1
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Alexander KK, Naaldijk Y, Fasiczka R, Brahmia B, Chen T, Hilfiker S, Kennedy EJ. Targeting Rab-RILPL interactions as a strategy to downregulate pathogenic LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3563. [PMID: 38135900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Familial Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently linked to multiple disease-causing mutations within Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2), leading to aberrant kinase activity. Multiple pathogenic effects of enhanced LRRK2 activity have been identified, including loss of cilia and centrosomal cohesion defects. When phosphorylated by LRRK2, Rab8a and Rab10 bind to phospho-specific RILPL effector proteins. RILPL-mediated accumulation of pRabs proximal to the mother centriole is critical for initiating deficits in ciliogenesis and centrosome cohesion mediated by LRRK2. We hypothesized that Rab-derived phospho-mimics may serve to block phosphorylated Rab proteins from docking with RILPL in the context of hyperactive LRRK2 mutants. This would serve as an alternative strategy to downregulate pathogenic signaling mediated by LRRK2, rather than targeting LRRK2 kinase activity itself. To test this theory, we designed a series of constrained peptides mimicking phosphorylated Switch II derived from Rab8. These RILPL interacting peptides, termed RIP, were further shown to permeate cells. Further, several peptides were found to bind RILPL2 and restore ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in cells expressing PD-associated mutant LRRK2. This research demonstrates the utility of constrained peptides as downstream inhibitors to target pathogenic LRRK2 activity and may provide an alternative approach to target specific pathways activated by LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Besma Brahmia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tiancheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Pathak P, Alexander KK, Helton LG, Kentros M, LeClair TJ, Zhang X, Ho FY, Moore TT, Hall S, Guaitoli G, Gloeckner CJ, Kortholt A, Rideout H, Kennedy EJ. Doubly Constrained C-terminal of Roc (COR) Domain-Derived Peptides Inhibit Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Dimerization. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37200505 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations along the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein are a major contributor to Parkinson's Disease (PD), the second most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We recently reported the development of allosteric constrained peptide inhibitors that target and downregulate LRRK2 activity through disruption of LRRK2 dimerization. In this study, we designed doubly constrained peptides with the objective of inhibiting C-terminal of Roc (COR)-COR mediated dimerization at the LRRK2 dimer interface. We show that the doubly constrained peptides are cell-permeant, bind wild-type and pathogenic LRRK2, inhibit LRRK2 dimerization and kinase activity, and inhibit LRRK2-mediated neuronal apoptosis, and in contrast to ATP-competitive LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, they do not induce the mislocalization of LRRK2 to skein-like structures in cells. This work highlights the significance of COR-mediated dimerization in LRRK2 activity while also highlighting the use of doubly constrained peptides to stabilize discrete secondary structural folds within a peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pathak
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Leah G Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franz Y Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Timothy T Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scotty Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Limaye AJ, Whittaker MK, Bendzunas GN, Cowell JK, Kennedy EJ. Targeting the WASF3 complex to suppress metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106302. [PMID: 35691539 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family members (WASF) regulate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, which plays an instrumental role in cancer metastasis and invasion. WASF1/2/3 forms a hetero-pentameric complex with CYFIP1/2, NCKAP1/1 L, Abi1/2/3 and BRK1 called the WASF Regulatory Complex (WRC), which cooperatively regulates actin nucleation by WASF1/2/3. Activation of the WRC enables actin networking and provides the mechanical force required for the formation of lamellipodia and invadopodia. Although the WRC drives cell motility essential for several routine physiological functions, its aberrant deployment is observed in cancer metastasis and invasion. WASF3 expression is correlated with metastatic potential in several cancers and inversely correlates with overall progression-free survival. Therefore, disruption of the WRC may serve as a novel strategy for targeting metastasis. Given the complexity involved in the formation of the WRC which is largely comprised of large protein-protein interfaces, there are currently no inhibitors for WASF3. However, several constrained peptide mimics of the various protein-protein interaction interfaces within the WRC were found to successfully disrupt WASF3-mediated migration and invasion. This review explores the role of the WASF3 WRC in driving metastasis and how it may be selectively targeted for suppression of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Matthew K Whittaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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4
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Limaye AJ, Bendzunas GN, Whittaker MK, LeClair TJ, Helton LG, Kennedy EJ. In Silico Optimized Stapled Peptides Targeting WASF3 in Breast Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:570-576. [PMID: 35450347 PMCID: PMC9014496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family (WASF) members regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics, and WASF3 is directly associated with breast cancer metastasis and invasion. WASF3 forms a heteropentameric complex with CYFIP, NCKAP, ABI, and BRK1, called the WASF Regulatory Complex (WRC), which cooperatively regulates actin nucleation by WASF3. Since aberrant deployment of the WRC is observed in cancer metastasis and invasion, its disruption provides a novel avenue for targeting motility in breast cancer cells. Here, we report the development of a second generation WASF3 mimetic peptide, WAHMIS-2, which was designed using a combination of structure-guided design, homology modeling, and in silico optimization to disrupt binding of WASF3 to the WRC. WAHMIS-2 was found to permeate cells and inhibit cell motility, invasion, and MMP9 expression with greater potency than its predecessor, WAHM1. Targeted disruption of WASF3 from the WRC may serve as a useful strategy for suppression of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya J. Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - George N. Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Matthew K. Whittaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Timothy J. LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Leah G. Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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5
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Byrne DP, Omar MH, Kennedy EJ, Eyers PA, Scott JD. Biochemical Analysis of AKAP-Anchored PKA Signaling Complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2483:297-317. [PMID: 35286684 PMCID: PMC9518671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2245-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Generation of the prototypic second messenger cAMP instigates numerous signaling events. A major intracellular target of cAMP is Protein kinase A (PKA), a Ser/Thr protein kinase. Where and when this enzyme is activated inside the cell has profound implications on the functional impact of PKA. It is now well established that PKA signaling is focused locally into subcellular signaling "islands" or "signalosomes." The A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) play a critical role in this process by dictating spatial and temporal aspects of PKA action. Genetically encoded biosensors, small molecule and peptide-based disruptors of PKA signaling are valuable tools for rigorous investigation of local PKA action at the biochemical level. This chapter focuses on approaches to evaluate PKA signaling islands, including a simple assay for monitoring the interaction of an AKAP with a tunable PKA holoenzyme. The latter approach evaluates the composition of PKA holoenzymes, in which regulatory subunits and catalytic subunits can be visualized in the presence of test compounds and small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Helton LG, Rideout HJ, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (
LRRK2
) peptide modulators: Recent advances and future directions. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Hardy J. Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry Institute for Biology, University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
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7
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Helton LG, Soliman A, von Zweydorf F, Kentros M, Manschwetus JT, Hall S, Gilsbach B, Ho FY, Athanasopoulos PS, Singh RK, LeClair TJ, Versées W, Raimondi F, Herberg FW, Gloeckner CJ, Rideout H, Kortholt A, Kennedy EJ. Allosteric Inhibition of Parkinson's-Linked LRRK2 by Constrained Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2326-2338. [PMID: 34496561 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein with dual kinase and GTPase function that is commonly mutated in both familial and idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). While dimerization of LRRK2 is commonly detected in PD models, it remains unclear whether inhibition of dimerization can regulate catalytic activity and pathogenesis. Here, we show constrained peptides that are cell-penetrant, bind LRRK2, and inhibit LRRK2 activation by downregulating dimerization. We further show that inhibited dimerization decreases kinase activity and inhibits ROS production and PD-linked apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. While many ATP-competitive LRRK2 inhibitors induce toxicity and mislocalization of the protein in cells, these constrained peptides were found to not affect LRRK2 localization. The ability of these peptides to inhibit pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity suggests that disruption of dimerization may serve as a new allosteric strategy to downregulate PD-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Felix von Zweydorf
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Jascha T. Manschwetus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Scotty Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bernd Gilsbach
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franz Y. Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ranjan K. Singh
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy J. LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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8
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Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a member of the AGC subfamily of kinases and regulates a wide array of signaling pathways and physiological processes. Protein-protein interactions involving PKC and its scaffolding partners dictate the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC activity, including its access to activating second messenger molecules and potential substrates. While the A Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) family of scaffold proteins universally bind PKA, several were also found to scaffold PKC, thereby serving to tune its catalytic output. Targeting these scaffolding interactions can further shed light on the effect of subcellular compartmentalization on PKC signaling. Here we report the development of two hydrocarbon stapled peptides, CSTAD5 and CSTAD6, that are cell permeable and bind PKC to disrupt PKC-gravin complex formation in cells. Both constrained peptides downregulate PMA-induced cytoskeletal remodeling that is mediated by the PKC-gravin complex as measured by cell rounding. Further, these peptides downregulate PKC substrate phosphorylation and cell motility. To the best of our knowledge, no PKC-selective AKAP disruptors have previously been reported and thus CSTAD5 and CSTAD6 are novel disruptors of PKC scaffolding by AKAPs and may serve as powerful tools for dissecting AKAP-localized PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
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9
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Lasonder E, More K, Singh S, Haidar M, Bertinetti D, Kennedy EJ, Herberg FW, Holder AA, Langsley G, Chitnis CE. cAMP-Dependent Signaling Pathways as Potential Targets for Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684005. [PMID: 34108954 PMCID: PMC8183823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the role of signaling pathways in regulation of the key processes of merozoite egress and red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium falciparum and, in particular, the importance of the second messengers, cAMP and Ca2+, and cyclic nucleotide dependent kinases. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is comprised of cAMP-binding regulatory, and catalytic subunits. The less well conserved cAMP-binding pockets should make cAMP analogs attractive drug leads, but this approach is compromised by the poor membrane permeability of cyclic nucleotides. We discuss how the conserved nature of ATP-binding pockets makes ATP analogs inherently prone to off-target effects and how ATP analogs and genetic manipulation can be useful research tools to examine this. We suggest that targeting PKA interaction partners as well as substrates, or developing inhibitors based on PKA interaction sites or phosphorylation sites in PKA substrates, may provide viable alternative approaches for the development of anti-malarial drugs. Proximity of PKA to a substrate is necessary for substrate phosphorylation, but the P. falciparum genome encodes few recognizable A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs), suggesting the importance of PKA-regulatory subunit myristylation and membrane association in determining substrate preference. We also discuss how Pf14-3-3 assembles a phosphorylation-dependent signaling complex that includes PKA and calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) and how this complex may be critical for merozoite invasion, and a target to block parasite growth. We compare altered phosphorylation levels in intracellular and egressed merozoites to identify potential PKA substrates. Finally, as host PKA may have a critical role in supporting intracellular parasite development, we discuss its role at other stages of the life cycle, as well as in other apicomplexan infections. Throughout our review we propose possible new directions for the therapeutic exploitation of cAMP-PKA-signaling in malaria and other diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Lasonder
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kunal More
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Anthony A Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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10
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Baffi TR, Lordén G, Wozniak JM, Feichtner A, Yeung W, Kornev AP, King CC, Del Rio JC, Limaye AJ, Bogomolovas J, Gould CM, Chen J, Kennedy EJ, Kannan N, Gonzalez DJ, Stefan E, Taylor SS, Newton AC. mTORC2 controls the activity of PKC and Akt by phosphorylating a conserved TOR interaction motif. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabe4509. [PMID: 33850054 PMCID: PMC8208635 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex mTORC2 is accepted to be the kinase that controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif, a key regulatory switch for AGC kinases, although whether mTOR directly phosphorylates this motif remains controversial. Here, we identified an mTOR-mediated phosphorylation site that we termed the TOR interaction motif (TIM; F-x3-F-pT), which controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif of PKC and Akt and the activity of these kinases. The TIM is invariant in mTORC2-dependent AGC kinases, is evolutionarily conserved, and coevolved with mTORC2 components. Mutation of this motif in Akt1 and PKCβII abolished cellular kinase activity by impairing activation loop and hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. mTORC2 directly phosphorylated the PKC TIM in vitro, and this phosphorylation event was detected in mouse brain. Overexpression of PDK1 in mTORC2-deficient cells rescued hydrophobic motif phosphorylation of PKC and Akt by a mechanism dependent on their intrinsic catalytic activity, revealing that mTORC2 facilitates the PDK1 phosphorylation step, which, in turn, enables autophosphorylation. Structural analysis revealed that PKC homodimerization is driven by a TIM-containing helix, and biophysical proximity assays showed that newly synthesized, unphosphorylated PKC dimerizes in cells. Furthermore, disruption of the dimer interface by stapled peptides promoted hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. Our data support a model in which mTORC2 relieves nascent PKC dimerization through TIM phosphorylation, recruiting PDK1 to phosphorylate the activation loop and triggering intramolecular hydrophobic motif autophosphorylation. Identification of TIM phosphorylation and its role in the regulation of PKC provides the basis for AGC kinase regulation by mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andreas Feichtner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason C Del Rio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine M Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Peng H, Cassel J, McCracken DS, Prokop JW, Sementino E, Cheung M, Collop PR, Polo A, Joshi S, Mandell JP, Ayyanathan K, Hinds D, Malkowicz SB, Harbour JW, Bowcock AM, Salvino J, Kennedy EJ, Testa JR, Rauscher FJ. Kinetic Characterization of ASXL1/2-Mediated Allosteric Regulation of the BAP1 Deubiquitinase. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1099-1112. [PMID: 33731362 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BAP1 is an ubiquitin hydrolase whose deubiquitinase activity is mediated by polycomb group-like protein ASXL2. Cancer-related BAP1 mutations/deletions lead to loss-of-function by targeting the catalytic ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) or UCH37-like domain (ULD) domains of BAP1, and the latter disrupts binding to ASXL2, an obligate partner for BAP1 enzymatic activity. However, the biochemical and biophysical properties of domains involved in forming the enzymatically active complex are unknown. Here, we report the molecular dynamics, kinetics, and stoichiometry of these interactions. We demonstrate that interactions between BAP1 and ASXL2 are direct, specific, and stable to biochemical and biophysical manipulations as detected by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), GST association, and optical biosensor assays. Association of the ASXL2-AB box greatly stimulates BAP1 activity. A stable ternary complex is formed, comprised of the BAP1-UCH, BAP1-ULD, and ASXL2-AB domains. Stoichiometric analysis revealed that one molecule of the ULD domain directly interacts with one molecule of the AB box. Real-time kinetic analysis of the ULD/AB protein complex to the BAP1-UCH domain, based on surface plasmon resonance, indicated that formation of the ULD/AB complex with the UCH domain is a single-step event with fast association and slow dissociation rates. In vitro experiments validated in cells that the ASXL-AB box directly regulates BAP1 activity. IMPLICATIONS: Collectively, these data elucidate molecular interactions between specific protein domains regulating BAP1 deubiquitinase activity, thus establishing a foundation for small-molecule approaches to reactivate latent wild-type BAP1 catalytic activity in BAP1-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Cassel
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S McCracken
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | - Paul R Collop
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Surbhi Joshi
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - David Hinds
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - S Bruce Malkowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Anne M Bowcock
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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12
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Ding K, McGee-Lawrence ME, Kaiser H, Sharma AK, Pierce JL, Irsik DL, Bollag WB, Xu J, Zhong Q, Hill W, Shi XM, Fulzele S, Kennedy EJ, Elsalanty M, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Picolinic acid, a tryptophan oxidation product, does not impact bone mineral density but increases marrow adiposity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110885. [PMID: 32088397 PMCID: PMC7065047 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid catabolized initially to kynurenine (kyn), an immunomodulatory metabolite that we have previously shown to promote bone loss. Kyn levels increase with aging and have also been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Picolinic acid (PA) is another tryptophan metabolite downstream of kyn. However, in contrast to kyn, PA is reported to be neuroprotective and further, to promote osteogenesis in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that PA might be osteoprotective in vivo. In an IACUC-approved protocol, we fed PA to aged (23-month-old) C57BL/6 mice for eight weeks. In an effort to determine potential interactions of PA with dietary protein we also fed PA in a low-protein diet (8%). The mice were divided into four groups: Control (18% dietary protein), +PA (700 ppm); Low-protein (8%), +PA (700 ppm). The PA feedings had no impact on mouse weight, body composition or bone density. At sacrifice bone and stem cells were collected for analysis, including μCT and RT-qPCR. Addition of PA to the diet had no impact on trabecular bone parameters. However, marrow adiposity was significantly increased in PA-fed mice, and in bone marrow stromal cells isolated from these mice increases in the expression of the lipid storage genes, Plin1 and Cidec, were observed. Thus, as a downstream metabolite of kyn, PA no longer showed kyn's detrimental effects on bone but instead appears to impact energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Ding
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Anuj K Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Debra L Irsik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Augusta University, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - William Hill
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America; Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America.
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13
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Helton LG, Kennedy EJ. Targeting Plasmodium with constrained peptides and peptidomimetics. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1103-1114. [PMID: 32037730 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a worldwide health concern with an estimated quarter of a billion people infected and nearly half a million deaths annually. Malaria is caused by a parasite infection from Plasmodium strains which are transmitted from mosquitoes into the human host. Although several small molecule inhibitors have been found to target the early stages of transmission and prevent parasite proliferation, multiple drug resistant parasite strains have emerged and drug resistance remains a major hurdle. As an alternative to small molecule inhibition, several peptide-based therapeutics have been explored for their potential as antimalarial compounds. Chemically constrained peptides or peptidomimetics were developed to target large binding interfaces of parasite-based proteins that have historically been difficult to selectively inhibit using small molecules. Here, we review ongoing research aimed at developing constrained peptides targeting protein-protein interactions pertinent to malaria pathogenesis. These targets include Falcipain-2, the J domain of CDPK1, myosin A tail domain interacting protein, the PKA signaling pathway, and an unclear signaling pathway involving angiotensin-derived peptides. Diverse synthetic methods were also used for each target. Merging parasite biology with synthetic strategies may provide new opportunities to develop alternative methods for uncovering novel antimalarials and may offer an alternate source for targeting drug-resistant parasite strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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14
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Cao Z, Singh B, Li C, Markham NO, Carrington LJ, Franklin JL, Graves‐Deal R, Kennedy EJ, Goldenring JR, Coffey RJ. Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of naked cuticle homolog 2 stimulates cell-surface delivery of transforming growth factor-α for epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Traffic 2019; 20:357-368. [PMID: 30941853 PMCID: PMC6618044 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The classic mode of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated transactivation of the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation occurs via matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-mediated cleavage of plasma membrane-anchored EGFR ligands. Herein, we show that the Gαs-activating GPCR ligands vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) transactivate EGFR through increased cell-surface delivery of the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) in polarizing madin-darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Caco-2 cells. This is achieved by PKA-mediated phosphorylation of naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2), previously shown to bind TGFα and direct delivery of TGFα-containing vesicles to the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells. VIP and PGE2 rapidly activate protein kinase A (PKA) that then phosphorylates NKD2 at Ser-223, a process that is facilitated by the molecular scaffold A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12). This phosphorylation stabilized NKD2, ensuring efficient cell-surface delivery of TGFα and increased EGFR activation. Thus, GPCR-triggered, PKA/AKAP12/NKD2-regulated targeting of TGFα to the cell surface represents a new mode of EGFR transactivation that occurs proximal to ligand cleavage by MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Cunxi Li
- Jiaen Genetics LaboratoryBeijing Jiaen HospitalBeijingChina
- Genetics CenterShenzhen IVF Gynecology HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Nicholas O. Markham
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Franklin
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
- Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Ramona Graves‐Deal
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
- Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Department of SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
- Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
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15
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Manschwetus JT, Bendzunas GN, Limaye AJ, Knape MJ, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. A Stapled Peptide Mimic of the Pseudosubstrate Inhibitor PKI Inhibits Protein Kinase A. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081567. [PMID: 31009996 PMCID: PMC6514771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases regulate multiple and diverse signaling pathways and misregulation is implicated in a multitude of diseases. Although significant efforts have been put forth to develop kinase-specific inhibitors, specificity remains a challenge. As an alternative to catalytic inhibition, allosteric inhibitors can target areas on the surface of an enzyme, thereby providing additional target diversity. Using cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) as a model system, we sought to develop a hydrocarbon-stapled peptide targeting the pseudosubstrate domain of the kinase. A library of peptides was designed from a Protein Kinase Inhibitor (PKI), a naturally encoded protein that serves as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor for PKA. The binding properties of these peptide analogs were characterized by fluorescence polarization and surface plasmon resonance, and two compounds were identified with KD values in the 500-600 pM range. In kinase activity assays, both compounds demonstrated inhibition with 25-35 nM IC50 values. They were also found to permeate cells and localize within the cytoplasm and inhibited PKA activity within the cellular environment. To the best of our knowledge, these stapled peptide inhibitors represent some of the highest affinity binders reported to date for hydrocarbon stapled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha T Manschwetus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Matthias J Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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16
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Flaherty BR, Ho TG, Schmidt SH, Herberg FW, Peterson DS, Kennedy EJ. Targeted Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 with a Constrained J Domain-Derived Disruptor Peptide. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:506-514. [PMID: 30746930 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of constrained peptides to target Plasmodium-infected cells, we designed a J domain mimetic derived from Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 ( PfCDPK1) as a strategy to disrupt J domain binding and inhibit PfCDPK1 activity. The J domain disruptor (JDD) peptide was conformationally constrained using a hydrocarbon staple and was found to selectively permeate segmented schizonts and colocalize with intracellular merozoites in late-stage parasites. In vitro analyses demonstrated that JDD could effectively inhibit the catalytic activity of recombinant PfCDPK1 in the low micromolar range. Treatment of late-stage parasites with JDD resulted in a significant decrease in parasite viability mediated by a blockage of merozoite invasion, consistent with a primary effect of PfCDPK1 inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first use of stapled peptides designed to specifically target a Plasmodium falciparum protein and demonstrates that stapled peptides may serve as useful tools for exploring potential antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Flaherty
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 345 Coverdell Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 345 Coverdell Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tienhuei G. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sven H. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - David S. Peterson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 345 Coverdell Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 345 Coverdell Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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17
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Burgess SG, Mukherjee M, Sabir S, Joseph N, Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Richards MW, Huguenin-Dezot N, Chin JW, Kennedy EJ, Pfuhl M, Royle SJ, Gergely F, Bayliss R. Mitotic spindle association of TACC3 requires Aurora-A-dependent stabilization of a cryptic α-helix. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97902. [PMID: 29510984 PMCID: PMC5897774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A regulates the recruitment of TACC3 to the mitotic spindle through a phospho-dependent interaction with clathrin heavy chain (CHC). Here, we describe the structural basis of these interactions, mediated by three motifs in a disordered region of TACC3. A hydrophobic docking motif binds to a previously uncharacterized pocket on Aurora-A that is blocked in most kinases. Abrogation of the docking motif causes a delay in late mitosis, consistent with the cellular distribution of Aurora-A complexes. Phosphorylation of Ser558 engages a conformational switch in a second motif from a disordered state, needed to bind the kinase active site, into a helical conformation. The helix extends into a third, adjacent motif that is recognized by a helical-repeat region of CHC, not a recognized phospho-reader domain. This potentially widespread mechanism of phospho-recognition provides greater flexibility to tune the molecular details of the interaction than canonical recognition motifs that are dominated by phosphate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena G Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Manjeet Mukherjee
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Sabir
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nimesh Joseph
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mark W Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Cardiovascular & Randall Division, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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18
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Haidar M, Latré de Laté P, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. Cell penetrating peptides to dissect host-pathogen protein-protein interactions in Theileria-transformed leukocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1127-1134. [PMID: 28917447 PMCID: PMC5842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One powerful application of cell penetrating peptides is the delivery into cells of molecules that function as specific competitors or inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Ablating defined protein-protein interactions is a refined way to explore their contribution to a particular cellular phenotype in a given disease context. Cell-penetrating peptides can be synthetically constrained through various chemical modifications that stabilize a given structural fold with the potential to improve competitive binding to specific targets. Theileria-transformed leukocytes display high PKA activity, but PKA is an enzyme that plays key roles in multiple cellular processes; consequently genetic ablation of kinase activity gives rise to a myriad of confounding phenotypes. By contrast, ablation of a specific kinase-substrate interaction has the potential to give more refined information and we illustrate this here by describing how surgically ablating PKA interactions with BAD gives precise information on the type of glycolysis performed by Theileria-transformed leukocytes. In addition, we provide two other examples of how ablating specific protein-protein interactions in Theileria-infected leukocytes leads to precise phenotypes and argue that constrained penetrating peptides have great therapeutic potential to combat infectious diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France; Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France.
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19
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Kennedy EJ. Constrained peptides and biological targets. Bioorg Med Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Egan JB, Marks DL, Hogenson TL, Vrabel AM, Sigafoos AN, Tolosa EJ, Carr RM, Safgren SL, Enriquez Hesles E, Almada LL, Romecin-Duran PA, Iguchi E, Ala’Aldeen A, Kocher JPA, Oliver GR, Prodduturi N, Mead DW, Hossain A, Huneke NE, Tagtow CM, Ailawadhi S, Ansell SM, Banck MS, Bryce AH, Carballido EM, Chanan-Khan AA, Curtis KK, Resnik E, Gawryletz CD, Go RS, Halfdanarson TR, Ho TH, Joseph RW, Kapoor P, Mansfield AS, Meurice N, Nageswara Rao AA, Nowakowski GS, Pardanani A, Parikh SA, Cheville JC, Feldman AL, Ramanathan RK, Robinson SI, Tibes R, Finnes HD, McCormick JB, McWilliams RR, Jatoi A, Patnaik MM, Silva AC, Wieben ED, McAllister TM, Rumilla KM, Kerr SE, Lazaridis KN, Farrugia G, Stewart AK, Clark KJ, Kennedy EJ, Klee EW, Borad MJ, Fernandez-Zapico ME. Molecular Modeling and Functional Analysis of Exome Sequencing–Derived Variants of Unknown Significance Identify a Novel, Constitutively Active FGFR2 Mutant in Cholangiocarcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 2017. [PMID: 30761385 PMCID: PMC6369924 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genomic testing has increased the quantity of information available to oncologists. Unfortunately, many identified sequence alterations are variants of unknown significance (VUSs), which thus limit the clinician’s ability to use these findings to inform treatment. We applied a combination of in silico prediction and molecular modeling tools and laboratory techniques to rapidly define actionable VUSs. Materials and Methods Exome sequencing was conducted on 308 tumors from various origins. Most single nucleotide alterations within gene coding regions were VUSs. These VUSs were filtered to identify a subset of therapeutically targetable genes that were predicted with in silico tools to be altered in function by their variant sequence. A subset of receptor tyrosine kinase VUSs was characterized by laboratory comparison of each VUS versus its wild-type counterpart in terms of expression and signaling activity. Results The study identified 4,327 point mutations of which 3,833 were VUSs. Filtering for mutations in genes that were therapeutically targetable and predicted to affect protein function reduced these to 522 VUSs of interest, including a large number of kinases. Ten receptor tyrosine kinase VUSs were selected to explore in the laboratory. Of these, seven were found to be functionally altered. Three VUSs (FGFR2 F276C, FGFR4 R78H, and KDR G539R) showed increased basal or ligand-stimulated ERK phosphorylation compared with their wild-type counterparts, which suggests that they support transformation. Treatment of a patient who carried FGFR2 F276C with an FGFR inhibitor resulted in significant and sustained tumor response with clinical benefit. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the feasibility of rapid identification of the biologic relevance of somatic mutations, which thus advances clinicians’ ability to make informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Egan
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - David L. Marks
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Tara L. Hogenson
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Anne M. Vrabel
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ashley N. Sigafoos
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ezequiel J. Tolosa
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ryan M. Carr
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Stephanie L. Safgren
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Elisa Enriquez Hesles
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Luciana L. Almada
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Paola A. Romecin-Duran
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Eriko Iguchi
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Aryan Ala’Aldeen
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Gavin R. Oliver
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Naresh Prodduturi
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - David W. Mead
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Asif Hossain
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Norine E. Huneke
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Colleen M. Tagtow
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Sikander Ailawadhi
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Michaela S. Banck
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Alan H. Bryce
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Estrella M. Carballido
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Asher A. Chanan-Khan
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Kelly K. Curtis
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ernesto Resnik
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Chelsea D. Gawryletz
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ronald S. Go
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Thai H. Ho
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Richard W. Joseph
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Prashant Kapoor
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Aaron S. Mansfield
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Nathalie Meurice
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Amulya A. Nageswara Rao
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Grzegorz S. Nowakowski
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Animesh Pardanani
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Sameer A. Parikh
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - John C. Cheville
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Andrew L. Feldman
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Ramesh K. Ramanathan
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Steven I. Robinson
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Raoul Tibes
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Heidi D. Finnes
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Jennifer B. McCormick
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Robert R. McWilliams
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Mrinal M. Patnaik
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Alvin C. Silva
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Eric D. Wieben
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianrico Farrugia
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - A. Keith Stewart
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Karl J. Clark
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Eric W. Klee
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
| | - Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico
- David L. Marks, Tara L. Hogenson, Anne M. Vrabel, Ashley N. Sigafoos, Ezequiel J. Tolosa, Ryan M. Carr, Stephanie L. Safgren, Elisa Enriquez Hesles, Luciana L. Almada, Paola A. Romecin-Duran, Eriko Iguchi, Aryan Ala’Aldeen, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Gavin R. Oliver, Naresh Prodduturi, David W. Mead, Asif Hossain, Norine E. Huneke, Colleen M. Tagtow, Sikander Ailawadhi, Stephen M. Ansell, Michaela S. Banck, Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Ronald S. Go, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Richard W. Joseph, Prashant Kapoor,
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21
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Refaey ME, McGee-Lawrence ME, Fulzele S, Kennedy EJ, Bollag WB, Elsalanty M, Zhong Q, Ding KH, Bendzunas NG, Shi XM, Xu J, Hill WD, Johnson MH, Hunter M, Pierce JL, Yu K, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Kynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite That Accumulates With Age, Induces Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2182-2193. [PMID: 28727234 PMCID: PMC5685888 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-dependent bone loss occurs in humans and in several animal species, including rodents. The underlying causal mechanisms are probably multifactorial, although an age-associated increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species has been frequently implicated. We previously reported that aromatic amino acids function as antioxidants, are anabolic for bone, and that they may potentially play a protective role in an aging environment. We hypothesized that upon oxidation the aromatic amino acids would not only lose their anabolic effects but also potentially become a catabolic byproduct. When measured in vivo in C57BL/6 mice, the tryptophan oxidation product and kynurenine precursor, N-formylkynurenine (NFK), was found to increase with age. We tested the direct effects of feeding kynurenine (kyn) on bone mass and also tested the short-term effects of intraperitoneal kyn injection on bone turnover in CD-1 mice. μCT analyses showed kyn-induced bone loss. Levels of serum markers of osteoclastic activity (pyridinoline [PYD] and RANKL) increased significantly with kyn treatment. In addition, histological and histomorphometric studies showed an increase in osteoclastic activity in the kyn-treated groups in both dietary and injection-based studies. Further, kyn treatment significantly increased bone marrow adiposity, and BMSCs isolated from the kyn-injected mice exhibited decreased mRNA expression of Hdac3 and its cofactor NCoR1 and increased expression of lipid storage genes Cidec and Plin1. A similar pattern of gene expression is observed with aging. In summary, our data show that increasing kyn levels results in accelerated skeletal aging by impairing osteoblastic differentiation and increasing osteoclastic resorption. These data would suggest that kyn could play a role in age-induced bone loss. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El Refaey
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kanglun Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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22
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Cowell JK, Teng Y, Bendzunas NG, Ara R, Arbab AS, Kennedy EJ. Suppression of Breast Cancer Metastasis Using Stapled Peptides Targeting the WASF Regulatory Complex. Cancer Growth Metastasis 2017; 10:1179064417713197. [PMID: 28680267 PMCID: PMC5480654 DOI: 10.1177/1179064417713197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The WASF3 gene facilitates the metastatic phenotype, and its inactivation leads to suppression of invasion and metastasis regardless of the genetic background of the cancer cell. This reliance on WASF3 to facilitate metastasis suggests that targeting its function could serve as an effective strategy to suppress metastasis. WASF3 stability and function are regulated by the WASF Regulatory Complex (WRC) of proteins, particularly CYFIP1 and NCKAP1. Knockdown of these proteins in vitro leads to disruption of the WRC and suppression of invasion. We have used mouse xenograft models of breast cancer metastasis to assess whether targeting the WRC complex suppresses metastasis in vivo. Stapled peptides targeting the WASF3-CYFIP1 interface (WAHM1) and the CYFIP1-NCKAP1 interface (WANT3) suppress the development of lung and liver metastases. Targeting these critical protein-protein interactions, therefore, could potentially be developed into a therapeutic strategy to control cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - N George Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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23
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Haidar M, Ramdani G, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. [Not Available]. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:e1. [PMID: 27875850 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Haidar
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G Ramdani
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - G Langsley
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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24
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Mo GCH, Ross B, Hertel F, Manna P, Yang X, Greenwald E, Booth C, Plummer AM, Tenner B, Chen Z, Wang Y, Kennedy EJ, Cole PA, Fleming KG, Palmer A, Jimenez R, Xiao J, Dedecker P, Zhang J. Genetically encoded biosensors for visualizing live-cell biochemical activity at super-resolution. Nat Methods 2017; 14:427-434. [PMID: 28288122 PMCID: PMC5388356 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalized biochemical activities are essential to all cellular processes, but there is no generalizable method to visualize dynamic protein activities in living cells at a resolution commensurate with their compartmentalization. Here we introduce a new class of fluorescent biosensors that detect biochemical activities in living cells at a resolution up to three-fold better than the diffraction limit. Utilizing specific, binding-induced changes in protein fluorescence dynamics, these biosensors translate kinase activities or protein-protein interactions into changes in fluorescence fluctuations, which are quantifiable through stochastic optical fluctuation imaging. A Protein Kinase A (PKA) biosensor allowed us to resolve minute PKA activity microdomains on the plasma membrane of living cells and uncover the role of clustered anchoring proteins in organizing these activity microdomains. Together, these findings suggest that biochemical activities of the cell are spatially organized into an activity architecture, whose structural and functional characteristics can be revealed by these new biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C H Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian Ross
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabian Hertel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Premashis Manna
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Xinxing Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Greenwald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chris Booth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ashlee M Plummer
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Tenner
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen G Fleming
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Haidar M, Lombès A, Bouillaud F, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. HK2 Recruitment to Phospho-BAD Prevents Its Degradation, Promoting Warburg Glycolysis by Theileria-Transformed Leukocytes. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:216-224. [PMID: 28086019 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata infects bovine leukocytes, transforming them into invasive, cancer-like cells that cause the widespread disease called tropical theileriosis. We report that in Theileria-transformed leukocytes hexokinase-2 (HK2) binds to B cell lymphoma-2-associated death promoter (BAD) only when serine (S) 155 in BAD is phosphorylated. We show that HK2 recruitment to BAD is abolished by a cell-penetrating peptide that acts as a nonphosphorylatable BAD substrate that inhibits endogenous S155 phosphorylation, leading to complex dissociation and ubiquitination and degradation of HK2 by the proteasome. As HK2 is a critical enzyme involved in Warburg glycolysis, its loss forces Theileria-transformed macrophages to switch back to HK1-dependent oxidative glycolysis that down-regulates macrophage proliferation only when they are growing on glucose. When growing on galactose, degradation of HK2 has no effect on Theileria-infected leukocyte proliferation, because metabolism of this sugar is independent of hexokinases. Thus, targeted disruption of the phosphorylation-dependent HK2/BAD complex may represent a novel approach to control Theileria-transformed leukocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
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26
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Abstract
Kinases are amongst the largest families in the human proteome and serve as critical mediators of a myriad of cell signaling pathways. Since altered kinase activity is implicated in a variety of pathological diseases, kinases have become a prominent class of proteins for targeted inhibition. Although numerous small molecule and antibody-based inhibitors have already received clinical approval, several challenges may still exist with these strategies including resistance, target selection, inhibitor potency and in vivo activity profiles. Constrained peptide inhibitors have emerged as an alternative strategy for kinase inhibition. Distinct from small molecule inhibitors, peptides can provide a large binding surface area that allows them to bind shallow protein surfaces rather than defined pockets within the target protein structure. By including chemical constraints within the peptide sequence, additional benefits can be bestowed onto the peptide scaffold such as improved target affinity and target selectivity, cell permeability and proteolytic resistance. In this review, we highlight examples of diverse chemistries that are being employed to constrain kinase-targeting peptide scaffolds and highlight their application to modulate kinase signaling as well as their potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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27
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Mohanty S, Oruganty K, Kwon A, Byrne DP, Ferries S, Ruan Z, Hanold LE, Katiyar S, Kennedy EJ, Eyers PA, Kannan N. Correction: Hydrophobic Core Variations Provide a Structural Framework for Tyrosine Kinase Evolution and Functional Specialization. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006265. [PMID: 27513745 PMCID: PMC4981435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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28
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Teng Y, Qin H, Bahassan A, Bendzunas NG, Kennedy EJ, Cowell JK. The WASF3-NCKAP1-CYFIP1 Complex Is Essential for Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5133-42. [PMID: 27432794 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the WASF3 gene suppresses invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. WASF3 function is regulated through a protein complex that includes the NCKAP1 and CYFIP1 proteins. Here, we report that silencing NCKAP1 destabilizes the WASF3 complex, resulting in a suppression of the invasive capacity of breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells. In an in vivo model of spontaneous metastasis in immunocompromized mice, loss of NCKAP1 also suppresses metastasis. Activation of the WASF protein complex occurs through interaction with RAC1, and inactivation of NCKAP1 prevents the association of RAC1 with the WASF3 complex. Thus, WASF3 depends on NCKAP1 to promote invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that stapled peptides targeting the interface between NCKAP1 and CYFIP1 destabilize the WASF3 complex and suppress RAC1 binding, thereby suppressing invasion. Using a complex-disrupting compound identified in this study termed WANT3, our results offer a mechanistic proof of concept to target this interaction as a novel approach to inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5133-42. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia. Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - N George Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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29
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Autenrieth K, Bendzunas NG, Bertinetti D, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Defining A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) Specificity for the Protein Kinase A Subunit RI (PKA-RI). Chembiochem 2016; 17:693-697. [PMID: 26611881 PMCID: PMC4836982 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A-Kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) act as spatial and temporal regulators of protein kinase A (PKA) by localizing PKA along with multiple proteins into discrete signaling complexes. AKAPs interact with the PKA holoenzyme through an α-helix that docks into a groove formed on the dimerization/docking domain of PKA-R in an isoform-dependent fashion. In an effort to understand isoform selectivity at the molecular level, a library of protein-protein interaction (PPI) disruptors was designed to systematically probe the significance of an aromatic residue on the AKAP docking sequence for RI selectivity. The stapled peptide library was designed based on a high affinity, RI-selective disruptor of AKAP binding, RI-STAD-2. Phe, Trp and Leu were all found to maintain RI selectivity, whereas multiple intermediate-sized hydrophobic substitutions at this position either resulted in loss of isoform selectivity (Ile) or a reversal of selectivity (Val). As a limited number of RI-selective sequences are currently known, this study aids in our understanding of isoform selectivity and establishing parameters for discovering additional RI-selective AKAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Autenrieth
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - N. George Bendzunas
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Teng Y, Bahassan A, Dong D, Hanold LE, Ren X, Kennedy EJ, Cowell JK. Targeting the WASF3-CYFIP1 Complex Using Stapled Peptides Suppresses Cancer Cell Invasion. Cancer Res 2015; 76:965-73. [PMID: 26676744 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the WASF3 protein by extracellular stimuli promotes actin cytoskeleton reorganization and facilitates cancer cell invasion, whereas WASF3 depletion suppresses invasion and metastasis. In quiescent cells, the interaction between WASF3 and a complex of proteins, including CYFIP1, acts as a conformational restraint to prevent WASF3 activation. Therefore, we took advantage of this endogenous regulatory mechanism to investigate potential sites that disrupt WASF3 function. Here, we show that genetic knockdown of CYFIP1 in cancer cells led to the destabilization of the WASF3 complex, loss of WASF3 function, and suppressed invasion. Based on existing crystallographic data, we developed stapled peptides, referred to as WASF Helix Mimics (WAHM), that target an α-helical interface between WASF3 and CYFIP1. Treatment of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells with WAHM inhibitor peptides significantly reduced motility and invasion in vitro. Mechanistic investigations revealed that these inhibitors suppressed the interaction between Rac and the WASF3 complex, which has been shown to promote cell migration. Furthermore, peptide-mediated inhibition of WASF3 also resulted in the dysregulation of known downstream targets such as MMP-9 and KISS1. Finally, we demonstrate that this invasive phenotype is specific to WASF3 as depletion of WASF1 and WASF2, which can also bind to CYFIP1, did not affect invasion. Collectively, our findings suggest that targeting WASF3 function with WAHM peptides could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | | | - Dayong Dong
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Laura E Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Xiaoou Ren
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John K Cowell
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
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31
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Abstract
Synthesis of the second messenger cAMP activates a variety of signaling pathways critical for all facets of intracellular regulation. Protein kinase A (PKA) is the major cAMP-responsive effector. Where and when this enzyme is activated has profound implications on the cellular role of PKA. A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) play a critical role in this process by orchestrating spatial and temporal aspects of PKA action. A popular means of evaluating the impact of these anchored signaling events is to biochemically interfere with the PKA-AKAP interface. Hence, peptide disruptors of PKA anchoring are valuable tools in the investigation of local PKA action. This article outlines the development of PKA isoform-selective disruptor peptides, documents the optimization of cell-soluble peptide derivatives, and introduces alternative cell-based approaches that interrogate other aspects of the PKA-AKAP interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
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32
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Nguyen HT, Jia W, Beedle AM, Kennedy EJ, Murph MM. Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediates Activating Transcription Factor 3 Expression Which Is a Target for Post-Transcriptional Silencing by miR-30c-2-3p. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139489. [PMID: 26418018 PMCID: PMC4587950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein-coding entities, they have important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of most of the human genome. These small entities generate fine-tuning adjustments in the expression of mRNA, which can mildly or massively affect the abundance of proteins. Previously, we found that the expression of miR-30c-2-3p is induced by lysophosphatidic acid and has an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. The goal here is to confirm that ATF3 mRNA is a target of miR-30c-2-3p silencing, thereby further establishing the functional role of miR-30c-2-3p. Using a combination of bioinformatics, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and luciferase assays, we uncovered a regulatory pathway between miR-30c-2-3p and the expression of the transcription factor, ATF3. Lysophosphatidic acids triggers the expression of both miR-30c-2-3p and ATF3, which peak at 1 h and are absent 8 h post stimulation in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 serous ovarian cancer cells. The 3´-untranslated region (3´-UTR) of ATF3 was a predicted, putative target for miR-30c-2-3p, which we confirmed as a bona-fide interaction using a luciferase reporter assay. Specific mutations introduced into the predicted site of interaction between miR-30c-2-3p and the 3´-UTR of ATF3 alleviated the suppression of the luciferase signal. Furthermore, the presence of anti-miR-30c-2-3p enhanced ATF3 mRNA and protein after lysophosphatidic acid stimulation. Thus, the data suggest that after the expression of ATF3 and miR-30c-2-3p are elicited by lysophosphatidic acid, subsequently miR-30c-2-3p negatively regulates the expression of ATF3 through post-transcriptional silencing, which prevents further ATF3-related outcomes as a consequence of lysophosphatidic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - Mandi M. Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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El Refaey M, Watkins CP, Kennedy EJ, Chang A, Zhong Q, Ding KH, Shi XM, Xu J, Bollag WB, Hill WD, Johnson M, Hunter M, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Oxidation of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine disrupts their anabolic effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 410:87-96. [PMID: 25637715 PMCID: PMC4444384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-induced bone loss is associated with greater bone resorption and decreased bone formation resulting in osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. The etiology of this age-induced bone loss is not clear but has been associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from leaky mitochondria. ROS are known to oxidize/damage the surrounding proteins/amino acids/enzymes and thus impair their normal function. Among the amino acids, the aromatic amino acids are particularly prone to modification by oxidation. Since impaired osteoblastic differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) plays a role in age-related bone loss, we wished to examine whether oxidized amino acids (in particular the aromatic amino acids) modulated BMMSC function. Using mouse BMMSCs, we examined the effects of the oxidized amino acids di-tyrosine and kynurenine on proliferation, differentiation and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our data demonstrate that amino acid oxides (in particular kynurenine) inhibited BMMSC proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression and activity and the expression of osteogenic markers (Osteocalcin and Runx2). Taken together, our data are consistent with a potential pathogenic role for oxidized amino acids in age-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El Refaey
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher P Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Andrew Chang
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xing-ming Shi
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - William D Hill
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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34
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Wang Y, Ho TG, Franz E, Hermann JS, Smith FD, Hehnly H, Esseltine JL, Hanold LE, Murph MM, Bertinetti D, Scott JD, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. PKA-type I selective constrained peptide disruptors of AKAP complexes. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1502-10. [PMID: 25765284 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) coordinate complex signaling events by serving as spatiotemporal modulators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in cells. Although AKAPs organize a plethora of diverse pathways, their cellular roles are often elusive due to the dynamic nature of these signaling complexes. AKAPs can interact with the type I or type II PKA holoenzymes by virtue of high-affinity interactions with the R-subunits. As a means to delineate AKAP-mediated PKA signaling in cells, we sought to develop isoform-selective disruptors of AKAP signaling. Here, we report the development of conformationally constrained peptides named RI-STapled Anchoring Disruptors (RI-STADs) that target the docking/dimerization domain of the type 1 regulatory subunit of PKA. These high-affinity peptides are isoform-selective for the RI isoforms, can outcompete binding by the classical AKAP disruptor Ht31, and can selectively displace RIα, but not RIIα, from binding the dual-specific AKAP149 complex. Importantly, these peptides are cell-permeable and disrupt Type I PKA-mediated phosphorylation events in the context of live cells. Hence, RI-STAD peptides are versatile cellular tools to selectively probe anchored type I PKA signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tienhuei G. Ho
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eugen Franz
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | | | - F. Donelson Smith
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica L. Esseltine
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Laura E. Hanold
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mandi M. Murph
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - John D. Scott
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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35
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Flaherty BR, Wang Y, Trope EC, Ho TG, Muralidharan V, Kennedy EJ, Peterson DS. The Stapled AKAP Disruptor Peptide STAD-2 Displays Antimalarial Activity through a PKA-Independent Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129239. [PMID: 26010880 PMCID: PMC4444124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance poses a significant threat to ongoing malaria control efforts. Coupled with lack of a malaria vaccine, there is an urgent need for the development of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action and low susceptibility to parasite drug resistance. Protein Kinase A (PKA) has been implicated as a critical regulator of pathogenesis in malaria. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of disrupted PKA signaling as a possible strategy for inhibition of parasite replication. Host PKA activity is partly regulated by a class of proteins called A Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs), and interaction between HsPKA and AKAP can be inhibited by the stapled peptide Stapled AKAP Disruptor 2 (STAD-2). STAD-2 was tested for permeability to and activity against Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites in vitro. The compound was selectively permeable only to infected red blood cells (iRBC) and demonstrated rapid antiplasmodial activity, possibly via iRBC lysis (IC50 ≈ 1 μM). STAD-2 localized within the parasite almost immediately post-treatment but showed no evidence of direct association with PKA, indicating that STAD-2 acts via a PKA-independent mechanism. Furosemide-insensitive parasite permeability pathways in the iRBC were largely responsible for uptake of STAD-2. Further, peptide import was highly specific to STAD-2 as evidenced by low permeability of control stapled peptides. Selective uptake and antiplasmodial activity of STAD-2 provides important groundwork for the development of stapled peptides as potential antimalarials. Such peptides may also offer an alternative strategy for studying protein-protein interactions critical to parasite development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Flaherty
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Trope
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tienhuei G. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vasant Muralidharan
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EK); David Peterson: (DP)
| | - David S. Peterson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EK); David Peterson: (DP)
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Mohanty S, Kennedy EJ, Herberg FW, Hui R, Taylor SS, Langsley G, Kannan N. Structural and evolutionary divergence of cyclic nucleotide binding domains in eukaryotic pathogens: Implications for drug design. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1854:1575-85. [PMID: 25847873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular functions in eukaryotic pathogens are mediated by the cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domain, which senses second messengers such as cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Although CNB domain-containing proteins have been identified in many pathogenic organisms, an incomplete understanding of how CNB domains in pathogens differ from other eukaryotic hosts has hindered the development of selective inhibitors for CNB domains associated with infectious diseases. Here, we identify and classify CNB domain-containing proteins in eukaryotic genomes to understand the evolutionary basis for CNB domain functional divergence in pathogens. We identify 359 CNB domain-containing proteins in 31 pathogenic organisms and classify them into distinct subfamilies based on sequence similarity within the CNB domain as well as functional domains associated with the CNB domain. Our study reveals novel subfamilies with pathogen-specific variations in the phosphate-binding cassette. Analyzing these variations in light of existing structural and functional data provides new insights into ligand specificity and promiscuity and clues for drug design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of CA, San Diego, USA
| | - Gordon Langsley
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hanold LE, Watkins CP, Ton NT, Liaw P, Beedle AM, Kennedy EJ. Design of a selenylsulfide-bridged EGFR dimerization arm mimic. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2761-6. [PMID: 25840798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dimerization arm is a key feature that stabilizes dimerization of the extracellular receptor, thereby mediating activation of the tyrosine kinase domain. Peptides mimicking this β-loop feature can disrupt dimer formation and kinase activation, yet these peptides lack structural constraints or contain redox sensitive disulfide bonds which may limit their stability in physiological environments. Selenylsulfide bonds are a promising alternative to disulfide bonds as they maintain much of the same structural and chemical behavior, yet they are inherently less prone to reduction. Herein, we describe the synthesis, stability and activity of selenylsulfide-bridged dimerization arm mimics. The synthesis was accomplished using an Fmoc-based strategy along with C-terminal labeling for improved overall yield. This selenylsulfide-bridged peptide displayed both proteolytic stability and structural stability even under reducing conditions, demonstrating the potential application of the selenylsulfide bond to generate redox stable β-loop peptides for disruption of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher P Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Norman T Ton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peter Liaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aaron M Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hanold LE, Oruganty K, Ton NT, Beedle AM, Kannan N, Kennedy EJ. Inhibiting EGFR dimerization using triazolyl-bridged dimerization arm mimics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118796. [PMID: 25790232 PMCID: PMC4366150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in multiple carcinomas and is the focus of a variety of targeted therapies. Here we report the design of peptide-based compounds that mimic the EGFR dimerization arm and inhibit allosteric activation of EGFR. These peptides are modified to contain a triazolyl bridge between the peptide strands to constrain the EGFR dimerization arm β-loop. In this study, we demonstrate that these peptides have significantly improved proteolytic stability over the non-modified peptide sequence, and their inhibitory effects are dependent on the number of the methylene units and orientation of the introduced triazolyl bridge. We identified a peptide, EDA2, which downregulates receptor phosphorylation and dimerization and reduces cell viability. This is the first example of a biologically active triazolyl-bridged peptide targeting the EGFR dimerization interface that effectively downregulates EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krishnadev Oruganty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Norman T. Ton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Kennedy EJ. EMBO conference series: Chemical Biology 2014. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2783-7. [PMID: 25318996 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Around 300 people from 18 countries took part in the fourth biennial Chemical Biology conference at The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, from August 20 to 23, 2014. Many advances in the field of chemical biology were presented in talks and poster sessions. Picture: Petra Riedinger (EMBL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602 (USA).
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Fortunato MJ, Ball CE, Hollinger K, Patel NB, Modi JN, Rajasekaran V, Nonneman DJ, Ross JW, Kennedy EJ, Selsby JT, Beedle AM. Development of rabbit monoclonal antibodies for detection of alpha-dystroglycan in normal and dystrophic tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97567. [PMID: 24824861 PMCID: PMC4019581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-dystroglycan requires a rare O-mannose glycan modification to form its binding epitope for extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin. This functional glycan is disrupted in a cohort of muscular dystrophies, the secondary dystroglycanopathies, and is abnormal in some metastatic cancers. The most commonly used reagent for detection of alpha-dystroglycan is mouse monoclonal antibody IIH6, but it requires the functional O-mannose structure for recognition. Therefore, the ability to detect alpha-dystroglycan protein in disease states where it lacks the full O-mannose glycan has been limited. To overcome this hurdle, rabbit monoclonal antibodies against the alpha-dystroglycan C-terminus were generated. The new antibodies, named 5–2, 29–5, and 45–3, detect alpha-dystroglycan from mouse, rat and pig skeletal muscle by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In a mouse model of fukutin-deficient dystroglycanopathy, all antibodies detected low molecular weight alpha-dystroglycan in disease samples demonstrating a loss of functional glycosylation. Alternately, in a porcine model of Becker muscular dystrophy, relative abundance of alpha-dystroglycan was decreased, consistent with a reduction in expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in affected muscle. Therefore, these new rabbit monoclonal antibodies are suitable reagents for alpha-dystroglycan core protein detection and will enhance dystroglycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa J. Fortunato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charlotte E. Ball
- Center for Undergraduate Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katrin Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Niraj B. Patel
- Center for Undergraduate Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jill N. Modi
- Center for Undergraduate Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vedika Rajasekaran
- Center for Undergraduate Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dan J. Nonneman
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, United States Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Ho TG, Bertinetti D, Neddermann M, Franz E, Mo GCH, Schendowich LP, Sukhu A, Spelts RC, Zhang J, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Correction to Isoform-Selective Disruption of AKAP-Localized PKA Using Hydrocarbon Stapled Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2014. [PMCID: PMC4126737 DOI: 10.1021/cb500329z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Ho TG, Bertinetti D, Neddermann M, Franz E, Mo GCH, Schendowich LP, Sukhu A, Spelts RC, Zhang J, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Isoform-selective disruption of AKAP-localized PKA using hydrocarbon stapled peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:635-42. [PMID: 24422448 PMCID: PMC3985448 DOI: 10.1021/cb400900r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A-kinase
anchoring proteins (AKAPs) play an important role in the
spatial and temporal regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) by scaffolding
critical intracellular signaling complexes. Here we report the design
of conformationally constrained peptides that disrupt interactions
between PKA and AKAPs in an isoform-selective manner. Peptides derived
from the A Kinase Binding (AKB) domain of several AKAPs were chemically
modified to contain an all-hydrocarbon staple and target the docking/dimerization
domain of PKA-R, thereby occluding AKAP interactions. The peptides
are cell-permeable against diverse human cell lines, are highly isoform-selective
for PKA-RII, and can effectively inhibit interactions between AKAPs
and PKA-RII in intact cells. These peptides can be applied as useful
reagents in cell-based studies to selectively disrupt AKAP-localized
PKA-RII activity and block AKAP signaling complexes. In summary, the
novel hydrocarbon-stapled peptides developed in this study represent
a new class of AKAP disruptors to study compartmentalized RII-regulated
PKA signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tienhuei G. Ho
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | | | - Eugen Franz
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Gary C. H. Mo
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lewis P. Schendowich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Avinash Sukhu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Raybun C. Spelts
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Kennedy EJ, Lewandowski M, Hanold L, Ton N, Patel F, Patel V. Designing Spatiotemporal Regulators for PKA in Prostate Cancer. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.666.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J. Kennedy
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Megan Lewandowski
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Laura Hanold
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Norman Ton
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Fenil Patel
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Viral Patel
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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Abstract
Abstract
Forty five community pharmacists set standards for counselling patients receiving prescription medicines. Replying to a postal questionnaire describing 10 hypothetical scenarios, they identified four priority counselling situations: drugs with a complex dosage regimen, significant interactions, changed or new therapy and uncommon or difficult to use formulations. They estimated their counselling frequency for such situations as 62 per cent.
Fourteen of the pharmacists later allowed a researcher to observe their counselling practice and 267 of their patients participated in a survey of expectations and experiences. The patients completed questionnaires before and after receiving their medicines and were observed collecting them. Eighty one per cent expected verbal information from the pharmacist while 41 per cent reported receiving it and 33 per cent were observed receiving it. They particularly expected to receive advice about how, how often and when to use their medicines and these were the aspects they were counselled most frequently about, though less often than they expected. Many also expected advice on what the medicine was for and any possible side effects, but this was offered less frequently as part of the pharmacist's standard advice. The vast majority (81.5 per cent) felt that the time spent on counselling was adequate, even when this was no time at all, and 62 per cent felt the information given was adequate. After feedback of these results to eight of the 14 pharmacists, seven said they would attempt to improve the frequency and nature of their counselling, to complete the audit cycle.
These results show that questionnaires completed by patients in pharmacies provide reliable data comparable to that from observational studies. Well designed questionnaires could, therefore, be used as a self-audit tool by community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krska
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB9 1FR
| | - E J Kennedy
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB9 1FR
| | - S A Milne
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB9 1FR
| | - K J McKessack
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB9 1FR
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46
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Kennedy EJ, Yang J, Pillus L, Taylor SS, Ghosh G. Identifying critical non-catalytic residues that modulate protein kinase A activity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4746. [PMID: 19270744 PMCID: PMC2650257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distal interactions between discrete elements of an enzyme are critical for communication and ultimately for regulation. However, identifying the components of such interactions has remained elusive due to the delicate nature of these contacts. Protein kinases are a prime example of an enzyme with multiple regulatory sites that are spatially separate, yet communicate extensively for tight regulation of activity. Kinase misregulation has been directly linked to a variety of cancers, underscoring the necessity for understanding intramolecular kinase regulation. Methodology/Principal Findings A genetic screen was developed to identify suppressor mutations that restored catalytic activity in vivo from two kinase-dead Protein Kinase A mutants in S. cerevisiae. The residues defined by the suppressors provide new insights into kinase regulation. Many of the acquired mutations were distal to the nucleotide binding pocket, highlighting the relationship of spatially dispersed residues in regulation. Conclusions/Significance The suppressor residues provide new insights into kinase regulation, including allosteric effects on catalytic elements and altered protein-protein interactions. The suppressor mutations identified in this study also share overlap with mutations identified from an identical screen in the yeast PKA homolog Tpk2, demonstrating functional conservation for some residues. Some mutations were independently isolated several times at the same sites. These sites are in agreement with sites previously identified from multiple cancer data sets as areas where acquired somatic mutations led to cancer progression and drug resistance. This method provides a valuable tool for identifying residues involved in kinase activity and for studying kinase misregulation in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Pillus
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology and UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Yang J, Kennedy EJ, Wu J, Deal MS, Pennypacker J, Ghosh G, Taylor SS. Contribution of non-catalytic core residues to activity and regulation in protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6241-8. [PMID: 19122195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805862200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A holoenzyme is comprised of two catalytic (C) and two regulatory (R) subunits which keep the enzyme in an inhibited state before activation by cyclic-AMP. The C-subunit folds into a conserved bi-lobal core flanked by N- and C-terminal tails. We report here characterization of a C-tail loss-of-function mutant, CF327A, and a related suppressor mutant, CF327A/K285P. Phe-327 is the only residue outside the kinase core that binds to the adenine ring of ATP, whereas Lys-285 is approximately 45 A away and lies in an AGC kinase-specific insert. The two mutations were previously identified from a yeast genetic screen, where the F327A mutation was unable to complement cell growth but mutation of K285P in the same allele rescued cell viability. We show that CF327A exhibits significant reduction in catalytic efficiency, which likely explains the observed loss-of-function phenotype. Interestingly, the additional K285P mutation does not restore kinase activity but reduces the inhibitory interaction of the double mutant with RII subunits. The additional K285P mutation, thus, helps to keep a low but uninhibited PKA activity that is sufficient for cell viability. The crystal structure of CF327A/K285P further reveals that recruitment of Phe-327 to the ATP binding pocket not only contributes to the hydrophobic pocket, as previously thought, but also recruits its flanking C-tail region to the kinase core, thereby concertedly positioning the glycine-rich loop and ATP for phosphoryl transfer. The study exemplifies two different ways for regulating cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity through non-conserved residues and sheds light on the structural and functional diversity of the kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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48
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Kennedy EJ, Ghosh G, Pillus L. Identification of functionally distinct regions that mediate biological activity of the protein kinase a homolog Tpk2. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1084-93. [PMID: 17971450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704028200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases regulate key signaling processes that are increasingly implicated in development and disease. Kinase modulators have become important therapeutic tools and often target catalytic domains that are among the most structurally and functionally conserved regions of these enzymes. Such therapies lose efficacy as mutations conferring resistance arise. Because interactions between distinct and often distant regions of kinases can be critical, we took an unbiased genetic approach to identify sites within the protein kinase A homolog Tpk2 that contribute to its biological activity. Because many of these map outside the conserved core, this approach should be broadly useful in identifying new, more kinase-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0375, USA
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49
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Kennedy EJ, Pillus L, Ghosh G. Pho5p and newly identified nucleotide pyrophosphatases/ phosphodiesterases regulate extracellular nucleotide phosphate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 2006; 4:1892-901. [PMID: 16278456 PMCID: PMC1287867 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.11.1892-1901.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides play many biological roles, including intercellular communication and modulation of nucleotide receptor signaling, and are dependent on the phosphorylation state of the nucleotide. Regulation of nucleotide phosphorylation is necessary, and a specialized class of enzymes, nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (E-NPPs), has been identified in mammals to perform this function. Although the E-NPP class is conserved among complex eukaryotes, this system has not yet been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using genetic and biochemical experiments, we show that two orthologs of the E-NPP family, referred to as Npp1p and Npp2p, exist in budding yeast and can perform nucleotide phosphate hydrolysis. This activity is enhanced during phosphate starvation, where hydrolyzed phosphates can be imported from extracellular sources and utilized to overcome phosphate starvation through the activity of the Pho5p acid phosphatase. The added compensatory effect by Pho5p is also a newly established role for Pho5p. This study demonstrates that extracellular nucleotide phosphate metabolism appears to be controlled by at least two independent regulatory mechanisms, uniting phosphate starvation with extracellular nucleotide regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA
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50
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Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an inducible transcription factor central in the regulation of expression of a wide variety of genes and synthesis of several proteins involved in the generation of the immune response and inflammatory processes. In resting cells, NF-kappaB is maintained in an inactive state through cytoplasmic retention by IkappaB inhibitors. Stimulation of cells with a wide variety of inducers results in proteolytic degradation of these IkappaB proteins, leading to activation of NF-kappaB. The present study shows that interleukin-1 (IL-1) causes persistent activation of NF-kappaB in glial cells. Stimulation with IL-1 also causes rapid but transient degradation of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-epsilon. However, NF-kappaB remains active even after these IkappaB isoforms have returned to control levels. In contrast, the IkappaB-beta isoform fails to reappear following its initial degradation by IL-1, coincident with sustained activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, in vivo overexpression of the various IkappaB isoforms revealed that IkappaB-beta is the only isoform that has the ability to inhibit IL-1-induced NF-kappaB-driven transcription. The findings also suggest that the inability of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-epsilon to modulate NF-kappaB activity is due to their modification in vivo. These findings indicate that IkappaB-beta is the key regulator of the activity of NF-kappaB in human glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Foster's Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
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