Sb(R)LD infection upregulated miR-466i, which binds with 3'-untranslated region, leading to the downregulation of MyD88. Infection of MyD88(-/-) Mϕ or IL-12(-/-) Mϕ with Sb(R)LD induced IL-10 surge at 4 h, whereas the same in WT Mϕ started from 12 h. Thus, absence of IL-12 in MyD88(-/-) mice favored early binding of NF-κB subunits to the IL-10 promoter, resulting in IL-10 surge. Infection of MyD88(-/-) mice with Sb(R)LD showed significantly higher organ parasites coupled with ill-defined and immature hepatic granulomas, whereas in WT mice there were less organ parasites and the granulomas were well defined. From the survival kinetics it was observed that Sb(R)LD-infected MyD88(-/-) mice died by 60 d postinfection, whereas the WT mice continued to survive. Our results demonstrate that Sb(R)LD has evolved a unique strategy to evade host antileishmanial immune repertoire by manipulating host MyD88 to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Joydeep Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shantanabha Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kshudiram Naskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium; and
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India;
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