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Cao L, Liu Q, Ma Y, Wang S. Identification of immune-related signature with prognosis in children with stage 4 and 4S neuroblastoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:905-916. [PMID: 37709978 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous regression of tumors is an attractive phenomenon that most commonly occurs in stage 4S neuroblastoma (NB). However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. METHODS Datasets correlated with NB were downloaded from online public databases, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stage 4 and 4S associated with immunity were identified, and functional enrichment analysis was utilized to explore the potential functions and signaling pathways of these DEGs. In addition, based on these DEGs, a prognostic signature was constructed and validated, and differences in immune cell infiltration were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 13 DEGs were finally identified, and functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were primarily enriched in the positive regulation of neuron differentiation and TGF-β signaling pathway. The signature successfully stratifies patients into two risk score groups and performs well in judging prognosis and predicting overall survival time. In addition, the prognostic value of the risk score calculated by the signature was independent of clinical factors. The results of immune cell infiltration showed that patients with a high infiltration of resting CD4 + memory T cells had a better prognosis, while plasma cells had a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION The results of the functional enrichment analysis of these identified DEGs suggested that these DEGs may be related to spontaneous regression of NB. In addition, the prognostic signature has the potential to create new risk stratification in patients with NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Mi T, Jin L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wu X, Ren C, Wang Z, Kong X, Liu J, Luo J, He D. Integrative analysis with machine learning identifies diagnostic and prognostic signatures in neuroblastoma based on differentially DNA methylated enhancers between INSS stage 4 and 4S neuroblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:148. [PMID: 38512513 PMCID: PMC10957705 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant methylation of enhancers is crucial in gene expression profiles across several cancers. However, the latent effect of differently expressed enhancers between INSS stage 4S and 4 neuroblastoma (NB) remains elusive. METHODS We utilized the transcriptome and methylation data of stage 4S and 4 NB patients to perform Enhancer Linking by Methylation/Expression Relationships (ELMER) analysis, discovering a differently expressed motif within 67 enhancers between stage 4S and 4 NB. Harnessing the 67 motif genes, we established the INSS stage related signature (ISRS) by amalgamating 12 and 10 distinct machine learning (ML) algorithms across 113 and 101 ML combinations to precisely diagnose stage 4 NB among all NB patients and to predict the prognosis of NB patients. Based on risk scores calculated by prognostic ISRS, patients were categorized into high and low-risk groups according to median risk score. We conducted comprehensive comparisons between two risk groups, in terms of clinical applications, immune microenvironment, somatic mutations, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and single-cell analysis. Ultimately, we empirically validated the differential expressions of two ISRS model genes, CAMTA2 and FOXD1, through immunochemistry staining. RESULTS Through leave-one-out cross-validation, in both feature selection and model construction, we selected the random forest algorithm to diagnose stage 4 NB, and Enet algorithm to develop prognostic ISRS, due to their highest average C-index across five NB cohorts. After validations, the ISRS demonstrated a stable predictive capability, outperforming the previously published NB signatures and several clinic variables. We stratified NB patients into high and low-risk group based on median risk score, which showed the low-risk group with a superior survival outcome, an abundant immune infiltration, a decreased mutation landscape, and an enhanced sensitivity to immunotherapy. Single-cell analysis between two risk groups reveals biologically cellular variations underlying ISRS. Finally, we verified the significantly higher protein levels of CAMTA2 and FOXD1 in stage 4S NB, as well as their protective prognosis value in NB. CONCLUSION Based on multi-omics data and ML algorithms, we successfully developed the ISRS to enable accurate diagnosis and prognostic stratification in NB, which shed light on molecular mechanisms of spontaneous regression and clinical utilization of ISRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Tao Mi
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Liming Jin
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jinkui Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Chunnian Ren
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhaoying Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiangpan Kong
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, No. 136, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wei Z, Wang X, Li Y, Guo J, Wu F, Fang X, Pang L, Deng B, Yu D. c-Myc inhibits LAPTM5 expression in B-cell lymphomas. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:3499-3513. [PMID: 37713124 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Myc is a pivotal protooncogenic transcription factor that contributes to the development of almost all Burkitt's lymphomas and about one-third of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. How B-cells sustain their uncontrolled proliferation due to high Myc is not yet well defined. Here, we found that Myc trans-represses the expression of murine LAPTM5, a gene coding a lysosome-associated protein, by binding to two E-boxes in the LAPTM5 promoter. While the product of intact mRNA (CDS+3'UTR) of LAPTM5 failed to suppress the growth of B-lymphomas, either the protein coded by coding sequence (CDS) itself or the non-coding 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) mRNA was able to inhibit the growth of B-lymphomas. Moreover, Myc trans-activated miR-17-3p, which promoted tumor growth. Strikingly, LAPTM5 3'UTR contains 11 miR-17-3p-binding sites through which the LAPTM5 protein synthesis was inhibited. The functional interplay between low LAPTM5 mRNA and high miR-17-3p due to high Myc in B-lymphomas leads to further dampening of tumor-suppressive LAPTM5 protein, which promotes tumor progression. Our results indicate that Myc inhibits LAPTM5 expression in B-lymphoma cells by transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Institute of Clinical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Han Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zichen Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Junrong Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
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Hua W, Ma S, Pang Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhao N, Ren N, Jin S, Wang B, Song Y, Qi J. Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury: the Role of Lysosomal-Associated Transmembrane Protein 5. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7060-7079. [PMID: 37525083 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a lethal stroke with high mortality or disability. However, effective therapy for ICH damage is generally lacking. Previous investigations have suggested that lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) is involved in various pathological processes, including autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation. In this study, we aimed to identify the expression and functions of LAPTM5 in collagenase-induced ICH mouse models and hemoglobin-induced cell models. We found that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in brain tissues around the hematoma, and double immunostaining studies showed that LAPTM5 was co-expressed with microglia cells, neurons, and astrocytes. Following ICH, the mice presented increased brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurological deficits, while pathological symptoms were alleviated after the LAPTM5 knockdown. Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated downregulation of LAPTM5 also improves ICH-induced secondary cerebral damage, including neuronal degeneration, the polarization of M1-like microglia, and inflammatory cascades. Furthermore, LAPTM5 promoted activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway in response to neuroinflammation. Further investigations indicated that brain injury improved by LAPTM5 knockdown was further exacerbated after the overexpression of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), which is revealed to trigger the NF-κB pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LAPTM5 silencing inhibited hemoglobin-induced cell function and confirmed regulation between RIP1 and LAPTM5. In conclusion, the present study indicates that LAPTM5 may act as a positive regulator in the context of ICH by modulating the RIP1/NF-κB pathway. Thus, it may be a candidate gene for further study of molecular or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuainan Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuxin Pang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Naixin Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Sinan Jin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Benshuai Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuejia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jiping Qi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Li B, Zhao X, Xie W, Hong Z, Zhang Y. Integrative analyses of biomarkers and pathways for diabetic nephropathy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1128136. [PMID: 37113991 PMCID: PMC10127684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1128136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a widespread diabetic complication and a major cause of terminal kidney disease. There is no doubt that DN is a chronic disease that imposes substantial health and economic burdens on the world's populations. By now, several important and exciting advances have been made in research on etiopathogenesis. Therefore, the genetic mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. Methods: The GSE30122, GSE30528, and GSE30529 microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enrichment of gene ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction was completed by the STRING database. Hub genes were identified by Cytoscape software, and common hub genes were identified by taking intersection sets. The diagnostic value of common hub genes was then predicted in the GSE30529 and GSE30528 datasets. Further analysis was carried out on the modules to identify transcription factors and miRNA networks. As well, a comparative toxicogenomics database was used to assess interactions between potential key genes and diseases associated upstream of DN. Results: Samples from 19 DNs and 50 normal controls were identified in the GSE30122 dataset. 86 upregulated genes and 34 downregulated genes (a total of 120 DEGs). GO analysis showed significant enrichment in humoral immune response, protein activation cascade, complement activation, extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycan binding, and antigen binding. KEGG analysis showed significant enrichment in complement and coagulation cascades, phagosomes, the Rap1 signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and infection. GSEA was mainly enriched in the TYROBP causal network, the inflammatory response pathway, chemokine receptor binding, the interferon signaling pathway, ECM receptor interaction, and the integrin 1 pathway. Meanwhile, mRNA-miRNA and mRNA-TF networks were constructed for common hub genes. Nine pivotal genes were identified by taking the intersection. After validating the expression differences and diagnostic values of the GSE30528 and GSE30529 datasets, eight pivotal genes (TYROBP, ITGB2, CD53, IL10RA, LAPTM5, CD48, C1QA, and IRF8) were finally identified as having diagnostic values. Conclusion: Pathway enrichment analysis scores provide insight into the genetic phenotype and may propose molecular mechanisms of DN. The target genes TYROBP, ITGB2, CD53, IL10RA, LAPTM5, CD48, C1QA, and IRF8 are promising new targets for DN. SPI1, HIF1A, STAT1, KLF5, RUNX1, MBD1, SP1, and WT1 may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of DN development. Our study may provide a potential biomarker or therapeutic locus for the study of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wanrun Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang,
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Zheng S, Li T, Qiu L. Identification of novel potential genes in testicular germ cell tumors: A transcriptome analysis. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:261-272. [PMID: 37599523 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), containing pure seminoma and non-seminoma, occupy the most majority of testicular cancers in adolescents and young men, which has increased dramatically in recent decades. Therefore, it is important to find crucial genes for improving diagnosis and prognosis in TGCTs. However, the diagnostic and prognostic markers of TGCTs are limited. METHODS In this study, our main objective is to explore novel potential genes that can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in TGCTs. Our study detected 732 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using three microarray expression profiling datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Multiple analysis was performed to identify the roles of DEGs, including pathway and functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, module analysis, and survival analysis. RESULT In total, 322 upregulated genes and 406 downregulated genes were identified as DEGs The functional and pathway enrichment analysis shows that DEGs were highly enriched in multiple biological attributes such as T cell activation, reproduction in multicellular organism, sperm flagellum, antigen processing and presentation Then, seven potential crucial genes were identified via PPI network analysis, module analysis, and survival analysis. Furthermore, 7 potential crucial genes had shown to play a key role in regulating immune cell infiltration level in patients with TGCTs. CONCLUSION We identified seven potential crucial genes (LAPTM5, NCF2, PECAM1, CD14, COL4A2, ANPEP and RGS1), which may be molecular markers in improving the way of diagnosis and prognosis in TGCTs.
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Xing L, Li Y, Li W, Liu R, Geng Y, Ma W, Qiao Y, Li J, Lv Y, Fang Y, Xu P. Expression of RUNX2/LAPTM5 in the Induction of MC3T3-e1 Mineralization and Its Possible Relationship with Autophagy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1223-1235. [PMID: 36121636 PMCID: PMC9679133 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to correlate osteogenesis with autophagy during the mineralization induction of MC3T3-e1 through exploring the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2)/lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAMPT5). METHODS The induction of mineralization in MC3T3-e1 was followed by detecting the expressions of osteogenesis-related indexes such as RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and LAPTM5 using RT-qPCR and Western blot from 0 to 14 days. Transmission electron microscope was utilised in visualizing the alterations of autophagosomes, which was followed by immunofluorescence detecting the subcellular localization of autophagy-related index sequestosome 1 (P62) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light 3 (LC3) protein and scrutinising the expression of P62 mRNA and P62 and LC3 proteins. RESULTS Induction of MC3T3-e1 mineralization demonstrated an increased expression of osteogenesis-related indicators such as RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and LAPTM5 (p < 0.05), as evident from the results of RT-qPCR and Western blot. Meanwhile, the expression of autophagosomes increased one day after mineralization induction and then experienced a gradual decline, and enhanced expression of LC3 protein was noted on days 1-2 of mineralization induction but was then followed by a corresponding reduce. In contrast, a continuous increase was reported in the expression of P62 mRNA and protein, respectively (p < 0.05). Up- and down-regulating RUNX2/LAPTM5 expression alone confirmed the aforementioned results. CONCLUSION It was therefore proposed that RUNX2 may be responsible for an early increase and then a gradual decrease in LAPTM5-mediated autophagy through the regulation of its high expression. Meanwhile, increased LAPTM5 expression in osteogenic mineralization presumed that RUNX2/LAPTM5 promoted autophagy and osteogenic expression, which may play a bridging role in the regulation of autophagy and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Department of Dental Implantology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Dental Implantology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yuanming Geng
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqun Ma
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Department of Dental Implantology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yingtao Lv
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Pingping Xu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Song Z, Wang X, He L, Chen L, Ren Z, Song S. Suppression of lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 ameliorates cardiac function and inflammatory response by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway after myocardial infarction in mice. Exp Anim 2022; 71:415-425. [PMID: 35491099 PMCID: PMC9671761 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.22-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) as the remarkable presentation of coronary artery disease is still a reason for morbidity and mortality in worldwide. Lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) is a lysosomal-related protein found in hematopoietic tissues and has been confirmed as a positive regulator of pro-inflammatory pathways in macrophages. However, the role of LAPTM5 in MI remains unknown. In this study, we found that both mRNA and protein expression levels of LAPTM5 were significantly elevated in MI mice. Suppression of LAPTM5 in myocardial tissues decreased cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function after MI. At the molecular level, downregulated LAPTM5 dramatically suppressed the macrophage activation and inflammatory response via inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Collectively, suppression of LAPTM5 in myocardial tissues inhibits the pro-inflammatory response and the cardiac dysfunction caused by MI. This study indicated that LAPTM5 as a pro-inflammatory factor plays a crucial role in MI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchun Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fushun Central Hospital, No. 5, Middle Section of Xincheng Road, Shuncheng District, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 17, Middle Section of Hunnan Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, P.R. China
| | - Lianqi He
- Department of Cardiology, Fushun Central Hospital, No. 5, Middle Section of Xincheng Road, Shuncheng District, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Fushun Central Hospital, No. 5, Middle Section of Xincheng Road, Shuncheng District, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Fushun Central Hospital, No. 5, Middle Section of Xincheng Road, Shuncheng District, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fushun Central Hospital, No. 5, Middle Section of Xincheng Road, Shuncheng District, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, P.R. China
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He X, Yao Q, Fan D, You Y, Lian W, Zhou Z, Duan L. Combination of levofloxacin and cisplatin enhances anticancer efficacy via co-regulation of eight cancer-associated genes. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:76. [PMID: 35984577 PMCID: PMC9391551 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensitizer or combined chemotherapy can sensitize cancer cells to therapy and minimize drug resistance. We reveal that levofloxacin has broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Here we report that combination of levofloxacin and cisplatin further enhanced cytotoxicity in cancer cells by further promotion of apoptosis. Levofloxacin concentration-dependently promoted the inhibition of clone formation in cancer cells treated by cisplatin, and their combination further suppressed the tumor growth in mice. Levofloxacin and cisplatin co-regulated genes in directions supporting the enhancement of anticancer efficacy, of which, THBS1, TNFAIP3, LAPTM5, PI3 and IL24 were further upregulated, NCOA5, SRSF6 and SFPQ were further downregulated. Out of the 24 apoptotic pathways significantly enriched in the combination group, TNFAIP3, THBS1, SRSF6 and SFPQ overlapped in 14, 13, 3 and 1 pathway respectively. Jak-STAT/Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway network and extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway were significantly enriched in levofloxacin group, cisplatin group and combination group. Jak-STAT/Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction/Focal adhesion/EMC-receptor interaction pathway network was significantly enriched in the combination group, and IL24 and THBS1 were the overlapped genes. In conclusion, enhancement of anticancer efficacy in combination group was associated with the further regulation of THBS1, TNFAIP3, LAPTM5, PI3, IL24 and NCOA5, SFPQ, SRSF6. Targeting of Jak-STAT/Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction/Focal adhesion/EMC-receptor interaction pathway network was correlated to the enhancement. With additional benefit to cancer patients for treatment or prophylaxis of an infectious syndrome, levofloxacin can benefit cancer chemotherapy no matter it is used independently or used with other chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Yao
- Institute of Yunnan Tumor, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Fan
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Lian
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangping Zhou
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Duan
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang T, Shi M, Xin C, Zou Y, Wei W, Li X, Chen J, Zhao W. Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 deficiency exacerbates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:971361. [PMID: 36046710 PMCID: PMC9423384 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.971361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) has been demonstrated to be involved in regulating immunity, inflammation, cell death, and autophagy in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. However, the function of LAPTM5 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has not yet been reported. In this study, we found that LAPTM5 expression was dramatically decreased during cerebral I/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. LAPTM5 knockout (KO) mice were compared with a control, and they showed a larger infarct size and more serious neurological dysfunction after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) treatment. In addition, inflammatory response and apoptosis were exacerbated in these processes. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function investigations in an in vitro model revealed that neuronal inflammation and apoptosis were aggravated by LAPTM5 knockdown but mitigated by its overexpression. Mechanistically, combined RNA sequencing and experimental verification showed that the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 pathway was mainly involved in the detrimental effects of LAPTM5 deficiency following I/R injury. Specifically, LAPTM5 directly interacts with ASK1, leading to decreased ASK1 N-terminal dimerization and the subsequent reduced activation of downstream JNK/p38 signaling. In conclusion, LAPTM5 was demonstrated to be a novel modulator in the pathophysiology of brain I/R injury, and targeting LAPTM5 may be feasible as a stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichun Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jincao Chen,
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wenyuan Zhao,
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11
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Li B, Shi XD. Key Prognostic Value of Lysosomal Protein Transmembrane 5 in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2515-2527. [PMID: 35557976 PMCID: PMC9089215 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the significance of lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Methods Bioinformatics analysis as an efficient and accurate method was employed to explore the expression levels, prognostic significance, and regulatory pathways of LAPTM5 in KIRC. Finally, the association of LAPTM5 with tumor immune infiltrates was initially investigated. Results High LAPTM5 expression was observed in KIRC, and its mRNA expression was correlated with gender, stage, and grade (all P < 0.05) but regardless of age. Besides, high LAPTM5 mRNA expression predicted poor overall survival (OS) of KIRC patients (P < 0.01). Further, Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic value of LAPTM5 for OS in KIRC patients (P < 0.001). In addition, the genetic alteration frequency of LAPTM5 was low and had no significant impact on KIRC patient prognosis. However, the low methylation levels of the two methylated sites in the LAPTM5 gene was closely linked to poor OS (all P < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) results showed that the common regulatory pathway was immune- and inflammatory-related pathway. Moreover, LAPTM5 was also associated with tumor immune infiltrates (all P < 0.001). Conclusion LAPTM5 served as an independent prognostic factor for KIRC patients. LAPTM5 might affect the OS of KIRC patients through the involvement of the immune-related pathway. Therefore, LAPTM5 served as a potential biomarker for OS of KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-dong Shi
- Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xue-dong Shi, Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 800 Chengdong Road, Yuyao, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China, Email
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12
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Linking a nuclear lncRNA to cytoplasmic lysosome integrity and cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2123082119. [PMID: 35169081 PMCID: PMC8872803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123082119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Li T, Wang W, Gan W, Lv S, Zeng Z, Hou Y, Yan Z, Zhang R, Yang M. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies LAPTM5 as a potential blood biomarker for hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1508-1528. [PMID: 35157609 PMCID: PMC8876903 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a pivotal manifestation of hypertensive organ damage associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. However, early diagnostic biomarkers for assessing LVH in patients with hypertension (HT) remain indefinite. Here, multiple bioinformatics tools combined with an experimental verification strategy were used to identify blood biomarkers for hypertensive LVH. GSE74144 mRNA expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to screen candidate biomarkers, which were used to perform weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and establish the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model, combined with support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms. Finally, the potential blood biomarkers were verified in an animal model. A total of 142 hub genes in peripheral blood leukocytes were identified between HT with LVH and HT without LVH, which were mainly involved in the ATP metabolic process, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial structure and function. Notably, lysosomal associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) was identified as the potential diagnostic marker of hypertensive LVH, which showed strong correlations with diverse marker sets of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy. RT-PCR validation of blood samples and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) showed that the expression of LAPTM5 was significantly higher in the HT with LVH model than in normal controls, LAPTM5 demonstrated a positive association with the left ventricle wall thickness as well as electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters widths of the QRS complex and QTc interval. In conclusion, LAPTM5 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of LVH in patients with HT, and it can provide new insights for future studies on the occurrence and the molecular mechanisms of hypertensive LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiegang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqiang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Silin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yufang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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14
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LCDR regulates the integrity of lysosomal membrane by hnRNP K-stabilized LAPTM5 transcript and promotes cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110428119. [PMID: 35091468 PMCID: PMC8812561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110428119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that the long noncoding RNA lysosome cell death regulator (LCDR) mediates the survival of cancer cells, counteracting the effects of apoptosis triggered by lysosomal cell death pathways. Mechanistically, LCDR, as a cofactor for heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) to potentiate the stabilization of lysosomal membrane protein lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5), prevents lysosomal membrane permeabilization and promotes cancer cell survival. Clinically, LCDR, hnRNP K, and LAPTM5 are significantly up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Targeting LCDR via nanoparticles-mediated RNA interference technology increases cell death in vitro and inhibits the growth of patient-derived xenografts of LUAD in vivo. Our study demonstrates that LCDR contributes to cancer pathology by regulating LCDR-mediated apoptosis. Lysosome plays important roles in cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation contributes to tumor growth and survival. However, the understanding of regulation and the underlying mechanism of lysosome in cancer survival is incomplete. Here, we reveal a role for a histone acetylation–regulated long noncoding RNA termed lysosome cell death regulator (LCDR) in lung cancer cell survival, in which its knockdown promotes apoptosis. Mechanistically, LCDR binds to heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) to regulate the stability of the lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) transcript that maintains the integrity of the lysosomal membrane. Knockdown of LCDR, hnRNP K, or LAPTM5 promotes lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, thus consequently resulting in apoptosis. LAPTM5 overexpression or cathepsin B inhibitor partially restores the effects of this axis on lysosomal cell death in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, targeting LCDR significantly decreased tumor growth of patient-derived xenografts of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and had significant cell death using nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated systematic short interfering RNA delivery. Moreover, LCDR/hnRNP K/LAPTM5 are up-regulated in LUAD tissues, and coexpression of this axis shows the increased diagnostic value for LUAD. Collectively, we identified a long noncoding RNA that regulates lysosome function at the posttranscriptional level. These findings shed light on LCDR/hnRNP K/LAPTM5 as potential therapeutic targets, and targeting lysosome is a promising strategy in cancer treatment.
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15
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He X, Yao Q, Hall DD, Song Z, Fan D, You Y, Lian W, Zhou Z, Duan L, Chen B. Levofloxacin exerts broad-spectrum anticancer activity via regulation of THBS1, LAPTM5, SRD5A3, MFAP5 and P4HA1. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e235-e246. [PMID: 34419964 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One cost-effective way for identifying novel cancer therapeutics is in the repositioning of available drugs for which current therapies are inadequate. Levofloxacin prevents DNA duplication in bacteria by inhibiting the activity of DNA helicase. As eukaryotic cells have similar intracellular biologic characteristics as prokaryotic cells, we speculate that antibiotics inhibiting DNA duplication in bacteria may also affect the survival of cancer cells. Here we report that levofloxacin significantly inhibited the proliferation and clone formation of cancer cells and xenograft tumor growth through cell cycle arrest at G2/M and by enhancing apoptosis. Levofloxacin significantly altered gene expression in a direction favoring anticancer activity. THBS1 and LAPTM5 were dose-dependently upregulated whereas SRD5A3, MFAP5 and P4HA1 were downregulated. Pathway analysis revealed that levofloxacin significantly regulated canonical oncogenic pathways. Specific network enrichment included a MAPK/apoptosis/cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway network that associates with cell growth, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis and development and repair processes and a bladder cancer/P53 signaling pathway network mediating the inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. THBS1 overlapped in 16 of the 22 enriched apoptotic pathways and the 2 pathways in the bladder cancer/P53 signaling pathway network. P4HA1 enriched in 7 of the top 10 molecular functions regulated by differential downregulated genes. Our results indicate that levofloxacin has broad-spectrum anticancer activity with the potential to benefit cancer patients already treated or requiring prophylaxis for an infectious syndrome. The efficacy we find with levofloxacin may provide insight into the discovery and the design of novel less toxic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong He
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Qian Yao
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Yunnan Tumor, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Duane D Hall
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zhongyu Song
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Yunnan Tumor, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Fan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Yutong You
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Wenjing Lian
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Zhangping Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University
| | - Biyi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Wang J, Fan Q, Yu T, Zhang Y. Identifying the hub genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy by weighted correlation network analysis. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:57. [PMID: 34922439 PMCID: PMC8684282 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-01014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study is to identify the hub genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) via weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Methods The gene expression profile of vastus lateralis biopsy samples obtained in 17 patients with DMD, 11 patients with BMD and 6 healthy individuals was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE109178). After obtaining different expressed genes (DEGs) via GEO2R, WGCNA was conducted using R package, modules and genes that highly associated with DMD, BMD, and their age or pathology were screened. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were also conducted. Hub genes and highly correlated clustered genes were identified using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cystoscape software. Results One thousand four hundred seventy DEGs were identified between DMD and control, with 1281 upregulated and 189 downregulated DEGs. Four hundred and twenty DEGs were found between BMD and control, with 157 upregulated and 263 upregulated DEGs. Fourteen modules with different colors were identified for DMD vs control, and 7 modules with different colors were identified for BMD vs control. Ten hub genes were summarized for DMD and BMD respectively, 5 hub genes were summarized for BMD age, 5 and 3 highly correlated clustered genes were summarized for DMD age and BMD pathology, respectively. In addition, 20 GO enrichments were found to be involved in DMD, 3 GO enrichments were found to be involved in BMD, 3 GO enrichments were found to be involved in BMD age. Conclusion In DMD, several hub genes were identified: C3AR1, TLR7, IRF8, FYB and CD33(immune and inflammation associated genes), TYROBP, PLEK, AIF1(actin reorganization associated genes), LAPTM5 and NT5E(cell death and arterial calcification associated genes, respectively). In BMD, a number of hub genes were identified: LOX, ELN, PLEK, IKZF1, CTSK, THBS2, ADAMTS2, COL5A1(extracellular matrix associated genes), BCL2L1 and CDK2(cell cycle associated genes).
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Gao L, Guo S, Long R, Xiao L, Yao R, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Wang X. Lysosomal-Associated Protein Transmembrane 5 Functions as a Novel Negative Regulator of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:740526. [PMID: 34692792 PMCID: PMC8526538 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.740526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) is mainly expressed in immune cells and has been reported to regulate inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. Although LAPTM5 is expressed in the heart, whether LAPTM5 plays a role in regulating cardiac function remains unknown. Here, we show that the expression of LAPTM5 is dramatically decreased in murine hypertrophic hearts and isolated hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. In this study, we investigated the role of LAPTM5 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and its possible mechanism. Our results show that LAPTM5 gene deletion significantly exacerbates cardiac remodeling, which can be demonstrated by reduced myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, ventricular dilation and preserved ejection function, whereas the opposite phenotype was observed in LAPTM5 overexpression mice. In line with the in vivo results, knockdown of LAPTM5 exaggerated angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, whereas overexpression of LAPTM5 protected against angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Mechanistically, LAPTM5 directly bound to Rac1 and further inhibited MEK-ERK1/2 signaling, which ultimately regulated the development of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the antihypertrophic effect of LAPTM5 was largely blocked by constitutively active mutant Rac1 (G12V). In conclusion, our results suggest that LAPTM5 is involved in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and that targeting LAPTM5 has great therapeutic potential in the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Long
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Sui Y, Lu K, Fu L. Prediction and analysis of novel key genes ITGAX, LAPTM5, SERPINE1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through bioinformatics analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11272. [PMID: 33976979 PMCID: PMC8063882 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most aggressive subtype of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) with high metastasis and recurrence rates. This study aims to find new potential key genes of CCRCC. Methods Four gene expression profiles (GSE12606, GSE53000, GSE68417, and GSE66272) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The TCGA KIRC data was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Using GEO2R, the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in CCRCC tissues and normal samples were analyzed. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed in DAVID database. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and the hub gene was predicted by STRING and Cytoscape. GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases were used for further screening of Key genes. Expression verification and survival analysis of key genes were performed using TCGA database, GEPIA database, and Kaplan-Meier plotter. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of key genes in CCRCC, which is plotted by R software based on TCGA database. UALCAN database was used to analyze the relationship between key genes and clinical pathology in CCRCC and the methylation level of the promoter of key genes in CCRCC. Results A total of 289 up-regulated and 449 down-regulated genes were identified based on GSE12606, GSE53000, GSE68417, and GSE66272 profiles in CCRCC. The upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched with protein binding and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, whereas down-regulated genes were enriched with the integral component of the membrane and metabolic pathways. Next, the top 35 genes were screened out from the PPI network according to Degree, and three new key genes ITGAX, LAPTM5 and SERPINE1 were further screened out through survival and prognosis analysis. Further results showed that the ITGAX, LAPTM5, and SERPINE1 levels in CCRCC tumor tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues and were associated with poor prognosis. ROC curve shows that ITGAX, LAPTM5, and SERPINE1 have good diagnostic value with good specificity and sensitivity. The promoter methylation levels of ITGAX, LAPTM5 and SERPINE1 in CCRCC tumor tissues were significantly lower than those in normal tissues. We also found that key genes were associated with clinical pathology in CCRCC. Conclusion ITGAX, LAPTM5, and SERPINE1 were identified as novel key candidate genes that could be used as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Sui
- Institute of Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Institute of Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Institute of Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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19
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Berberich A, Bartels F, Tang Z, Knoll M, Pusch S, Hucke N, Kessler T, Dong Z, Wiestler B, Winkler F, Platten M, Wick W, Abdollahi A, Lemke D. LAPTM5-CD40 Crosstalk in Glioblastoma Invasion and Temozolomide Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:747. [PMID: 32582531 PMCID: PMC7289993 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma therapy is challenged by the diffuse and invasive growth of glioma. Lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) was identified as an invasion inhibitor by an in vivo screen for invasion-associated genes. The aim of this study was to decipher the function of LAPTM5 in glioblastoma and its interaction with the CD40 receptor which is intensively evaluated as a target in the therapy of diverse cancers including glioma. Methods: Knockdown of LAPTM5 was performed in different glioma cell lines to analyze the impact on clonogenicity, invasiveness, sensitivity to temozolomide chemotherapy, and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. An expression array was used to elucidate the underlying pathways. CD40 knockdown and overexpression were induced to investigate a potential crosstalk of LAPTM5 and CD40. LAPTM5 and CD40 were correlated with the clinical outcome of glioma patients. Results: Knockdown of LAPTM5 unleashed CD40-mediated NFκB activation, resulting in enhanced invasiveness, clonogenicity, and temozolomide resistance that was overcome by NFκB inhibition. LAPTM5 expression correlated with better overall survival in glioblastoma patients depending on CD40 expression status. Conclusion: We conclude that LAPTM5 conveyed tumor suppression and temozolomide sensitation in CD40-positive glioblastoma through the inhibition of CD40-mediated NFκB activation. Hence, LAPTM5 may provide a potential biomarker for sensitivity to temozolomide in CD40-positive glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berberich
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Bartels
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zili Tang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Pusch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nanina Hucke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kessler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Lemke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121656. [PMID: 31861179 PMCID: PMC6952790 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how ATG genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.
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21
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Gil-Cayuela C, López A, Martínez-Dolz L, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F, Roselló-Lletí E, Rivera M, Portolés M. The altered expression of autophagy-related genes participates in heart failure: NRBP2 and CALCOCO2 are associated with left ventricular dysfunction parameters in human dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215818. [PMID: 31009519 PMCID: PMC6476534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze changes in the expression of autophagy- and phagocytosis-related genes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), especially in relation to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy of the diseased tissue was carried out to investigate if the gene expression changes are translated into ultrastructural alterations. LV tissue samples from patients with DCM (n = 13) and from controls (CNT; n = 10) were analyzed by RNA-sequencing, whereupon the altered expression (P < 0.05) of 13 autophagy- and 3 phagocytosis-related genes was observed. The expression changes of the autophagy-related genes NRBP2 and CALCOCO2 were associated with cardiac dysfunction and remodeling (P < 0.05). The affected patients had a higher activity of these degradation processes, as evidenced by the greater number of autophagic structures in the DCM tissue (P < 0.001). Differences in the ultrastructural distribution were also found between the DCM and CNT tissues. These results show that in patients with DCM, the altered expression of NRBP2 and CALCOCO2 is related to LV dysfunction and remodeling. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac autophagy would help in the future development of therapies to improve LV performance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Adult
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy-Related Proteins/genetics
- Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Diuretics/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/drug therapy
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gil-Cayuela
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro López
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Dolz
- Heart Failure and Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (MPS); (ERL)
| | - Miguel Rivera
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (MPS); (ERL)
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22
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Brady OA, Jeong E, Martina JA, Pirooznia M, Tunc I, Puertollano R. The transcription factors TFE3 and TFEB amplify p53 dependent transcriptional programs in response to DNA damage. eLife 2018; 7:40856. [PMID: 30520728 PMCID: PMC6292694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors TFE3 and TFEB cooperate to regulate autophagy induction and lysosome biogenesis in response to starvation. Here we demonstrate that DNA damage activates TFE3 and TFEB in a p53 and mTORC1 dependent manner. RNA-Seq analysis of TFEB/TFE3 double-knockout cells exposed to etoposide reveals a profound dysregulation of the DNA damage response, including upstream regulators and downstream p53 targets. TFE3 and TFEB contribute to sustain p53-dependent response by stabilizing p53 protein levels. In TFEB/TFE3 DKOs, p53 half-life is significantly decreased due to elevated Mdm2 levels. Transcriptional profiles of genes involved in lysosome membrane permeabilization and cell death pathways are dysregulated in TFEB/TFE3-depleted cells. Consequently, prolonged DNA damage results in impaired LMP and apoptosis induction. Finally, expression of multiple genes implicated in cell cycle control is altered in TFEB/TFE3 DKOs, revealing a previously unrecognized role of TFEB and TFE3 in the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Brady
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Eutteum Jeong
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Ilker Tunc
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
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23
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Abstract
Lysosomal-associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) is a membrane protein that localizes to intracellular vesicles. It has been previously demonstrated that LAPTM5 expression level is decreased in neuroblastoma (NB) cells, and excessive accumulation of LAPTM5 was shown to induce lysosomal cell death in these cells. However, the pathological expression and role of LAPTM5 in other types of human cancers are largely unknown. Here, we found that LAPTM5 mRNA level is frequently decreased in various cancer cell lines, and its low expression in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of LAPTM5 in several cancer cells induces lysosomal cell death due to lysosomal destabilization, indicated by leakage of lysosomal cathepsin D into the cytosol as well as impairment of autophagy. These findings suggest that the inactivation of LAPTM5 may contribute to tumorigenesis in a subset of human cancers.
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24
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Jun DY, Kim H, Jang WY, Lee JY, Fukui K, Kim YH. Ectopic overexpression of LAPTM5 results in lysosomal targeting and induces Mcl-1 down-regulation, Bak activation, and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human HeLa cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176544. [PMID: 28464033 PMCID: PMC5413007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lysosomal-associated protein multispanning membrane 5 (LAPTM5) was identified by an ordered differential display-polymerase chain reaction (ODD-PCR) as an up-regulated cDNA fragment during 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced differentiation of U937 cells into monocytes/macrophages. After TPA-treatment, the levels of LAPTM5 mRNA and protein increased and reached a maximum at 18-36 h. In healthy human tissues, LAPTM5 mRNA was expressed at high levels in hematopoietic cells and tissues, at low levels in the lung and fetal liver, and was not detected in other non-hematopoietic tissues. LAPTM5 mRNA was detected in immature malignant cells of myeloid lineage, such as K562, HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells, and in unstimulated peripheral T cells, but was absent or barely detectable in lymphoid malignant or non-hematopoietic malignant cells. The LAPTM5 level in HL-60 cells increased more significantly during TPA-induced monocyte/macrophage differentiation than during DMSO-induced granulocyte differentiation. Ectopic expression of GFP-LAPTM5 or LAPTM5 in HeLa cells exhibited the localization of LAPTM5 to the lysosome. In HeLa cells overexpressing LAPTM5, the Mcl-1 and Bid levels declined markedly and apoptosis was induced via Bak activation, Δψm loss, activation of caspase-9, -8 and -3, and PARP degradation without accompanying necrosis. However, these LAPTM5-induced apoptotic events except for the decline of Bid level were completely abrogated by concomitant overexpression of Mcl-1. The pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) could suppress the LAPTM5-induced apoptotic sub-G1 peak by ~40% but failed to block the induced Δψm loss, whereas the broad-range inhibitor of cathepsins (Cathepsin Inhibitor I) could suppress the LAPTM5-induced apoptotic sub-G1 peak and Δψm loss, by ~22% and ~23%, respectively, suggesting that the LAPTM5-mediated Δψm loss was exerted at least in part in a cathepsin-dependent manner. Together, these results demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of LAPTM5 in HeLa cells induced apoptosis via cleavage of Mcl-1 and Bid by a LAPTM5-associated lysosomal pathway, and subsequent activation of the mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Youn Jun
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Division of Gene Regulatorics, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Takahashi H, Inoue J, Sakaguchi K, Takagi M, Mizutani S, Inazawa J. Autophagy is required for cell survival under L-asparaginase-induced metabolic stress in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:4267-4276. [PMID: 28346428 PMCID: PMC5537607 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase has been used for more than three decades in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and remains an essential drug in the treatment of ALL. Poor response to L-asparaginase is associated with increased risk of therapeutic failure in ALL. However, both the metabolic perturbation and molecular context of L-asparaginase-treated ALL cells has not been fully elucidated. Here we identify that treatment with L-asparaginase results in metabolic shutdown via the reduction of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial damage and activation of autophagy. The autophagy is involved in reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by eliminating injured mitochondria. Inhibition of autophagy enhances L-asparaginase-induced cytotoxicity and overcomes the acquired resistance to L-asparaginase in ALL cells. The ROS-p53-positive feedback loop is an essential mechanism of this synergistic cytotoxicity. Thus, our findings provide the rationale for the future development of combined treatment of L-asparaginase and anti-autophagy drug in ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - M Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Sánchez E, Bergareche A, Krebs CE, Gorostidi A, Makarov V, Ruiz-Martinez J, Chorny A, Lopez de Munain A, Marti-Masso JF, Paisán-Ruiz C. SORT1 Mutation Resulting in Sortilin Deficiency and p75(NTR) Upregulation in a Family With Essential Tremor. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/4/1759091415598290. [PMID: 26297037 PMCID: PMC4550298 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415598290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
*These authors contributed equally to this work. Essential tremor (ET) is the most prevalent movement disorder affecting millions of people in the United States. Although a positive family history is one of the most important risk factors for ET, the genetic causes of ET remain unknown. In this study, whole exome sequencing and subsequent approaches were performed in a family with an autosomal dominant form of early-onset ET. Functional analyses including mutagenesis, cell culture, gene expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and apoptosis assays were also performed. A disease-segregating mutation (p.Gly171Ala), absent in normal population, was identified in the SORT1 gene. The p.Gly171Ala mutation was shown not only to impair the expression of its encoding protein sortilin but also the mRNA levels of its binding partner p75 neurotrophin receptor that is known to be implicated in brain injury, neuronal apoptosis, and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Bergareche
- Biodonostia Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catharine E Krebs
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Gorostidi
- Biodonostia Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Biodonostia Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Chorny
- Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Biodonostia Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | - Jose Felix Marti-Masso
- Biodonostia Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | - Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain and Mindich Child Health and Development Institutes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Mrschtik M, Ryan KM. Lysosomal proteins in cell death and autophagy. FEBS J 2015; 282:1858-70. [PMID: 25735653 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 60 years ago, lysosomes were first described in the laboratory of Christian de Duve, a discovery that significantly contributed to him being awarded a share of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidating 'the structural and functional organization of the cell'. Initially thought of as a simple waste degradation facility of the cell, these organelles recently emerged as signalling centres with connections to major cellular processes. This review provides an overview of the many roles of lysosomal proteins in two of these processes: cell death and autophagy. We discuss both resident lysosomal proteins as well those that temporarily associate with lysosomes to influence autophagy and cell death pathways. Particular focus is given to studies in mammalian cells and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Mrschtik
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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29
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Umeyama H, Iwadate M, Taguchi YH. TINAGL1 and B3GALNT1 are potential therapy target genes to suppress metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 9:S2. [PMID: 25521548 PMCID: PMC4290609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s9-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains lethal despite the development of numerous drug therapy technologies. About 85% to 90% of lung cancers are NSCLC and the 5-year survival rate is at best still below 50%. Thus, it is important to find drugable target genes for NSCLC to develop an effective therapy for NSCLC. Results Integrated analysis of publically available gene expression and promoter methylation patterns of two highly aggressive NSCLC cell lines generated by in vivo selection was performed. We selected eleven critical genes that may mediate metastasis using recently proposed principal component analysis based unsupervised feature extraction. The eleven selected genes were significantly related to cancer diagnosis. The tertiary protein structure of the selected genes was inferred by Full Automatic Modeling System, a profile-based protein structure inference software, to determine protein functions and to specify genes that could be potential drug targets. Conclusions We identified eleven potentially critical genes that may mediate NSCLC metastasis using bioinformatic analysis of publically available data sets. These genes are potential target genes for the therapy of NSCLC. Among the eleven genes, TINAGL1 and B3GALNT1 are possible candidates for drug compounds that inhibit their gene expression.
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Hubbard-Lucey VM, Shono Y, Maurer K, West ML, Singer NV, Ziegler CGK, Lezcano C, Motta ACF, Schmid K, Levi SM, Murphy GF, Liu C, Winkler JD, Amaravadi RK, Rogler G, Dickinson AM, Holler E, van den Brink MRM, Cadwell K. Autophagy gene Atg16L1 prevents lethal T cell alloreactivity mediated by dendritic cells. Immunity 2014; 41:579-91. [PMID: 25308334 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atg16L1 mediates the cellular degradative process of autophagy and is considered a critical regulator of inflammation based on its genetic association with inflammatory bowel disease. Here we find that Atg16L1 deficiency leads to an exacerbated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a mouse model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Atg16L1-deficient allo-HSCT recipients with GVHD displayed increased T cell proliferation due to increased dendritic cell (DC) numbers and costimulatory molecule expression. Reduced autophagy within DCs was associated with lysosomal abnormalities and decreased amounts of A20, a negative regulator of DC activation. These results broaden the function of Atg16L1 and the autophagy pathway to include a role in limiting a DC-mediated response during inflammatory disease, such as GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard-Lucey
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Maurer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mallory L West
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalie V Singer
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Department of Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Samuel M Levi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Yamamoto S, Inoue J, Kawano T, Kozaki KI, Omura K, Inazawa J. The impact of miRNA-based molecular diagnostics and treatment of NRF2-stabilized tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:58-68. [PMID: 24307696 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0246-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator that integrates cellular stress responses and is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) at the posttranslational level. In human cancers, aberrantly stabilized NRF2, either by mutation of NRF2 or KEAP1, plays a vital role in chemoresistance and tumor cell growth through the transcriptional activation of target genes, suggesting that targeted inhibition of NRF2 is a potential therapy for NRF2-stabilized tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression by interfering with the translation or stability of target transcripts. Moreover, tumor-suppressor miRNAs have been suggested to be useful for cancer treatment. Here, a reporter-coupled miRNA library screen identified four miRNAs (miR-507, -634, -450a, and -129-5p) that negatively regulate the NRF2-mediated oncogenic pathway by directly targeting NRF2. Importantly, downregulation of these miRNAs, in addition to the somatic mutation of NRF2 or KEAP1, is associated with stabilized NRF2 and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Furthermore, administration of a miR-507 alone or in combination with cisplatin inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Thus, these findings reveal that miRNA-based therapy is effective against NRF2-stabilized ESCC tumors. IMPLICATIONS This study determines the potential of miRNA-based molecular diagnostics and therapeutics in NRF2-stablized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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Li Y, Nakagawara A. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Cells 2013; 2:432-59. [PMID: 24709709 PMCID: PMC3972687 DOI: 10.3390/cells2020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in childhood, which derives from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and exhibits extremely heterogeneous biological and clinical behaviors. The infant patients frequently undergo spontaneous regression even with metastatic disease, whereas the patients of more than one year of age who suffer from disseminated disease have a poor outcome despite intensive multimodal treatment. Spontaneous regression in favorable NBs has been proposed to be triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency in the tumor with NGF dependency for survival, while aggressive NBs have defective apoptotic machinery which enables the tumor cells to evade apoptosis and confers the resistance to treatment. This paper reviews the molecules and pathways that have been recently identified to be involved in apoptotic cell death in NB and discusses their potential prospects for developing more effective therapeutic strategies against aggressive NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
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A novel mechanism for the autonomous termination of pre-B cell receptor expression via induction of lysosome-associated protein transmembrane 5. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4462-71. [PMID: 22949502 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the pre-B cell receptor (BCR) is confined to the early stage of B cell development, and its dysregulation is associated with anomalies of B-lineage cells, including leukemogenesis. Previous studies suggested that the pre-BCR signal might trigger the autonomous termination of pre-BCR expression even before the silencing of pre-BCR gene expression to prevent sustained pre-BCR expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains ill defined. Here we demonstrate that the pre-BCR signal induces the expression of lysosome-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5), which leads to the prompt downmodulation of the pre-BCR. While LAPTM5 induction had no significant impact on the internalization of cell surface pre-BCR, it elicited the translocation of a large pool of intracellular pre-BCR from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosomal compartment concomitantly with a drastic reduction of the level of intracellular pre-BCR proteins. This reduction was inhibited by lysosomal inhibitors, indicating the lysosomal degradation of the pre-BCR. Notably, the LAPTM5 deficiency in pre-B cells led to the augmented expression level of surface pre-BCR. Collectively, the pre-BCR induces the prompt downmodulation of its own expression through the induction of LAPTM5, which promotes the lysosomal transport and degradation of the intracellular pre-BCR pool and, hence, limits the supply of pre-BCR to the cell surface.
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Angénieux C, Waharte F, Gidon A, Signorino-Gelo F, Wurtz V, Hojeij R, Proamer F, Gachet C, Van Dorsselaer A, Hanau D, Salamero J, de la Salle H. Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) is a molecular partner of CD1e. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42634. [PMID: 22880058 PMCID: PMC3411835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD1e protein participates in the presentation of lipid antigens in dendritic cells. Its transmembrane precursor is transported to lysosomes where it is cleaved into an active soluble form. In the presence of bafilomycin, which inhibits vacuolar ATPase and consequently the acidification of endosomal compartments, CD1e associates with a 27 kD protein. In this work, we identified this molecular partner as LAPTM5. The latter protein and CD1e colocalize in trans-Golgi and late endosomal compartments. The quantity of LAPTM5/CD1e complexes increases when the cells are treated with bafilomycin, probably due to the protection of LAPTM5 from lysosomal proteases. Moreover, we could demonstrate that LAPTM5/CD1e association occurs under physiological conditions. Although LAPTM5 was previously shown to act as a platform recruiting ubiquitin ligases and facilitating the transport of receptors to lysosomes, we found no evidence that LATPM5 controls either CD1e ubiquitination or the generation of soluble lysosomal CD1e proteins. Notwithstanding these last observations, the interaction of LAPTM5 with CD1e and their colocalization in antigen processing compartments both suggest that LAPTM5 might influence the role of CD1e in the presentation of lipid antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Angénieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Waharte
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, CNRS-Institut Curie Section de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Gidon
- Molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, CNRS-Institut Curie Section de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - François Signorino-Gelo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Wurtz
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S949, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rim Hojeij
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S949, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Strasbourg F-67037, France
| | - Daniel Hanau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Salamero
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, CNRS-Institut Curie Section de Recherche, Paris, France
- Molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, CNRS-Institut Curie Section de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Henri de la Salle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S725, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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A transcriptional variant of the LC3A gene is involved in autophagy and frequently inactivated in human cancers. Oncogene 2012; 31:4397-408. [PMID: 22249245 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 has an important role in autophagy. The human LC3 gene family has five members, LC3A (variant-1: v1 and -2: v2), LC3B, LC3B2 and LC3C. Although a form of LC3B modified by phosphatidylethanolamine (form-II) is localized in autophagosomes, it is not clear whether other LC3 proteins also function in autophagy. Here, we examined the association between autophagy and human LC3 proteins during starvation- or p53-induced autophagy in Saos-2 cells. In an analysis of the intracellular distribution of each LC3 protein fused with GFP, GFP-LC3Av1 was frequently localized in autophagosomes with a punctate pattern, similar to GFP-LC3B. Further, endogenous LC3Av1 generated form-II and mostly localized in LC3B-positive autophagosomes during the induced autophagy. Interestingly, LC3Av1, not LC3B, was frequently inactivated at the transcriptional level in various human cancer cell lines (111/244 cell lines, 45.5%) and its inactivation was due to aberrant DNA methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and primary tumors. Restoration of LC3Av1 expression in KYSE170 cells, an LC3Av1-inactivated ESCC cell line, showed the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest that LC3Av1, not only LC3B, functions in autophagy and further, LC3Av1 may be crucial in carcinogenesis.
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Ishihara T, Inoue J, Kozaki KI, Imoto I, Inazawa J. HECT-type ubiquitin ligase ITCH targets lysosomal-associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) and prevents LAPTM5-mediated cell death. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44086-44094. [PMID: 22009753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LAPTM5 (lysosomal-associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5) is a membrane protein on the intracellular vesicles. We have previously demonstrated that the accumulation of LAPTM5-positive vesicles was closely associated with the programmed cell death occurring during the spontaneous regression of neuroblastomas. Although the accumulation of LAPTM5 protein might occur at the post-translational level, the molecular mechanism has been unclear. Here, we found that the level of LAPTM5 protein is regulated negatively by the degradation through ubiquitination by ITCH, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. ITCH directly binds to the PPxY motif of LAPTM5 via its WW domains and promotes ubiquitination through a HECT-type ligase domain. Overexpression of ITCH led to the degradation of LAPTM5 protein, and conversely, knockdown of ITCH by siRNA resulted in the stabilization of LAPTM5 protein. In addition, the inhibition of ITCH enhanced the cell death occurred by accumulation of LAPTM5 in neuroblastoma cells. These findings suggest that LAPTM5 is a novel substrate in terms of degradation by the ubiquitin ligase ITCH, and this system might act as a negative regulator in the spontaneous regression of neuroblastomas by preventing LAPTM5-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kozaki
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Genome Medicine, Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Genome Medicine, Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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The expression of damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2 (DRAM2) contributes to autophagy induction. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1087-93. [PMID: 21584698 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane trafficking process involved in intracellular degradation and recycling in eukaryotic cells. DRAM2 (damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2) is a homologue of DRAM that regulates p53-mediated cell death. As its name implies, DRAM expression induces autophagy in a p53-dependent manner; however, the role of DRAM2 in autophagy is not clear. In this study, we report that DRAM2 expression contributes to autophagy induction. Overexpression of DRAM2 induces cytoplasmic GFP-LC3 punctuates, and increases the level of endogenous LC3-II. Moreover, the silencing of endogenous DRAM2 interferes with starvation-induced autophagy. Thus, we propose that DRAM2 as well as DRAM are involved in autophagy.
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38
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Vergarajauregui S, Martina JA, Puertollano R. LAPTMs regulate lysosomal function and interact with mucolipin 1: new clues for understanding mucolipidosis type IV. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:459-68. [PMID: 21224396 PMCID: PMC3022000 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in mucolipin 1 (MCOLN1) result in mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by severe mental and psychomotor retardation. MCOLN1 is a lysosomal ion channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. To better understand the cellular function of MCOLN1, a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen was performed with the purpose of revealing new MCOLN1 interaction partners. The screen identified two members of the lysosome-associated protein transmembrane (LAPTM) family as novel interaction partners of MCOLN1. The binding between MCOLN1 and LAPTM members (LAPTMs) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays. In addition, MCOLN1 and LAPTMs extensively colocalize at late endosomes and lysosomes. Overexpression of LAPTM4b caused enlargement of lysosomes and defective lysosomal degradation, indicating that LAPTMs are important for proper lysosomal function. Interestingly, lysosomal swelling induced by LAPTM4b was rescued by expression of MCOLN1, suggesting a functional connection between the two proteins. Finally, depletion of endogenous LAPTMs by siRNA induced accumulation of concentric multi-lamellar structures and electron-dense inclusions that closely resemble the structures found in MLIV cells. Overall, our data provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of MCOLN1 function and suggest a potential role for LAPTMs in MLIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jose A. Martina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunyoung Jung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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