1
|
Elati K, Tajeri S, Obara I, Mhadhbi M, Zweygarth E, Darghouth MA, Nijhof AM. Dual RNA-seq to catalogue host and parasite gene expression changes associated with virulence of T. annulata-transformed bovine leukocytes: towards identification of attenuation biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18202. [PMID: 37875584 PMCID: PMC10598219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks and causes an acute lymphoproliferative disease that is invariably lethal in exotic cattle breeds. The unique ability of the schizont stage of T. annulata to transform infected leukocytes to a cancer-like phenotype and the simplicity of culturing and passaging T. annulata-transformed cells in vitro have been explored for live vaccine development by attenuating the transformed cells using lengthy serial propagation in vitro. The empirical in vivo evaluation of attenuation required for each batch of long-term cultured cells is a major constraint since it is resource intensive and raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare. As yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying attenuation are not well understood. Characteristic changes in gene expression brought about by attenuation are likely to aid in the identification of novel biomarkers for attenuation. We set out to undertake a comparative transcriptome analysis of attenuated (passage 296) and virulent (passage 26) bovine leukocytes infected with a Tunisian strain of T. annulata termed Beja. RNA-seq was used to analyse gene expression profiles and the relative expression levels of selected genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Among the 3538 T. annulata genes analysed, 214 were significantly differentially expressed, of which 149 genes were up-regulated and 65 down-regulated. Functional annotation of differentially expressed T. annulata genes revealed four broad categories of metabolic pathways: carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. It is interesting to note that of the top 40 genes that showed altered expression, 13 were predicted to contain a signal peptide and/or at least one transmembrane domain, suggesting possible involvement in host-parasite interaction. Of the 16,514 bovine transcripts, 284 and 277 showed up-regulated and down-regulated expression, respectively. These were assigned to functional categories relevant to cell surface, tissue morphogenesis and regulation of cell adhesion, regulation of leucocyte, lymphocyte and cell activation. The genetic alterations acquired during attenuation that we have catalogued herein, as well as the accompanying in silico functional characterization, do not only improve understanding of the attenuation process, but can also be exploited by studies aimed at identifying attenuation biomarkers across different cell lines focusing on some host and parasite genes that have been highlighted in this study, such as bovine genes (CD69, ZNF618, LPAR3, and APOL3) and parasite genes such as TA03875.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Elati
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ard Menzo Nijhof
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alzan HF, Bastos RG, Laughery JM, Scoles GA, Ueti MW, Johnson WC, Suarez CE. A Culture-Adapted Strain of Babesia bovis Has Reduced Subpopulation Complexity and Is Unable to Complete Its Natural Life Cycle in Ticks. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:827347. [PMID: 35223550 PMCID: PMC8867610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.827347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia bovis natural field strains are composed of several geno-phenotypically distinct subpopulations. This feature, together with possible epigenetic modifications, may facilitate adaptation to variable environmental conditions. In this study we compare geno-phenotypical features among long-term (more than 12 years) (LTCP) and short-term cultured B. bovis parasites (STCP) derived from the B. bovis S74-T3Bo strain. LTCPs intraerythrocytic forms are smaller in size than STCPs and have faster in vitro growth rate. In contrast to its parental strain, the LTCP lack expression of the sexual stage specific 6cysA and 6cysB proteins and are unable to develop sexual forms upon in vitro sexual stage induction. Consistently, in contrast to its parental strain, LTCPs have reduced virulence and are not transmissible to cattle by vector competent Rhipicephalus microplus (R. microplus). Similar to previous comparisons among attenuated and virulent B. bovis strains, the LTCP line has decreased genomic diversity compared to the STCP line. Thus, LTCP may contribute to our understanding of adaptive mechanisms used by the parasites in response to environmental changes, protective immunity, virulence, and transmission by ticks. In addition, LTCPs may be considered as candidates for a non-tick transmissible vaccine against bovine babesiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- Tick and Tick-Borne Disease Research Unit, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Heba F. Alzan, ; Carlos E. Suarez,
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jacob M. Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Glen A. Scoles
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Massaro W. Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Wendell C. Johnson
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Heba F. Alzan, ; Carlos E. Suarez,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barman M, Kamble S, Roy S, Bhandari V, Singothu S, Dandasena D, Suresh A, Sharma P. Antitheilerial Activity of the Anticancer Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:759817. [PMID: 34867888 PMCID: PMC8640587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite, Theileria annulata, is the most prevalent hemoprotozoan in livestock, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is essential to develop new and improved therapeutics, as current control measures are compromised by the development of resistance against the only available antitheilerial drug, buparvaquone (BPQ). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were shown to treat cancer effectively and revealed in vitro antiparasitic activity against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. In this study, we investigated the antitheilerial activity of the four anti-cancer HDACi (vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat) against the schizont stage of T. annulata parasites. All four HDACi showed potent activity and increased hyperacetylation of the histone-4 protein. However, based on the low host cell cytotoxicity and IC50 values, vorinostat (0.103 μM) and belinostat (0.069 μM) were the most effective showing antiparasitic activity. The parasite-specific activities of the HDACi (vorinostat and belinostat) were evaluated by western blotting using parasite-specific antibodies and in silico analysis. Both vorinostat and belinostat reduced the Theileria infected cell viability by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. The HDACi caused irreversible and antiproliferative effects on the Theileria infected cell lines. Our results collectively showed that vorinostat and belinostat could be used as an alternative therapy for treating Theileria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonam Kamble
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Akash Suresh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woods K, Perry C, Brühlmann F, Olias P. Theileria's Strategies and Effector Mechanisms for Host Cell Transformation: From Invasion to Immortalization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662805. [PMID: 33959614 PMCID: PMC8096294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first events that follows invasion of leukocytes by Theileria sporozoites is the destruction of the surrounding host cell membrane and the rapid association of the intracellular parasite with host microtubules. This is essential for the parasite to establish its niche within the cytoplasm of the invaded leukocyte and sets Theileria spp. apart from other members of the apicomplexan phylum such as Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., which reside within the confines of a host-derived parasitophorous vacuole. After establishing infection, transforming Theileria species (T. annulata, T. parva) significantly rewire the signaling pathways of their bovine host cell, causing continual proliferation and resistance to ligand-induced apoptosis, and conferring invasive properties on the parasitized cell. Having transformed its target cell, Theileria hijacks the mitotic machinery to ensure its persistence in the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. Some of the parasite and bovine proteins involved in parasite-microtubule interactions have been fairly well characterized, and the schizont expresses at least two proteins on its membrane that contain conserved microtubule binding motifs. Theileria-encoded proteins have been shown to be translocated to the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus where they have the potential to directly modify signaling pathways and host gene expression. However, little is known about their mode of action, and even less about how these proteins are secreted by the parasite and trafficked to their target location. In this review we explore the strategies employed by Theileria to transform leukocytes, from sporozoite invasion until immortalization of the host cell has been established. We discuss the recent description of nuclear pore-like complexes that accumulate on membranes close to the schizont surface. Finally, we consider putative mechanisms of protein and nutrient exchange that might occur between the parasite and the host. We focus in particular on differences and similarities with recent discoveries in T. gondii and Plasmodium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Woods
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Perry
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francis Brühlmann
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barman M, Kamble S, Roy S, Bhandari V, Singothu S, Dandasena D, Suresh A, Sharma P. Antitheilerial Activity of the Anticancer Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34867888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759817/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite, Theileria annulata, is the most prevalent hemoprotozoan in livestock, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is essential to develop new and improved therapeutics, as current control measures are compromised by the development of resistance against the only available antitheilerial drug, buparvaquone (BPQ). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were shown to treat cancer effectively and revealed in vitro antiparasitic activity against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. In this study, we investigated the antitheilerial activity of the four anti-cancer HDACi (vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat) against the schizont stage of T. annulata parasites. All four HDACi showed potent activity and increased hyperacetylation of the histone-4 protein. However, based on the low host cell cytotoxicity and IC50 values, vorinostat (0.103 μM) and belinostat (0.069 μM) were the most effective showing antiparasitic activity. The parasite-specific activities of the HDACi (vorinostat and belinostat) were evaluated by western blotting using parasite-specific antibodies and in silico analysis. Both vorinostat and belinostat reduced the Theileria infected cell viability by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. The HDACi caused irreversible and antiproliferative effects on the Theileria infected cell lines. Our results collectively showed that vorinostat and belinostat could be used as an alternative therapy for treating Theileria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonam Kamble
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Akash Suresh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma Q, Liu J, Li Z, Xiang Q, Wang J, Liu A, Li Y, Yin H, Guan G, Luo J. Clinical and Pathological Studies on Cattle Experimentally Infected with Theileria annulata in China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090727. [PMID: 32899387 PMCID: PMC7558396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is an important tick-borne protozoosis that causes high morbidity and mortality in cattle. In this study, the pathological and clinical characteristics of cattle experimentally infected with Theileria annulata were investigated. The clinical findings revealed typical signs of bovine theileriosis, including fever, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, anemia, and respiratory distress. The most common pathological features were petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the mucosa and serosal surface, severe jaundice, pulmonary edema and emphysema, multifocal necrosis and numerous ulcerations in the abomasum, congestion and marble-like discoloration of the spleen, and severe intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages. The main histological characteristics were proliferation and infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymph node mass. Macroschizonts were observed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes and macrophages of the lymph nodes and spleen. This study has significance for basic research and the clinical detection and diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection and can aid the prevention and control of theileriosis and future studies of the pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Quanjia Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.X.); (J.W.); (A.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gharbi M, Darghouth MA, Elati K, Al-Hosary AAT, Ayadi O, Salih DA, El Hussein AM, Mhadhbi M, Khamassi Khbou M, Hassan SM, Obara I, Ahmed LS, Ahmed J. Current status of tropical theileriosis in Northern Africa: A review of recent epidemiological investigations and implications for control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 1:8-25. [PMID: 32174036 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis caused by the apicomplexan hemoparasite Theileria annulata is a tick-borne disease that constraints livestock production in parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Four Hyalomma tick species transmit T. annulata in at least eight Africa countries (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia). The two dominant T. annulata vector ticks present in Africa, H. scupense and H. anatolicum, underlie two different patterns of transmission, which in turn greatly influence the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis. H. dromedarii and H. lusitanicum are also capable of transmitting T. annulata in North Africa, but their roles are associated with specific production systems and agro-ecological contexts. The emergence of resistance to the most widely used theilericidal compound, buparvaquone, continues to limit the effectiveness of chemotherapy. In addition, acaricide use is increasingly becoming unsustainable. Deployable T. annulata attenuated live vaccines established from local strains in Tunisia, Sudan and Egypt are available, and recent work has indicated that these vaccines can be protective under conditions of natural transmission. However, vaccination programmes may vary over space and time due to differences in the prevalence of disease amongst cattle populations, as well seasonal variation in vector activity. We review recent descriptive and analytical surveys on the epidemiology of T. annulata infection with reference to (a) demographic aspects such as breeds and ages of cattle herds previously exposed to distinct T. annulata infection pressures and (b) seasonal dynamics of tick activity and disease transmission. We then discuss how the wider endemic patterns that we delineate can underpin the development and execution of future vaccination programmes. We also outline options for integrated control measures targeting tick vectors and husbandry practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles and Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles and Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Elati
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles and Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Amira A T Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ouarda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaire El Khroub, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine I, Algeria
| | | | | | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles and Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratoire de Maladies Contagieuses, Zoonoses et Législation Sanitaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles and Univ Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | | | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laila S Ahmed
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jabbar Ahmed
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Latré De Laté P, Haidar M, Ansari H, Tajeri S, Szarka E, Alexa A, Woods K, Reményi A, Pain A, Langsley G. Theileria highjacks JNK2 into a complex with the macroschizont GPI (GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchored surface protein p104. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12973. [PMID: 30412643 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity characterizes bovine T and B cells infected with Theileria parva, and B cells and macrophages infected with Theileria annulata. Here, we show that T. annulata infection of macrophages manipulates JNK activation by recruiting JNK2 and not JNK1 to the parasite surface, whereas JNK1 is found predominantly in the host cell nucleus. At the parasite's surface, JNK2 forms a complex with p104, a GPI-(GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchor T. annulata plasma membrane protein. Sequestration of JNK2 depended on Protein Kinase-A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of a JNK-binding motif common to T. parva and a cell penetrating peptide harbouring the conserved p104 JNK-binding motif competitively ablated binding, whereupon liberated JNK2 became ubiquitinated and degraded. Cytosolic sequestration of JNK2 suppressed small mitochondrial ARF-mediated autophagy, whereas it sustained nuclear JNK1 levels, c-Jun phosphorylation, and matrigel traversal. Therefore, T. annulata sequestration of JNK2 contributes to both survival and dissemination of Theileria-transformed macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré De Laté
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hifzur Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Szarka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Alexa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kerry Woods
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Attila Reményi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haidar M, Latré de Laté P, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. Cell penetrating peptides to dissect host-pathogen protein-protein interactions in Theileria-transformed leukocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1127-1134. [PMID: 28917447 PMCID: PMC5842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One powerful application of cell penetrating peptides is the delivery into cells of molecules that function as specific competitors or inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Ablating defined protein-protein interactions is a refined way to explore their contribution to a particular cellular phenotype in a given disease context. Cell-penetrating peptides can be synthetically constrained through various chemical modifications that stabilize a given structural fold with the potential to improve competitive binding to specific targets. Theileria-transformed leukocytes display high PKA activity, but PKA is an enzyme that plays key roles in multiple cellular processes; consequently genetic ablation of kinase activity gives rise to a myriad of confounding phenotypes. By contrast, ablation of a specific kinase-substrate interaction has the potential to give more refined information and we illustrate this here by describing how surgically ablating PKA interactions with BAD gives precise information on the type of glycolysis performed by Theileria-transformed leukocytes. In addition, we provide two other examples of how ablating specific protein-protein interactions in Theileria-infected leukocytes leads to precise phenotypes and argue that constrained penetrating peptides have great therapeutic potential to combat infectious diseases in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France; Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haidar M, Rchiad Z, Ansari HR, Ben-Rached F, Tajeri S, Latre De Late P, Langsley G, Pain A. miR-126-5p by direct targeting of JNK-interacting protein-2 (JIP-2) plays a key role in Theileria-infected macrophage virulence. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006942. [PMID: 29570727 PMCID: PMC5892942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine macrophages that disseminate throughout the animal causing a leukaemia-like disease called tropical theileriosis. Using deep RNAseq of T. annulata-infected B cells and macrophages we identify a set of microRNAs induced by infection, whose expression diminishes upon loss of the hyper-disseminating phenotype of virulent transformed macrophages. We describe how infection-induced upregulation of miR-126-5p ablates JIP-2 expression to release cytosolic JNK to translocate to the nucleus and trans-activate AP-1-driven transcription of mmp9 to promote tumour dissemination. In non-disseminating attenuated macrophages miR-126-5p levels drop, JIP-2 levels increase, JNK1 is retained in the cytosol leading to decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and dampened AP-1-driven mmp9 transcription. We show that variation in miR-126-5p levels depends on the tyrosine phosphorylation status of AGO2 that is regulated by Grb2-recruitment of PTP1B. In attenuated macrophages Grb2 levels drop resulting in less PTP1B recruitment, greater AGO2 phosphorylation, less miR-126-5p associated with AGO2 and a consequent rise in JIP-2 levels. Changes in miR-126-5p levels therefore, underpin both the virulent hyper-dissemination and the attenuated dissemination of T. annulata-infected macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia Ben-Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perle Latre De Late
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutlu O, Yakarsonmez S, Sariyer E, Danis O, Yuce-Dursun B, Topuzogullari M, Akbulut E, Turgut-Balik D. Comprehensive structural analysis of the open and closed conformations of Theileria annulata enolase by molecular modelling and docking. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Haidar M, Whitworth J, Noé G, Liu WQ, Vidal M, Langsley G. TGF-β2 induces Grb2 to recruit PI3-K to TGF-RII that activates JNK/AP-1-signaling and augments invasiveness of Theileria-transformed macrophages. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15688. [PMID: 26511382 PMCID: PMC4625156 DOI: 10.1038/srep15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria-infected macrophages display many features of cancer cells such as heightened invasive capacity; however, the tumor-like phenotype is reversible by killing the parasite. Moreover, virulent macrophages can be attenuated by multiple in vitro passages and so provide a powerful model to elucidate mechanisms related to transformed macrophage virulence. Here, we demonstrate that in two independent Theileria-transformed macrophage cell lines Grb2 expression is down-regulated concomitant with loss of tumor virulence. Using peptidimer-c to ablate SH2 and SH3 interactions of Grb2 we identify TGF-receptor II and the p85 subunit of PI3-K, as Grb2 partners in virulent macrophages. Ablation of Grb2 interactions reduces PI3-K recruitment to TGF-RII and decreases PIP3 production, and dampens JNK phosphorylation and AP-1-driven transcriptional activity down to levels characteristic of attenuated macrophages. Loss of TGF-R>PI3-K>JNK>AP-1 signaling negatively impacts on virulence traits such as reduced JAM-L/ITG4A and Fos-B/MMP9 expression that contribute to virulent macrophage adhesion and invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Jessie Whitworth
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Gaelle Noé
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wang Qing Liu
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Transforming growth factor β2 promotes transcription of COX2 and EP4, leading to a prostaglandin E2-driven autostimulatory loop that enhances virulence of Theileria annulata-transformed macrophages. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1869-80. [PMID: 25690101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02975-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and motility and is a potent modulator of immune function. TGF-β consequently plays a central role in carcinogenesis, and a dampened TGF-β2 response by Theileria annulata-infected monocytes/macrophages underpins disease resistance to tropical theileriosis. Here, we show that concomitant with the loss of TGF-β2 production, there is ablated expression of COX2 and EP4, which leads to a drop in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and, consequently, reduced activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and EPAC. This ablated phenotype can be rescued in attenuated macrophages by the addition of exogenous TGF-β2, which reactivates the expression of COX2 and EP4 while repressing that of protein kinase inhibitor gamma (PKIG) to the levels in virulent macrophages. TGF-β2 therefore promotes the adhesion and invasiveness of virulent macrophages by modulating COX2, EP4, and PKIG transcription to initiate a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-driven autostimulatory loop that augments PKA and EPAC activities. A virulence phenotype stemming from the double activation of PKA and EPAC is the induction of a CREB-mediated transcriptional program and the upregulation of JAM-L- and integrin 4αβ1-mediated adhesion of Theileria-infected macrophages.
Collapse
|