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Boucher JC, Yu B, Li G, Shrestha B, Sallman D, Landin AM, Cox C, Karyampudi K, Anasetti C, Davila ML, Bejanyan N. Large Scale Ex Vivo Expansion of γδ T cells Using Artificial Antigen-presenting Cells. J Immunother 2023; 46:5-13. [PMID: 36378147 PMCID: PMC9722378 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Higher γδ T cell counts in patients with malignancies are associated with better survival. However, γδ T cells are rare in the blood and functionally impaired in patients with malignancies. Promising results are reported on the treatment of various malignancies with in vivo expansion of autologous γδ T cells using zoledronic acid (zol) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Here we demonstrated that zol and IL-2, in combination with a novel genetically engineered K-562 CD3scFv/CD137L/CD28scFv/IL15RA quadruplet artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC), efficiently expand allogeneic donor-derived γδ T cells using a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliant protocol sufficient to achieve cell doses for future clinical use. We achieved a 633-fold expansion of γδ T cells after day 10 of coculture with aAPC, which exhibited central (47%) and effector (43%) memory phenotypes. In addition, >90% of the expanded γδ T cells expressed NKG2D, although they have low cell surface expression of PD1 and LAG3 inhibitory checkpoint receptors. In vitro real-time cytotoxicity analysis showed that expanded γδ T cells were effective in killing target cells. Our results demonstrate that large-scale ex vivo expansion of donor-derived γδ T cells in a GMP-like setting can be achieved with the use of quadruplet aAPC and zol/IL-2 for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Boucher
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | - Gongbo Li
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | | | | | - Cheryl Cox
- Cell Therapy Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Claudio Anasetti
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | - Marco L. Davila
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
| | - Nelli Bejanyan
- Division of Clinical Science, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy
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2
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Madhok A, Bhat SA, Philip CS, Sureshbabu SK, Chiplunkar S, Galande S. Transcriptome Signature of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Treated With Phosphoantigens and Notch Inhibitor Reveals Interplay Between TCR and Notch Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660361. [PMID: 34526984 PMCID: PMC8435775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, especially the Vγ9Vδ2 subtype, have been implicated in cancer therapy and thus have earned the spotlight in the past decade. Although one of the most important properties of γδ T cells is their activation by phosphoantigens, which are intermediates of the Mevalonate and Rohmer pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, such as IPP and HDMAPP, respectively, the global effects of such treatments on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells remain elusive. Here, we used the high-throughput transcriptomics approach to elucidate the transcriptional changes in human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upon HDMAPP, IPP, and anti-CD3 treatments in combination with interleukin 2 (IL2) cytokine stimulation. These activation treatments exhibited a dramatic surge in transcription with distinctly enriched pathways. We further assessed the transcriptional dynamics upon inhibition of Notch signaling coupled with activation treatments. We observed that the metabolic processes are most affected upon Notch inhibition via GSI-X. The key effector genes involved in gamma-delta cytotoxic function were downregulated upon Notch blockade even in combination with activation treatment, suggesting a transcriptional crosstalk between T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and Notch signaling in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Collectively, we demonstrate the effect of the activation of TCR signaling by phosphoantigens or anti-CD3 on the transcriptional status of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells along with IL2 stimulation. We further show that the blockade of Notch signaling antagonistically affects this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Madhok
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science and Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Bhat
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Chinna Susan Philip
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Kashipathi Sureshbabu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Shubhada Chiplunkar
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science and Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
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3
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Uldrich AP, Rigau M, Godfrey DI. Immune recognition of phosphoantigen-butyrophilin molecular complexes by γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:74-83. [PMID: 33017054 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are an important component of the immune system. They are often enriched in non-lymphoid tissues and exhibit diverse functional attributes including rapid activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and acquisition of cytotoxicity following both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent stimulation, but poor capacity for immunological memory. They can detect a broad range of antigens, although typically not peptide-MHC complexes in contrast to alpha-beta (αβ) T cells. In humans, a prominent population of γδ T cells, defined as Vγ9Vδ2+ cells, reacts to small phosphorylated non-peptide "phosphoantigens" (pAgs). The molecular mechanism underpinning this recognition is poorly defined, but is known to involve butyrophilin family members and appears to involve indirect pAg recognition via alterations to butyrophilin molecular complexes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of pAg recognition by γδ T cells including the role of butyrophilins and in particular, a newly described role for butyrophilin 2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Marc Rigau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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4
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He Y, Xu L, Feng J, Wu K, Zhao Y, Huang H. HDAC Inhibitor LBH589 Suppresses the Proliferation but Enhances the Antileukemic Effect of Human γδT Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:623-630. [PMID: 33005729 PMCID: PMC7515977 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδT cells have potent effects on hematological malignancies, and their functions can be regulated by anti-tumor agents. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) not only have antileukemic activity on leukemia but also affect immune cells during therapeutic application. In this in vitro study, we showed that LBH589, a pan-HDACi, impaired the proliferation of human γδT cells, as well as their proportions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At the specific concentration, LBH589 induced significant antileukemic activity of γδT cells against the HL-60 cells and Kasumi cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the expression levels of activating receptor and molecules, as well as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression on γδT cells, were not affected by LBH589. After treatment with LBH589 for indicated times, extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK), Akt, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways in γδT cells were not activated. In contrast, a stronger expression of Notch was observed and sustained for 72 h. Inhibition of Notch signaling by FLI-06, the γ-secretase inhibitor, significantly reversed the enhanced antileukemic ability of γδT cells induced by LBH589. For the first time, our investigations demonstrate that LBH589 can inhibit proliferation of γδT cells but facilitate their antileukemic effects via activation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kangni Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Corresponding author: Yanmin Zhao, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Corresponding author: He Huang, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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5
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Peters C, Kouakanou L, Kabelitz D. A comparative view on vitamin C effects on αβ- versus γδ T-cell activation and differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1009-1022. [PMID: 32034803 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1219-245r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VitC) is an essential vitamin that needs to be provided through exogenous sources. It is a potent anti-oxidant, and an essential cofactor for many enzymes including a group of enzymes that modulate epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Moreover, VitC has a significant influence on T-cell differentiation, and can directly interfere with T-cell signaling. Conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells express the αβ TCR and recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC presentation. The numerically small population of γδ T cells recognizes antigens in an MHC-independent manner. γδ T cells kill a broad variety of malignant cells, and because of their unique features, are interesting candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize what is known about the influence of VitC on T-cell activation and differentiation with a special focus on γδ T cells. The known mechanisms of action of VitC on αβ T cells are discussed and extrapolated to the effects observed on γδ T-cell activation and differentiation. Overall, VitC enhances proliferation and effector functions of γδ T cells and thus may help to increase the efficacy of γδ T cells applied as cancer immunotherapy in adoptive cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Morath A, Schamel WW. αβ and γδ T cell receptors: Similar but different. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1045-1055. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1219-233r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morath
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Biology III Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Biology III Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI) Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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7
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Ex Vivo Expanded Human Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cells Can Suppress Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051139. [PMID: 30845699 PMCID: PMC6429417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ-T-cells have attracted attention because of their potent cytotoxicity towards tumors. Most γδ-T-cells become activated via a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent pathway by the interaction of their receptor, Natural Killer Group 2 Member D (NKG2D) with the tumor-specific NKG2D ligands, including MHC class I-related chain A/B (MICA/B) and UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs), to kill tumor cells. However, despite their potent antitumor effects, the treatment protocols specifically targeting ovarian tumors require further improvements. Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal and challenging female malignancies worldwide because of delayed diagnoses and resistance to traditional chemotherapy. In this study, we successfully enriched and expanded γδ-T-cells up to ~78% from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with mostly the Vγ9Vδ2-T-cell subtype in the circulation. We showed that expanded γδ-T-cells alone exerted significant cytotoxic activities towards specific epithelial-type OVCAR3 and HTB75 cells, whereas the combination of γδ-T cells and pamidronate (PAM), a kind of aminobisphosphonates (NBPs), showed significantly enhanced cytotoxic activities towards all types of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, in tumor xenografts of immunodeficient NSG mice, γδ-T-cells not only suppressed tumor growth but also completely eradicated preexisting tumors with an initial size of ~5 mm. Thus, we concluded that γδ-T-cells alone possess dramatic cytotoxic activities towards epithelial ovarian cancers both in vitro and in vivo. These results strongly support the potential of clinical immunotherapeutic application of γδ-T-cells to treat this serious female malignancy.
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8
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Juraske C, Wipa P, Morath A, Hidalgo JV, Hartl FA, Raute K, Oberg HH, Wesch D, Fisch P, Minguet S, Pongcharoen S, Schamel WW. Anti-CD3 Fab Fragments Enhance Tumor Killing by Human γδ T Cells Independent of Nck Recruitment to the γδ T Cell Antigen Receptor. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1579. [PMID: 30038626 PMCID: PMC6046647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ TCR) can recognize antigens expressed by tumor cells and subsequently kill these cells. γδ T cells are indeed used in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. The anti-CD3ε antibody UCHT1 enhanced the in vitro tumor killing activity of human γδ T cells by an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that Fab fragments of UCHT1, which only bind monovalently to the γδ TCR, also enhanced tumor killing by expanded human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells or pan-γδ T cells of the peripheral blood. The Fab fragments induced Nck recruitment to the γδ TCR, suggesting that they stabilized the γδ TCR in an active CD3ε conformation. However, blocking the Nck-CD3ε interaction in γδ T cells using the small molecule inhibitor AX-024 neither reduced the γδ T cells' natural nor the Fab-enhanced tumor killing activity. Likewise, Nck recruitment to CD3ε was not required for intracellular signaling, CD69 and CD25 up-regulation, or cytokine secretion by γδ T cells. Thus, the Nck-CD3ε interaction seems to be dispensable in γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Juraske
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Anna Morath
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose Villacorta Hidalgo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital "José de San Martin", University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frederike A Hartl
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Raute
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Research Center for Academic Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemical and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Kallemeijn MJ, Kavelaars FG, van der Klift MY, Wolvers-Tettero ILM, Valk PJM, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of the Human TCRγδ+ T-Cell Repertoire Reveals Shifts in Vγ- and Vδ-Usage in Memory Populations upon Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:448. [PMID: 29559980 PMCID: PMC5845707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological aging remodels the immune system at several levels. This has been documented in particular for the T-cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ T-cell compartment, showing reduced naive T-cell outputs and an accumulation of terminally differentiated clonally expanding effector T-cells, leading to increased proneness to autoimmunity and cancer development at older age. Even though TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ T-cells follow similar paths of development involving V(D)J-recombination of TCR genes in the thymus, TCRγδ+ T-cells tend to be more subjected to peripheral rather than central selection. However, the impact of aging in shaping of the peripheral TRG/TRD repertoire remains largely elusive. Next-generation sequencing analysis methods were optimized based on a spike-in method using plasmid vector DNA-samples for accurate TRG/TRD receptor diversity quantification, resulting in optimally defined primer concentrations, annealing temperatures and cycle numbers. Next, TRG/TRD repertoire diversity was evaluated during TCRγδ+ T-cell ontogeny, showing a broad, diverse repertoire in thymic and cord blood samples with Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, in contrast to the more skewed repertoire in mature circulating TCRγδ+ T-cells in adult peripheral blood. During aging the naive repertoire maintained its diversity with Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, while in the central and effector memory populations a clear shift from young (Vγ9/Vδ2 dominance) to elderly (Vγ2/Vδ1 dominance) was observed. Together with less clear Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, this would be highly suggestive of differentially heavily selected repertoires. Despite the apparent age-related shift from Vγ9/Vδ2 to Vγ2/Vδ1, no clear aging effect was observed on the Vδ2 invariant T nucleotide and canonical Vγ9-Jγ1.2 selection determinants. A more detailed look into the healthy TRG/TRD repertoire revealed known cytomegalovirus-specific TRG/TRD clonotypes in a few donors, albeit without a significant aging-effect, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific clonotypes were absent. Notably, in effector subsets of elderly individuals, we could identify reported TRG and TRD receptor chains from TCRγδ+ T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia proliferations, which typically present in the elderly population. Collectively, our results point to relatively subtle age-related changes in the human TRG/TRD repertoire, with a clear shift in Vγ/Vδ usage in memory cells upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Kallemeijn
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - François G Kavelaars
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michèle Y van der Klift
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid L M Wolvers-Tettero
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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11
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Human γδ T cells: From a neglected lymphocyte population to cellular immunotherapy: A personal reflection of 30years of γδ T cell research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Dai H, Chen H, Liu W, You Y, Tan J, Yang A, Lai X, Bie P. Effects of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on pancreatic cancer cell growth and motility: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2107-17. [PMID: 27444299 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor suppressor that inhibits cell growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death with a low survival rate. RKIP expression and its role in tumorigenesis and metastasis in pancreatic cancer are poorly understood. The aims of our study were to assess the effects of RKIP on pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro and in tumor tissues in vivo. METHODS This study included 84 patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The expression levels of RKIP were measured in pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Overexpression plasmid of RKIP was transfected into SW1990 and AsPC-1 cell lines, and the effects on cell proliferation were studied using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Results showed a reduced expression of RKIP in pancreatic carcinoma tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, which closely correlated with patient outcomes. Overexpression of RKIP suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in cultured SW1990 and AsPC-1 cell lines. Transwell assay showed RKIP can inhibit cell migration and invasion, and in vivo RKIP can suppress tumorigenesis by diminishing the volume of the tumors. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, expression of RKIP is closely correlated with the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. RKIP can inhibit pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells proliferation, activities of migration and invasion, through downregulating Raf-1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Aigang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Bie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Cho HW, Kim SY, Sohn DH, Lee MJ, Park MY, Sohn HJ, Cho HI, Kim TG. Triple costimulation via CD80, 4-1BB, and CD83 ligand elicits the long-term growth of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in low levels of IL-2. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:521-9. [PMID: 26561569 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0814-409rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells play important roles in the regulation of infection and cancer. To understand the roles of costimulatory signals in activation and expansion ex vivo, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were grown with artificial APCs that express CD83, 4-1BB ligand, and/or CD32, which allowed a loading of αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies. The costimulatory signals through CD80, 4-1BB, and CD83 ligand in low levels of IL-2 triggered an explosive ex vivo proliferation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells capable of secreting high levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Moreover, the triple-costimulatory signals cause augmented cell viabilities for long-term growth of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, resulting in phenotypic changes to CD27(-)CD45RA(+) effector memory-like cells. Notably, we observed that CD83 ligand signaling is crucial to promote ex vivo expansion, survival, and cytolytic effector functions of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In contrast, 4-1BB signaling is moderately important in up-regulating surface molecules on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Consequently, γδ T cells stimulated in the presence of triple-costimulatory signals have diverse cytolytic effector molecules, including perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B, and Fas ligand, eliciting potent cytolytic activities against tumor cells. Overall, our results provide insights into the roles of costimulatory signals in manufacturing long-lived and fully functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that could be useful against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Cho
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Sohn
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ji Lee
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Park
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Cho
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- *Department of Microbiology, Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Ribeiro ST, Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. Five Layers of Receptor Signaling in γδ T-Cell Differentiation and Activation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25674089 PMCID: PMC4306313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of γδ T-cells to immunity to infection or tumors critically depend on their activation and differentiation into effectors capable of secreting cytokines and killing infected or transformed cells. These processes are molecularly controlled by surface receptors that capture key extracellular cues and convey downstream intracellular signals that regulate γδ T-cell physiology. The understanding of how environmental signals are integrated by γδ T-cells is critical for their manipulation in clinical settings. Here, we discuss how different classes of surface receptors impact on human and murine γδ T-cell differentiation, activation, and expansion. In particular, we review the role of five receptor types: the T-cell receptor (TCR), costimulatory receptors, cytokine receptors, NK receptors, and inhibitory receptors. Some of the key players are the costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, which differentially impact on pro-inflammatory subsets of γδ T-cells; the cytokine receptors IL-2R, IL-7R, and IL-15R, which drive functional differentiation and expansion of γδ T-cells; the NK receptor NKG2D and its contribution to γδ T-cell cytotoxicity; and the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and BTLA that control γδ T-cell homeostasis. We discuss these and other receptors in the context of a five-step model of receptor signaling in γδ T-cell differentiation and activation, and discuss its implications for the manipulation of γδ T-cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio T Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Julie C Ribot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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15
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Harly C, Peigné CM, Scotet E. Molecules and Mechanisms Implicated in the Peculiar Antigenic Activation Process of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 5:657. [PMID: 25601861 PMCID: PMC4283718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In human beings, as well as in most non-human primates, the major peripheral γδ T cell subset, which accounts several percent of the whole lymphoid cells pool in adults, carries an heterodimeric TCR composed of Vγ9 and Vδ2 chains. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are specifically and strongly activated by small organic pyrophosphate molecules termed phosphoantigens (phosphoAg). These low molecular weight compounds are metabolites that are produced by either microbes or endogenously, as intermediates of the mammalian mevalonate pathway, and can accumulate intracellularly during cell stress like transformation or infection. Despite the characterization of numerous natural and synthetic phosphoAg, the mechanism(s) underlying the unique and specific antigenic activation process induced by these compounds remains poorly understood. Activation is both TCR- and cell-to-cell contact-dependent, and results of previous studies have also strongly suggested a key contribution of membrane-associated molecules of primate origin expressed on target cells. The recent identification of B7-related butyrophilin (BTN) molecules CD277/BTN3A, and more precisely their BTN3A1 isoforms, as mandatory molecules in the phosphoAg-induced recognition of target cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells opens important opportunities for research and applications in this field. Here, we review the unusual and complex antigenic reactivity of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. We highlight the recent advances in our understanding of this process, and propose a model that integrates the type I glycoprotein BTN3A1 and its intracellular B30.2 domain as a physical intermediate implicated in the detection of dysregulated intracellular levels of phosphoAg and the sensing of cell stress by Vγ9Vδ2T cells. A better understanding of this mechanism will help optimize novel immunotherapeutical approaches that utilize the unique functional potential of this major γδ T cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Harly
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Cassie-Marie Peigné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, INSERM , Nantes , France ; University of Nantes , Nantes , France ; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Nantes , France
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, INSERM , Nantes , France ; University of Nantes , Nantes , France ; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Nantes , France
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16
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Gruenbacher G, Nussbaumer O, Gander H, Steiner B, Leonhartsberger N, Thurnher M. Stress-related and homeostatic cytokines regulate Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell surveillance of mevalonate metabolism. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953410. [PMID: 25960933 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentially oncogenic mevalonate pathway provides building blocks for protein prenylation and induces cell proliferation and as such is an important therapeutic target. Among mevalonate metabolites, only isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) has been considered to be an immunologically relevant antigen for primate-specific, innate-like Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with antitumor potential. We show here that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells pretreated with the stress-related, inflammasome-dependent cytokine interleukin 18 (IL-18) were potently activated not only by IPP but also by all downstream isoprenoid pyrophosphates that exhibit combined features of antigens and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells induced this way effectively proliferated even under severe lymphopenic conditions and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine significantly improved reconstitution of γδ T cells predominantly with a central memory phenotype. The homeostatic cytokine IL-15 induced the differentiation of effector cells in an antigen-independent fashion, which rapidly produced abundant interferon γ (IFNγ) upon antigen re-encounter. IL-15 induced effector γδ T cells displayed increased levels of the cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated proteins CD56, CD96, CD161 and perforin. In response to stimulation with isoprenoid pyrophosphates, these effector cells upregulated surface expression of CD107a and exhibited strong cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro. Our data clarify understanding of innate immunosurveillance mechanisms and will facilitate the controlled generation of robust Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subsets for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- BTN, butyrophilin
- CD107a
- CD56
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- GPP, geranyl pyrophosphate
- IL-15
- IL-18
- IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- N-BP, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NK, natural killer
- TCR, T cell receptor
- immune surveillance
- metabolic cues
- mevalonate pathway
- γδ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gruenbacher
- Cell Therapy Unit; Department of Urology; K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University and oncotyrol ; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Nussbaumer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology; King's College London ; London, UK
| | - Hubert Gander
- Cell Therapy Unit; Department of Urology; K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University and oncotyrol ; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Steiner
- Cell Therapy Unit; Department of Urology; K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University and oncotyrol ; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolai Leonhartsberger
- Cell Therapy Unit; Department of Urology; K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University and oncotyrol ; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Cell Therapy Unit; Department of Urology; K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University and oncotyrol ; Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Yoshikawa T, Takahara M, Tomiyama M, Nieda M, Maekawa R, Nakatsura T. Large-scale expansion of γδ T cells and peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells using zoledronate for adoptive immunotherapy. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1847-56. [PMID: 25189159 PMCID: PMC4203331 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cellular immunotherapy for cancer requires efficient generation and expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize tumor-associated antigens. However, it is difficult to isolate and expand functionally active T-cells ex vivo. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a new method to induce expansion of antigen-specific CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. We used tumor-associated antigen glypican-3 (GPC3)-derived peptide and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-derived peptide as antigens. Treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with zoledronate is a method that enables large-scale γδ T-cell expansion. To induce expansion of γδ T cells and antigen-specific CTLs, the PBMCs of healthy volunteers or patients vaccinated with GPC3 peptide were cultured with both peptide and zoledronate for 14 days. The expansion of γδ T cells and peptide-specific CTLs from a few PBMCs using zoledronate yields cell numbers sufficient for adoptive transfer. The rate of increase of GPC3-specific CTLs was approximately 24- to 170,000-fold. These CD8+ cells, including CTLs, showed GPC3-specific cytotoxicity against SK-Hep-1/hGPC3 and T2 pulsed with GPC3 peptide, but not against SK-Hep-1/vec and T2 pulsed with human immunodeficiency virus peptide. On the other hand, CD8− cells, including γδ T cells, showed cytotoxicity against SK-Hep-1/hGPC3 and SK-Hep-1/vec, but did not show GPC3 specificity. Furthermore, adoptive cell transfer of CD8+ cells, CD8− cells, and total cells after expansion significantly inhibited tumor growth in an NOD/SCID mouse model. This study indicates that simultaneous expansion of γδ T cells and peptide-specific CTLs using zoledronate is useful for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | | | - Mai Tomiyama
- Medinet Medical Institute, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0096, Japan
| | - Mie Nieda
- Medinet Medical Institute, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0096, Japan
| | - Ryuji Maekawa
- Medinet Medical Institute, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0096, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
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18
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Dopfer E, Hartl F, Oberg HH, Siegers G, Yousefi OS, Kock S, Fiala G, Garcillán B, Sandstrom A, Alarcón B, Regueiro J, Kabelitz D, Adams E, Minguet S, Wesch D, Fisch P, Schamel W. The CD3 Conformational Change in the γδ T Cell Receptor Is Not Triggered by Antigens but Can Be Enforced to Enhance Tumor Killing. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1704-1715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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19
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Sabbione F, Gabelloni ML, Ernst G, Gori MS, Salamone G, Oleastro M, Trevani A, Geffner J, Jancic CC. Neutrophils suppress γδ T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sabbione
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María L. Gabelloni
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Glenda Ernst
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María S. Gori
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Matías Oleastro
- Hospital Nacional de Pediatría “Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Analía Trevani
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Carolina C. Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
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20
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Peters C, Oberg HH, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Phenotype and regulation of immunosuppressive Vδ2-expressing γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1943-60. [PMID: 24091816 PMCID: PMC3997799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and interleukin-2 production of CD4(+)CD25(-) αβ T cells were inhibited in a cell-contact manner by Vδ2 γδ T cells. The transcription factor Helios was constitutively expressed in about one-third of circulating γδ T cells and was upregulated by CD28-signaling. Our data suggest that Helios could serve as a marker for differential activation status rather than for regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings also indicate that the interaction of CD86 on activated Vδ2 T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on activated αβ T cells mediated the suppression because the suppressive effect was abolished by blocking the CD86:CTLA-4 interaction. Pre-treatment of Vδ2 T cells with Toll-like receptor 2 ligands enhanced phosphorylation of MAPKs, Akt, and NF-κB and partially abrogated the suppressive capacity, whereas on co-cultured responder T cells inhibitory molecules were downregulated and Akt and NF-κB phosphorylation was restored. Our results suggest that the regulation of αβ T cell proliferation by activated Vδ2 T cells might contribute to fine-tuning of αβ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany,
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21
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Immunogenic and antioxidant effects of a pathogen-associated prenyl pyrophosphate in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73868. [PMID: 23967351 PMCID: PMC3742518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient vector transmission, Plasmodium parasites suffer great bottlenecks during their developmental stages within Anopheles mosquitoes. The outcome depends on a complex three-way interaction between host, parasite and gut bacteria. Although considerable progress has been made recently in deciphering Anopheles effector responses, little is currently known regarding the underlying microbial immune elicitors. An interesting candidate in this sense is the pathogen-derived prenyl pyrophosphate and designated phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), found in Plasmodium and most eubacteria but not in higher eukaryotes. HMBPP is the most potent stimulant known of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, a unique lymphocyte subset that expands during several infections including malaria. In this study, we show that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferate when stimulated with supernatants from intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum cultures, suggesting that biologically relevant doses of phosphoantigens are excreted by the parasite. Next, we used Anopheles gambiae to investigate the immune- and redox- stimulating effects of HMBPP. We demonstrate a potent activation in vitro of all but one of the signaling pathways earlier implicated in the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response, as p38, JNK and PI3K/Akt but not ERK were activated in the A. gambiae 4a3B cell line. Additionally, both HMBPP and the downstream endogenous metabolite isopentenyl pyrophosphate displayed antioxidant effects by promoting cellular tolerance to hydrogen peroxide challenge. When provided in the mosquito blood meal, HMBPP induced temporal changes in the expression of several immune genes. In contrast to meso-diaminopimelic acid containing peptidoglycan, HMBPP induced expression of dual oxidase and nitric oxide synthase, two key determinants of Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, temporal fluctuations in midgut bacterial numbers were observed. The multifaceted effects observed in this study indicates that HMBPP is an important elicitor in common for both Plasmodium and gut bacteria in the mosquito.
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22
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Du XZ, Li QY, Du FW, He ZG, Wang J. Sodium Valproate Sensitizes Non-Small Lung Cancer A549 Cells to γδ T-Cell-Mediated Killing through Upregulating the Expression of MICA. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:492-8. [PMID: 23918508 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-zhi Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-ya Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-wang Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Suining Central Hospital; Suining 629000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-guang He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Suining Central Hospital; Suining 629000 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400010 People's Republic of China
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23
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Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. Differentiation and activation of γδ T Lymphocytes: Focus on CD27 and CD28 costimulatory receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 785:95-105. [PMID: 23456842 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes are major providers of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) at early stages of (auto)immune responses. We and others have recently described the phenotype and differentiation requirements of two distinct murine γδ T cell subsets producing either IFN-γ or IL-17. Here we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control γδ T cell differentiation, which is programmed in the thymus, and peripheral activation upon infection. We focus on the costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, which play independent and non-redundant roles in the physiology of γδ T cells in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Ribot
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Faculdade de Medicinal, Institutor de Medicinal Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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24
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Riganti C, Massaia M, Davey MS, Eberl M. Human γδ T-cell responses in infection and immunotherapy: common mechanisms, common mediators? Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1668-76. [PMID: 22806069 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987, Susumu Tonegawa referred to the then recent discovery of the γδ T-cell receptor and stated that "while the function of the T cells bearing this receptor is currently unknown (…) these T cells may be involved in an entirely new aspect of immunity". [Tonegawa, S., Scand. J. Immunol. 1993. 38: 303-319]. Twenty-five years of intense research later this ambivalent view still holds true. Immunologists now appreciate that γδ T cells indeed represent a highly intriguing "new aspect of immunity" that is unique and distinct from conventional lymphocytes, yet even scientists in the field still struggle to understand the molecular basis of γδ T-cell responses, especially with respect to the enigmatic mode of antigen recognition. Here, we portray the peculiar responsiveness of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells to microorganisms, tumor cells and aminobisphosphonates, in an attempt to integrate the corresponding - and at times confusing - findings into a "theory of everything" that may help explain how such diverse stimuli result in similar γδ T-cell responses via the recognition of soluble low molecular weight phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Kabelitz D, He W. The multifunctionality of human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells: clonal plasticity or distinct subsets? Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:213-22. [PMID: 22670577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dominant subset of γδ T cells in human peripheral blood expresses Vγ9 paired with Vδ2 as variable TCR elements. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize pyrophosphates derived from the microbial non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway at pico- to nanomolar concentrations. Structurally related pyrophosphates are generated in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway involved in protein prenylation and cholesterol synthesis. However, micromolar concentrations of endogenous pyrophosphates are required to be recognized by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Such concentrations are not produced by normal cells but can accumulate upon cellular stress and transformation. Therefore, many tumour cells are susceptible to γδ T cell-mediated lysis owing to the overproduction of endogenous pyrophosphates. This explains why Vγ9Vδ2 T cells contribute to both anti-infective and anti-tumour immunity. Ex vivo analysed Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be subdivided on the basis of additional surface markers, including chemokine receptors and markers for naïve and memory T cells. At the functional level, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells produce a broad range of cytokines, display potent cytotoxic activity, regulate αβ T cell responses, and - quite surprisingly - can act as professional antigen-presenting cells. Thus, an exceptional range of effector functions has been assigned to a population of T cells, which all recognize invariant exogenous or endogenous pyrophosphates that are not seen by any other immune cell. Here, we discuss whether this plethora of effector functions reflects the plasticity of individual Vγ9Vδ2 T cells or can be assigned to distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Ribot JC, deBarros A, Mancio-Silva L, Pamplona A, Silva-Santos B. B7–CD28 Costimulatory Signals Control the Survival and Proliferation of Murine and Human γδ T Cells via IL-2 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1202-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Molecular features of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma unravels potential novel therapeutic targets. Blood 2012; 119:5795-806. [PMID: 22510872 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-396150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL), a rare entity mostly derived from γδ T cells and usually with a fatal outcome, remains largely unknown. In this study, HSTL samples (7γδ and 2αβ) and the DERL2 HSTL cell line were subjected to combined gene-expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Compared with other T-cell lymphomas, HSTL had a distinct molecular signature irrespective of TCR cell lineage. Compared with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified and normal γδ T cells, HSTL overexpressed genes encoding NK-cell-associated molecules, oncogenes (FOS and VAV3), the sphingosine-1-phosphatase receptor 5 involved in cell trafficking, and the tyrosine kinase SYK, whereas the tumor-suppressor gene AIM1 (absent in melanoma 1) was among the most down-expressed. We found highly methylated CpG islands of AIM1 in DERL2 cells, and decitabine treatment induced a significant increase in AIM1 transcripts. Syk was present in HSTL cells and DERL2 cells contained phosphorylated Syk and were sensitive to a Syk inhibitor in vitro. Genomic profiles confirmed recurrent isochromosome 7q (n = 6/9) without alterations at the SYK and AIM1 loci. Our results identify a distinct molecular signature for HSTL and highlight oncogenic pathways that offer rationale for exploring new therapeutic options such as Syk inhibitors and demethylating agents.
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28
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Differentiation of human peripheral blood Vδ1+ T cells expressing the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 for recognition of lymphoid leukemia cells. Blood 2011; 118:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-339135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy depends on productive tumor cell recognition by killer lymphocytes. γδ T cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes endowed with strong, MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity against tumor cells. This notwithstanding, we recently showed that a large proportion of human hematologic tumors is resistant to γδ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) activated with specific agonists to the highly prevalent Vγ9Vδ2 TCR. Although this probably constitutes an important limitation to current γδ T cell–mediated immunotherapy strategies, we describe here the differentiation of a novel subset of Vδ2− Vδ1+ PBLs expressing natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) that directly mediate killing of leukemia cell lines and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient neoplastic cells. We show that Vδ1+ T cells can be selectively induced to express NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46, through a process that requires functional phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/AKT signaling on stimulation with γc cytokines and TCR agonists. The stable expression of NCRs is associated with high levels of granzyme B and enhanced cytotoxicity against lymphoid leukemia cells. Specific gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that NKp30 makes the most important contribution to TCR-independent leukemia cell recognition. Thus, NKp30+ Vδ1+ T cells constitute a novel, inducible and specialized killer lymphocyte population with high potential for immunotherapy of human cancer.
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29
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Ribot JC, deBarros A, Silva-Santos B. Searching for "signal 2": costimulation requirements of γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2345-55. [PMID: 21541698 PMCID: PMC11115137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation requires the integration of signals that arise from various types of receptors. Although TCR triggering is a necessary condition, it is often not sufficient to induce full T-cell activation, as reflected in cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. This has been firmly demonstrated for conventional αβ T cells, for which a large panel of costimulatory receptors has been identified. By contrast, the area remains more obscure for unconventional, innate-like γδ T cells, as the literature has been scarce and at times contradictory. Here we review the current state of the art on the costimulatory requirements of γδ T cell activation. We highlight the roles of members of the immunoglobulin (like CD28 or JAML) or tumour necrosis factor receptor (like CD27) superfamilies of coreceptors, but also of more atypical costimulatory molecules, such as NKG2D or CD46. Finally, we identify various areas where our knowledge is still markedly insufficient, hoping to provoke future research on γδ T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana deBarros
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
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Preferential Th1 cytokine profile of phosphoantigen-stimulated human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2010:704941. [PMID: 21403900 PMCID: PMC3043297 DOI: 10.1155/2010/704941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognise pyrophosphate-based antigens (phosphoantigens) and have multiple functions in innate and adaptive immunity, including a unique ability to activate other cells of the immune system. We used flow cytometry and ELISA to define the early cytokine profiles of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells stimulated in vitro with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) in the absence and presence of IL-2 and IL-15. We show that fresh Vγ9Vδ2 T cells produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) within 4 hours of stimulation with phosphoantigen, but neither IL-10, IL-13, nor IL-17 was detectable up to 72 hours under these
conditions. Cytokine production was not influenced by expression or lack, thereof, of CD4 or CD8. Addition of IL-2 or IL-15 caused expansion of IFN-γ-producing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, but did not enhance IFN-γ secretion after 24–72 hours. Thus, phosphoantigen-stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have potential as Th1-biasing adjuvants for immunotherapy.
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31
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Gomes AQ, Martins DS, Silva-Santos B. Targeting γδ T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapy: from novel mechanistic insight to clinical application. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10024-7. [PMID: 21159627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abundant interferon-γ secretion, potent cytotoxicity, and major histocompatibility complex-independent targeting of a large spectrum of tumors make γδ T cells attractive mediators of cancer immunotherapy. However, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor cell recognition and γδ T-cell activation is required to improve the limited success of γδ T-cell-mediated treatments. Here, we review key advances in basic knowledge made over the past 3 years, and summarize the results of γδ T-cell-based clinical trials concluded to date. We also highlight new research directions on the basis of the modulation of receptors that control the function of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Q Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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32
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DeBarros A, Chaves-Ferreira M, d'Orey F, Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. CD70-CD27 interactions provide survival and proliferative signals that regulate T cell receptor-driven activation of human γδ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:195-201. [PMID: 21182090 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are potent anti-tumor lymphocytes that specifically respond to pyrophosphate (phospho-) antigens, which constitute the basis of current γδ T-cell-based immunotherapy strategies. Despite a clear involvement of the TCR, the costimulation requirements of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells remain ill-defined. Here, we show that the expression of the CD27 receptor by the vast majority of Vγ9Vδ2 peripheral blood lymphocytes endows them with enhanced proliferative capacity upon ligation by its unique ligand CD70, a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member expressed on lymphoma B-cells but also on TCR-activated γδ T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell treatment with soluble recombinant CD70 induced calcium signals and increased transcription of anti-apoptotic Bcl2a1 and cell-cycle-promoting Cyclin D2 genes. We further demonstrate that the manipulation of CD70-CD27 interactions significantly impacted on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell survival, proliferation and cytokine secretion, in both loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. Thus, CD27 coreceptor signals strongly promoted the expansion of Th1-biased, CD27(+) Vγ9Vδ2 peripheral blood lymphocytes in the context of TCR-mediated stimulation with phosphoantigens. These data collectively establish a novel role for the CD70-CD27 axis in human γδ T-cell activation and hence open new perspectives for its modulation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana DeBarros
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Silva-Santos B. Promoting angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment: the secret life of murine lymphoid IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1873-6. [PMID: 20549671 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After two decades in the shadow of their alphabeta counterparts, gammadelta T cells have recently gathered significant attention following the discovery that they produce IL-17 in various mouse models of infection and autoimmune disease. In contrast, the secretion of large amounts of IFN-gamma by gammadelta T cells has long been known, and has been tightly linked to their anti-tumor function. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study unexpectedly reports that the lymphoid gammadelta T cells that infiltrate tumor foci induced in the mouse skin produce very little IFN-gamma, but abundant IL-17. In fact, these gammadelta T cells are the major source of IL-17 within the tumor microenvironment, where they appear to promote angiogenesis, and thus tumor growth. This Commentary discusses the relevance of these interesting findings in the context of the currently paradoxical pro- versus anti-tumor roles of IL-17 in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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34
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Li H, David Pauza C. Interplay of T-cell receptor and interleukin-2 signalling in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. Immunology 2010; 132:96-103. [PMID: 20738419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are important for host defence and tumour immunity. Their unusual T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes small molecule phosphoantigens; stimulated cells produce inflammatory cytokines and are potently cytotoxic for a variety of tumours. However, molecular mechanisms linking phosphoantigen stimulation and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We know that isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways; specific inhibition of Erk or Akt significantly impairs the functional response to IPP. We now show that interleukin-2 also activates MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt pathways but on its own, fails to induce cytokine expression or cytotoxicity. Hence, MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt activation are necessary but not sufficient to induce effector responses in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and a TCR-dependent signal is still required for tumour cell killing. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, blocked calcium-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) and significantly reduced IPP-induced cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity. The IPP-induced calcium mobilization and NFAT translocation were necessary to activate Vγ2Vδ2 effector functions; interleukin-2, acting on the MEK/Erk pathway, regulated the strength of these responses. The TCR has a specific role in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell killing of tumour cells, which is distinct from its role in triggering cellular proliferation in response to phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Dunne MR, Madrigal-Estebas L, Tobin LM, Doherty DG. (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate-stimulated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells possess T helper type 1-promoting adjuvant activity for human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1109-20. [PMID: 20306041 PMCID: PMC11030662 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells respond to pyrophosphate antigens and display potent antitumour activity in vitro. We have investigated the potential of the most potent phosphoantigen known to activate Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), as an adjuvant for dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines. A single stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HMB-PP and IL-2 was sufficient to generate lines of effector memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells that retained their cytolytic and cytokine secretion activities. These cells induced differentiation of DC into semi-mature antigen-presenting cells expressing CD86, CD11c, CD54, HLA-DR, CD83 and CD40, which secreted low levels of bioactive IL-12 but no IL-10. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells also strongly costimulated IL-12 release but inhibited IL-10 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DC. When substituted for Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, IFN-gamma did not induce full DC maturation but it augmented IL-12 and inhibited IL-10 release by LPS-stimulated DC, in a manner similar to HMB-PP-activated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. Our findings indicate that Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, stimulated with nanomolar concentrations of HMB-PP, strongly promote T helper type 1 (Th1) responses through their ability to induce DC maturation and IL-12 secretion. This adjuvant activity may prove useful in DC-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Laura M. Tobin
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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36
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Nedellec S, Sabourin C, Bonneville M, Scotet E. NKG2D Costimulates Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Antitumor Cytotoxicity through Protein Kinase Cθ-Dependent Modulation of Early TCR-Induced Calcium and Transduction Signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:55-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nedellec S, Bonneville M, Scotet E. Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells: from signals to functions. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:199-206. [PMID: 20447835 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, a major innate-like peripheral T cell subset, are thought to play in vivo a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection agents and tumors. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation is tightly regulated by a variety of activating or inhibitory receptors which are specific for constitutively expressed or stress-modulated ligands. However, the mechanisms and signal transduction pathways regulating their broad effector functions, such as cytotoxicity and cytokine responses, remain poorly understood. Here we provide an updated overview of the activation modalities of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by highlighting the respective role played by T cell receptor (TCR) versus non-TCR stimuli, and focus on recent studies showing how Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells integrate the numerous activating and inhibitory signals and translate them into a particular effector and biological function. A better understanding of these critical issues should help optimize immunotherapeutic approaches targeting Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Nedellec
- INSERM, U892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Nantes, France
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38
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Jameson JM, Cruz J, Costanzo A, Terajima M, Ennis FA. A role for the mevalonate pathway in the induction of subtype cross-reactive immunity to influenza A virus by human gammadelta T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2010; 264:71-7. [PMID: 20483407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major gammadelta T cell subset in the human peripheral blood expresses the Vgamma9delta2 TCR and recognizes non-peptidic prenyl pyrophosphate antigens such as isopentylpyrophosphate (IPP). Upon activation the gammadelta T cells rapidly secrete antiviral cytokines similar to classical memory alphabeta T cells. Here we have investigated the ability of gammadelta T lymphocytes from human PBMC to become activated by influenza A virus infection. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes rapidly upregulate expression of CD25 and CD69 and produce IFN-gamma following influenza infection of PBMC. Moreover, the recognition is cross-reactive between various subtypes of influenza, but not with vaccinia virus. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell responses are potently reduced by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mevastatin, which inhibits the mevalonate pathway and IPP synthesis. Our results indicate that influenza virus infection induces the rapid activation and function of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood via a mechanism that depends on the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Jameson
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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39
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Gomes AQ, Correia DV, Grosso AR, Lança T, Ferreira C, Lacerda JF, Barata JT, Silva MGD, Silva-Santos B. Identification of a panel of ten cell surface protein antigens associated with immunotargeting of leukemias and lymphomas by peripheral blood gammadelta T cells. Haematologica 2010; 95:1397-404. [PMID: 20220060 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes are regarded as promising mediators of cancer immunotherapy due to their capacity to eliminate multiple experimental tumors, particularly within those of hematopoietic origin. However, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell based lymphoma clinical trials have suffered from the lack of biomarkers that can be used as prognostic of therapeutic success. DESIGN AND METHODS We have conducted a comprehensive study of gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, aimed at identifying markers of susceptibility versus resistance to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We employed cDNA microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR to screen 20 leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, and 23 primary hematopoietic tumor samples. These data were analyzed using state-of-the-art bioinformatics, and gene expression patterns were correlated with susceptibility to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell mediated cytolysis in vitro. RESULTS We identified a panel of 10 genes encoding cell surface proteins that were statistically differentially expressed between "gammadelta-susceptible" and "gammadelta-resistant" hematopoietic tumors. Within this panel, 3 genes (ULBP1, TFR2 and IFITM1) were associated with increased susceptibility to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell cytotoxicity, whereas the other 7 (CLEC2D, NRP2, SELL, PKD2, KCNK12, ITGA6 and SLAMF1) were enriched in resistant tumors. Furthermore, some of these candidates displayed a striking variance of expression among primary follicular lymphomas and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hematopoietic tumors display a highly variable repertoire of surface proteins that can impact on Vgamma9Vdelta2 cell-mediated immunotargeting. The prognostic value of the proposed markers can now be evaluated in upcoming Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell-based lymphoma/leukemia clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Q Gomes
- Unidade de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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The MHC class Ib protein ULBP1 is a nonredundant determinant of leukemia/lymphoma susceptibility to gammadelta T-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2010; 115:2407-11. [PMID: 20101024 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-237123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
On the path to successful immunotherapy of hematopoietic tumors, gammadelta T cells offer great promise because of their human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-unrestricted targeting of a wide variety of leukemias/lymphomas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphoma recognition by gammadelta T cells remain unclear. Here we show that the expression levels of UL16-binding protein 1 (ULBP1) determine lymphoma susceptibility to gammadelta T cell-mediated cytolysis. Consistent with this, blockade of NKG2D, the receptor for ULBP1 expressed on all Vgamma9(+) T cells, significantly inhibits lymphoma cell killing. Specific loss-of-function studies demonstrate that the role of ULBP1 is nonredundant, highlighting a thus far unique physiologic relevance for tumor recognition by gammadelta T cells. Importantly, we observed a very wide spectrum of ULBP1 expression levels in primary biopsies obtained from lymphoma and leukemia patients. We suggest this will impact on the responsiveness to gammadelta T cell-based immunotherapy, and therefore propose ULBP1 to be used as a leukemia/lymphoma biomarker in upcoming clinical trials.
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Effects of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and rosiglitazone on human gammadelta2 T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7726. [PMID: 19888466 PMCID: PMC2766831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones (TZD) class of drugs, and 15-deoxy-D12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) are immune regulators predicted to modulate human autoimmune disease. Their effects on gammadelta T cells, which are involved in animal model and human and animal autoimmune diseases, are unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized the activity of rosiglitazone (from the TZD class of drugs) and 15d-PGJ2 in human Vdelta2 T cells. We found that 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone had different effects on Vdelta2 T cell functions. Both 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone suppressed Vdelta2 T cell proliferation in response to IPP and IL2. However, only 15d-PGJ2 suppressed functional responses including cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. The mechanism for 15d-PGJ2 effects on Vdelta2 T cells acts through inhibiting Erk activation. In contrast, rosiglitazone did not affect Erk activation but the IL2 signaling pathway, which accounts for rosiglitazone suppression of IL2-dependent, Vdelta2 T cell proliferation without affecting TCR-dependent functions. Rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 are designed to be peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands and PPARgamma was expressed in Vdelta2 T cell. Surprisingly, when PPARgamma levels were lowered by specific siRNA, 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone were still active, suggesting their target of action induces cellular proteins other than PPARgamma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current findings expand our understanding of how the immune system is regulated by rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 and will be important to evaluate these compounds as therapeutic agents in human autoimmune disease.
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Gonçalves-Sousa N, Ribot JC, deBarros A, Correia DV, Caramalho Í, Silva-Santos B. Inhibition of murine γδ lymphocyte expansion and effector function by regulatory αβ T cells is cell-contact-dependent and sensitive to GITR modulation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 40:61-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Eberl M, Moser B. Monocytes and gammadelta T cells: close encounters in microbial infection. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:562-8. [PMID: 19853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells comprise an evolutionarily conserved yet poorly understood subset of T cells. Numerous features place these unconventional lymphocytes at the branching point between antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells of the innate immune system and major-histocompatibility-complex-restricted alphabeta T cells of the adaptive immune system. We propose a role for human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells in the generation of monocyte-derived inflammatory dendritic cells during infection. Our model incorporates the peculiar innate-like specificity of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells for the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), co-recruitment of monocytes and Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells to sites of infection, and their crosstalk, with profound consequences for the initiation of antigen-specific alphabeta T-cell responses. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells act thus as a cellular switch between innate and adaptive defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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